Chapter 1199 dead never tell tale (Part 2)

When human wisdom fails, divine judgment has been adopted in one form or another.

People believe that gods will interfere with trials. For example, the heretical trials during the witch-hunting movement used divine judgment when trying "wizards" and "witches". If the defendant can float in the water, he is a witch. If he cannot float, he will be a witch.

If she sinks to the bottom and drowns, God proves her innocence.

When the barbarians gained a foothold on the ruins of the Roman Empire and accepted Christianity, they accepted the system of divine judgment, and France's predecessor, the Frankish Kingdom, was no exception.

In the dark Middle Ages, if a peasant had objections to the outcome of the court, he could challenge the nobles, but the premise was that the knight could ride a horse in full armor and appear on the duel field with a sharp blade, while the peasant only had a small buckler and a

A stick. Such a huge gap in strength will certainly deter weaklings such as farmers who want to overturn the verdict through the duel divine law. However, with the emergence of professional duelists, a woman can also designate an equally well-armed knight.

He dueled on his behalf.

Dueling litigation is a special method of divine judgment in Europe. The benefits it brought made it highly praised in the early feudal society. However, with the development of society, various countries have gradually developed the method of judging the parties through "ironclad evidence" such as witnesses, testimonies, and evidence.

The method of judging guilt or innocence is theoretically superior to the completely random oracle method.

The church initially opposed dueling proceedings from a theological perspective. However, early duels were often presided over by clergy. The participation of clergy meant that the results of the duels could reflect God's will, because God would not let the innocent be defeated in a duel. Therefore, the church

Opposition to dueling proceedings was not strong.

In the face of honor and life, delicate rules often disappear. Even if you don't have to go to the battlefield, martial arts and dueling skills can sometimes save you from death in judicial duels. The martial arts style of nobles in the Middle Ages was very popular.

But this would be very unfair to the civilians who are usually busy with their livelihood, unable to practice their martial arts, and cannot afford duelists. Not all those who die in duels are guilty, but innocent people can also die in duels.

.If you were to tell a modern person that "dueling proceedings in the dark Middle Ages were a step forward in the history of justice," he would definitely sneer at it.

Judges can be bribed, witnesses can perjury, and with a eloquent lawyer, even if the whole world knows the defendant is guilty, he can still take advantage of judicial loopholes and escape legal sanctions.

Perhaps by this time the plaintiffs will miss the duel lawsuit that can overturn all verdicts. This is impossible in the 21st century, but it was possible to discuss in France in the 18th century.

Since Henry III, Jesuits have been serving as court confessors. Confession is part of the Catholic faith. Protestants do not have confession booths. Kings and court members do not go to public places like Notre Dame to confess. They "confess"

"The content contains many secrets that cannot be known by others. In the story of Red and Black, Julien's secret was forced by a priest who listened to Mrs. Reina's confession.

The Jesuits have always had a great influence in the French court, and gradually formed the "Piety Party". These court confessors can influence the queen, the crown prince, the princess and some ministers, the verdict of a case, and divine judgment.

The final result of a human judgment may be completely different. A person who was convicted by a secular court won a duel before God and was ultimately found not guilty. The authority of the divine judgment results comes from the authority of God and the Pope.

After the Seven Years' War, whispers have been circulating at the bottom of France that the country is ruled by a group of people with little ability.

If France's failure in the War of the Spanish Throne was due to its encounter with Prince Eugen, the God of War, then what was the reason for its defeat in the Seven Years' War? People at the time generally believed that the French system was flawed, and even King Louis XV wanted to do so.

A reform, and the target of this reform is the Paris High Court and judges in other provinces.

One is because of the huge military expenses caused by the war, and the other is because of the huge expenses of the royal family. Even after the end of the Seven Years' War, France still did not cancel the additional taxes during the war.

Third, because of the continuous droughts and various natural disasters in France, which resulted in reduced food production and extremely high food prices, the judges of the Supreme Court requested the king to alleviate the livelihood problems of the poor people, reduce excessive military service and taxes, and punish those who drive up prices.

Merchants, stabilized the price of bread, but the king severely criticized these judges.

Putting aside the expenses of the king, his mistress, and relatives, just repaying military arrears cannot reduce taxes. If France had not lost the War for the Spanish Throne, and northern Italy and the Alps were still under French rule, then

Maybe it would be better. After losing its territory, the timber, minerals and other resources on these lands no longer belong to France. The Seven Years' War reduced France's overseas colonies and its fiscal deficit became increasingly serious.

Of course people will die in war, so if you don’t want to participate in the war, you have to pay more taxes. This money is called the poll tax for military service exemption. Judges of the High Court are exempt from paying. Among the additional taxes during the war, the poll tax for military service exemption was doubled.

These judges are also people who should pay taxes. The judges who object to the king's heavy taxation have their own interests to consider, and they are not saying "everything is for the people".

The power contradiction between the executive and the judiciary constituted a crisis in the national system. The king's decrees and financial reforms encountered many obstacles from the judges. The judges were an unflattering role. The king believed that they should serve his rule, and the common people believed that they should serve his rule.

Judges are supposed to administer justice and express public demands to the king.

Among the judges, there are those who are biased towards the Jesuit Pietist Party and some who are biased towards the Jansenists. This faction is a sworn enemy of the Jesuits who defend the supremacy of the Pope. They are similar to the judges of the Paris Supreme Court in that they all strive to limit authority.

power, but not a rebel who completely deviated from orthodoxy. The Paris High Court did not want to really destroy the monarchy, and the Jansenists did not want to really split the church.

Men's political game itself is very subtle. It is like a complex clock that requires careful analysis, observation, and listening. However, Madame de Pompadour died at this time, and Louis XV's first mistress became Du Barry.

lady.

Louis XV's mistress politics has always been criticized. When Madame de Pompadour became favored, the Duke of Choiseul, who supported her, became an important minister of the king; the first mistress was changed, and the position of the important minister was also changed.

Justice Maupe wanted to reorganize the High Court, which required the support of the king, but Louis XV would not support him in vain. To please Madame Du Barry became Maupe's solution.

Madame Dubarry came from a humble background and received a little education in a convent. It is not known how much she knew about the dire straits of the upper class power circles.

The Pietist Party was very contemptuous of Madame de Pompadour, but they accepted Madame Du Barry, who was born as an illegitimate daughter. With these clergy who were deeply rooted in the palace, Madame Du Barry wanted to stay in the palace without getting into trouble.

It's difficult, just like when she first entered the upper class, she was led by Count Dubarry.

The former favorite, the Duke of Choiseul, had a close relationship with the Jansenists when he was in power. He adopted a conciliatory attitude towards the expulsion of the Jesuits by the Paris Supreme Court. Madame Pompadour, who was his backer, naturally had no respect for the Pietist Party.

Popular.

Madame Dubarry lived in a completely different era than Madame de Pompadour. At that time, the Jesuits almost disappeared in France, but there were still remnants in the court. When the Supreme Court expressed its opposition to the king's order again and again, it finally annoyed the king.

Louis XV, he regarded the High Court as a stumbling block. The purpose of Maupp's reforms was to eliminate the rebellious tendencies of the Supreme Court, re-establish the absolute authority of the royal power, and rationalize the complex and chaotic judicial system under the old system, and he first had to

What was done was to expel these Jansenist judges.

Not all of the prosecutors who agreed to cooperate with Maupp were motivated by power intrigues, but some also expressed sympathy for the Jesuits. What does the defeat of France have to do with the Jesuits?

The Jesuits administered education, but as Jean Jacques Rousseau said, why was the civilized West conquered by nomads who were uneducated and uneducated?

Rousseau believes that many writers believe that people are cruel by nature and need civilization to teach them to become gentle. However, in fact, there is nothing more gentle than people in the state of nature. The position set by nature is far away from the ignorance of animals and humans.

The wisdom of misfortune is equally remote, and natural sympathy restrains primitive man from doing anything to harm others, and even when he is harmed he does not think of revenge.

The newly established society needs a different state from the original human state. Human activities have begun to be affected by morality. Before the emergence of the law, everyone is the only judge and avenger of their own injuries. However, this kind nature

It is no longer applicable in society. Collisions between people are becoming more and more frequent, and the methods of revenge are becoming more and more cruel. The fear of revenge plays the same role as harsh laws.

Those exiled judges heard that life was "very bad". Even if Louis XVI came to power and completely overturned the Maupe reforms and allowed those judges to return to their posts, they would not dare to be the same as before they were exiled.

They dare to disobey the king's orders.

At this time, Marie Antoinette became the master of the palace. She hated Du Barry so much that she sent her first mistress to a convent. After that, Maupe and Daguillon, the important ministers who carried out legal and economic reforms, lost their lives.

Backers, they were replaced by the Duke of Choiseul, who was once Madame Pompadour's favorite.

The Duke was very skillful in diplomacy, and what he was most proud of was the marriage between France and Austria.

In addition, he also facilitated France's acquisition of Corsica. In order to prevent Russia's Queen Catherine from annexing Poland, he instigated the Ottoman Empire to launch the Russo-Turkish War, but he made no achievements in domestic affairs.

When the High Court of Justice came up with the financial reforms he needed, he apparently did not oppose it, and only took a laissez-faire attitude until 1762, when the Supreme Court recommended the expulsion of the Jesuits.

He supported Voltaire's plan to build a new city, Voiseur. This city was also the first city in France to allow Protestants to marry. This city was famous for its production of clocks and stockings. Voltaire once gave a gift to the Duke of Choiseul.

Madame sent a pair of exquisite stockings, thus opening up the Paris market.

At this time, the era in which Choiseul and Antoinette lived was different from before. After the judges were expelled, many matters in the court were controlled by lawyers, and the lawyer system became an important part of modern justice. Harry

Being summoned to the Ministry of Magic for questioning, as a minor, he had no adult guardianship and no lawyer, which was unthinkable in a Muggle court.

But in the wizarding court in the "medieval era", this is understandable.

The people cannot stand incitement, not to mention that all lawyers are orators. They are used to living without judges. How can they give up when these judges wearing wigs come back and want to take away their power?

No matter what era or where, as long as there are people in society, there will be conflicts, and there needs to be mechanisms and ways to resolve them.

Some people use their fists, and some people design rules. Generally speaking, a martial artist cannot win over a scholar, and women like to use their ears to fall in love. People who can speak well when everything is good are often more popular, but when it comes time to use

When it comes to force, scholars cannot defeat soldiers.

Those senators with lawyer backgrounds cast their votes in the Brumaire Coup under the surveillance of the bayonets of Napoleon's army. The senator who originally thought he had found a good knife did not expect that the knife actually had its own consciousness. In the end,

He also became a subordinate of the "First Consul".

Napoleon also launched the Egyptian war to gain political capital for himself. If he wins, it will bring greater reputation. However, the people in the Senate are not fools. They will not let Napoleon continue to grow. They will not save the Egyptian army.

of the expeditionary force.

After losing the navy in the naval battle, the French army and the scholars who went to France with Napoleon had to rely on British warships to transport them back. The British condition at the time was that they wanted all the research results and cultural relics collected by the French in Egypt, but those at that time

Scientists who had been on the battlefield sent a letter to the British general. Even if they burned all the papyri, the British would never get it.

The British have always been good at "compromising". In the end, the cultural relics were transported to the ship in the name of personal belongings and sent back to Paris. Only the Rosetta Stone was finally shipped back to London by the British because it was too heavy.

"Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt was actually a failure, but he knew the French very well. He asked scholars to write a book about Egypt, using the most gorgeous cover to introduce the most beautiful customs and customs of Egypt. Soon people were

He began to discuss the knowledge of Egyptology enthusiastically and forgot about the failed expedition." Hathor shook the wine in the cup, and said with blurred eyes like a woman in love, "What a cunning little man."

"You are right." Pomona poured wine into Hathor's half-empty glass.

"Why would he choose 'God'? Its paradise is just like Duat. No one will enjoy the love between men and women." Hathor burped.

Pomona thought of those priests who looked very "ascetic" in black coats.

He took another look at the beautiful Egyptian God of Love in front of him.

"He chose his destiny, not waited for his destiny to choose." Pomona imitated Albus and said, "He could have waited in Paris, but he chose to go on an expedition to Egypt."

"The best defense is offense." Hathor smiled mistyly. "It might be more dangerous to wait for him in Paris. He belongs to the wilderness. Did you know that Napoleon in Corsican means the lion in the wilderness?

the meaning of?"

"I've heard this legend. It seems that this name was given to him by a priest." Pomona said.

Unexpectedly, Hathor suddenly became unhappy.

"You mean he was born to belong to God?"

"He was really stupid for not choosing you." Pomona immediately changed her mind. "If he chose you, why would he have to endure the humiliation a woman would bring him!"

Hathor didn't answer her immediately and seemed to be thinking. This was really not a good sign.

"Have you ever heard of Grindelwald in Paris?" Pomona immediately changed the subject, "He once planned to destroy this city."

"I know him." Hathor pointed to Pomona's nose drunkenly. "We all heard the speech he made."

"What?"

"He gave his speech in the cemetery. The cemetery is the residence of the dead. He really knows how to choose a place." Hathor staggered and put the wine to his mouth, looking like he might get drunk at any time.

The key is that she has been "drunk" like this for a long time.

Women's friendships often originate from hatred of another woman.

Pomona was drinking and thinking, who should she tell a story about later?
Chapter completed!