Seeing that Xu Ping did not speak, Zhang Zai couldn't help but feel guilty and asked, "How could it be that the student said it wrong? Jieshuai gave advice!"

Xu Ping said: "I just asked you, in order to plant grain from the ground, besides people and land, what else do you have, besides people and land? I just want to tell you that the core of the land problem is grain, not land. Why do you all focus on the ground? Because the most important thing for grain is land, but to this day, it is not enough to think about the average field. If you want the people to have food and clothing, don't just focus on the ground. Instead, you should plant the land and harvest grain, from beginning to end, what matters are related to things and things, and carefully analyze it to figure out. Whether it is beneficial to average the fields, you must talk about the clues based on this clue, and finally see if more grain can be produced. Therefore, it is not enough to just talk about the well-field system."

When talking about agricultural production, it is naturally inseparable from analyzing the factors of agricultural production. There are many factors of agricultural production, but the most fundamental one is workers, tools and objects of labor, namely manpower, various agricultural tools, animal power and land. What Li Wei knew more deeply than his predecessors was that he attached importance to manpower and land at the same time, but other factors were still ignored. Zhang Zai's idea of ​​well-field system originated from Li Wei, and naturally inherited the advantages and disadvantages of Li Wei's thoughts.

The late Tang and Five Dynasties were in chaos, and the population was lost a lot. Until this era, even the Central Plains region faced insufficient manpower and many fields were deserted. Land is not the most acute contradiction among agricultural production factors. In fact, the land prices in the Song Dynasty were not high in history, and the proportion of land prices and rents and taxes was far from comparable to that in the Ming and Qing dynasties. This most intuitively reflects a problem, that is, the contradiction between arable land was far less sharp in the Song Dynasty than in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

When the contradiction between arable land was not so sharp, the scholars and works of the Song Dynasty who talked about plain land and equal fields were far from the Ming and Qing dynasties compared with their works, which was related to the academic atmosphere. When Confucianism in the Song Dynasty revived, it took respect for Meng as the mainstream, and the people-oriented Mencius' attitude towards land was that those who ploughed had their own fields and implemented the well field system. In the thought of reforming ancient times, the average field was repeatedly used as a good way to govern the country.

Can average fields solve the current problem? Xu Ping has no answer. To conclude, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the factors of agricultural production, what kind of production scale and organizational form can achieve the highest efficiency. But the fundamental point is that this era must be dominated by small production one by one to obtain the highest profit.

This conclusion is not without reason. In the relationship between Xu Ping's work in his previous life, I have read the paper on the impact of production factors on grain production. Until the 1990s, in areas where rice production is the main one, after comprehensive analysis, the highest value of grain output should be one household, each household planting more than 30 acres. Of course, the highest grain output is not necessarily the highest economic benefits, and the two do not overlap. The promotion of large-scale operations mainly based on large enterprises is from the perspective of economic benefits, not from the production of more grain. In fact, in Xu Ping's previous life, except for a few countries, even in developed countries in Europe and East Asia, the mainstream of agricultural production was also small farms based on households.

Can more grain be produced by distributing the land equally? The scientific answer is not necessarily. Land is just one of the factors of production and must be analyzed in a comprehensive manner, and the cross-influence of production factors must be taken into account. For example, if the land is divided equally, the scale of each household is too small, it will inevitably affect the breeding of large livestock such as cattle, horses, etc., which will affect water conservancy suggestions. If the scale is too large, it will cause extensive operation and waste of land power.

Looking up at the sky, Xu Ping said to Zhang Zai: "Scholar, in life, heaven is like a father and earth is like a mother. We are just a child in the middle of this world. Sometimes children are childish. After thinking about a truth, they think they have discovered the ultimate truth of heaven and earth. As long as the world does according to the ultimate truth of heaven and earth, they will have a bumper harvest, harmony between the upper and lower levels, and peace in the world. In fact, this ultimate truth may be in the eyes of heaven and earth, just a joke for themselves. Although the way of heaven is normal, there is no world.

Often, there is no eternal way to govern the country and the people in the world? Adapting to local conditions and adapting to the times is the solution. Of course, it is too troublesome to do this, and it is better to come up with a quick idea to come up with a long-term solution. But think about it, there is really such a happy way to pass on? Confucius said that if you study without thinking, you will be in danger without learning. If you do things, you must use your brain diligently, do more, and do it bit by bit, so that you can truly achieve some achievements for the country and the people."

Zhang Zai is a Confucian scholar. Although he is one of the most willing people to practice among Confucian scholars, it is really hard for him to lay down and summarize the truth from the tiny daily affairs. His mind is too fast, and sometimes it is not a good thing for practice.

After a while of silence, Zhang Zai bowed and said, "Student, Mr. Xie's teachings!"

Xu Ping suddenly remembered that in history, Zhang Zai seemed to have visited Fan Zhongyan and wanted to recruit troops to fight against the thieves and make contributions. However, Fan Zhongyan asked him to study hard and study hard. He might have great achievements in the future. Thinking about it now, Fan Zhongyan's vision is still very vicious. This young man's mind is too good. Every strength must be a shortcoming. Doing things steadily becomes his weakness.

Thinking of this, Xu Ping couldn't help laughing and said to Zhang Zai: "Scholar, the most difficult thing in the world is to bend down and do things steadily. It is not a success to think of the truth. You have to put this truth into practice and really look at it. Whether it is true or not is realistic. If you see it right, see where it is wrong, and then verify it with the truth you have come up with it. In this way, the truth you come up with is really suitable for the world. Just like this well field system, you tell me how the ancient sages said it was useless, and I have read the sage books. What you want to tell me is that the places where the well field system is implemented, the same land, the same animal power, the same farm tools, and the same manpower, how much more grain is produced. In this way, it can be said that the implementation of the well system is useful for producing grain. Producing more grain is just one, and the other is to implement the well.

After the land system, it is beneficial to the management of the court. Management requires capital, but it is not what you said that as long as you divide the land for the land and replace the salary with the land tax, you will not spend a penny of the court. If the land in the world becomes the land of the land official, where will the taxes be collected? If a tax is collected, the court will spend this money. How can it be said that the court did not spend money? Another thing is that after the implementation of the well-field system, there must be an explanation for how to build the roads in the fields and how to build the water channel. After all, you can consider whether it can be implemented. If you talk about a lot of principles in the sky and the earth, you will be confused and have no clue when you arrive at the government. At that time, you will complain and mourn that no one in the world knows heroes, and you will not need the good strategies for governing the country you proposed, it will be a child."

Zhang Zai is indeed burying his classics. Even if he starts up and does some practice, he will do what he says in the book and confirm it with what he thinks. He thinks it is a good strategy for the governance, but in fact he feels it cannot be implemented by officials. This is also a common problem for scholars to talk about governing the country. From practice to practice, this is simple, but if you continue to do it seriously, it is the most useful.

Xu Ping also said: "What is peace? Tai means big, there are many things, and there is no shortage of people. People are happy, which is peace in the world. Ping means peace. Although there are many money and grains, the distribution is unfair. The rich are fields and fields, and the poor are not considered peace. The Master said that he should not worry about the lack of money and the unevenness. It can be seen that this peace is above Tai. To achieve peace in the world, we should start from both the most and the two aspects. You talk about the well-field system, and the plain is the most abundant grains. In fact, it is just the word Tai, not the word Ping. If you think about it, you must have it first before you can tell how to divide it. But as I said just now, it is far from enough to just talk about a well-field system and not to make up all the things that produce grains one by one. What you said may not be correct, and the government cannot implement it."

Zhang Zai was young at this time, and he was very good at learning and asking questions. After hearing Xu Ping's words, he respectfully said: "Students are taught!"

"When doing things, you should not think of the truth, but put this truth into the present and see if it can be consistent with the present world. Things in the world are changing constantly. Don't just think about one aspect and get stuck in a big way, but you should always grasp a grasp and look at it all in a comprehensive way. Just like talking about the fields, producing more grain is a grasp, which is a word too. If the land is poor, you must do this. Will the land become more and more fertile or unbearable in the future, whether it will be stable in drought and flood, or everything depends on the sky. This is another grasp. The people are the people of the country, and here comes the

At this time, if a small country has few people, the country will not be protected. How can the country survive without people? This is Qinzhou. Looking from all directions, it was originally the homeland of the Han and Tang dynasties. The Central Plains of the late Tang Dynasty declined, and it was only a hundred years ago. The Han people all spoke Hu'er's words, but scolded the Han people at the city wall. This is not something that can be passed by just a smile. So talking about the fields is not just about how they should be for the people, but also about the benefits that are not conducive to the management of the court, and how much the management costs. All these are considered, which are truly practical and feasible strategies for governing the country. The well-field system you are talking about now is still very far away!"

Zhang Zai has four famous quotes about Hengqu that have been passed down in later generations, one of which is to "build peace for all ages". Although he has not yet expressed it, this ambition has already been established. In terms of Zhang Zai's thoughts, it is based on the well-field system as the core.
Chapter completed!