Chapter 1462 The mobile businessman

Suppose you pay a sum of money in England containing a certain number of ounces of pure silver according to the British Mint's standards, and the bill you receive in France contains an amount of pure silver according to the French Mint's standards.

If they are exactly equal, people say that Britain and France exchange at par.

If you pay more than you get in return, people think you have paid the exchange, and say that the exchange is bad for Britain and good for France; if you pay more than you get, people say you have received the exchange, and say that the exchange is good for France.

It is bad for France and good for Britain.

Big countries like Britain and France are responsible for their own coinage, while countries such as the Netherlands, Antwerp, Hamburg, and Venice hold foreign bills of exchange of a certain value. Such banks are established on the credit of the country and under the protection of the country.

The bills of exchange are exchanged in good real currency in accordance with national standards. The currency of these banks is better than the country's common currency, so there will be a discount during the transaction process.

Currency is often worn out, and some people even cut the currency in half for use, while bank currency is kept in the bank and no one can touch it. When such deposits are sold in the market, a discount will also be generated.

New shillings cannot buy more goods than old shillings, and good money mixed with common money from private vaults is worth no more than currency, such as those left to Harry by his wealthy father, James Potter.

The gold galleons in the vault, which is a type of bank currency, he spent the same amount of money to buy the Phantom 2000 broomstick as Ron Weasley spent on the old gold galleons.

of.

The goblin weighing the coins behind the counter is not just for fun. If the gold coins returned to the bank are too worn or have counterfeit coins, the money needs to be remelted and recast. There will be expenses during the recasting process, and the person responsible for casting the gold galleons

Of course the goblins would be unhappy if all the pure-blood nobles died. The well-preserved gold galleons and silversik in their vaults would belong to the goblins, so those goblins sincerely "blessed" the death of the pure-blood nobles and their families.

Absolutely, don’t leave any descendants behind.

The size of the discount depends on how far the currency is considered to be below the national standard. All in all, the cost of such an intermediate transfer is higher than the cost of shipping silver coins directly from Mexico to London. Not all places in South America have silver mines.

, such as Brazil, the Portuguese did not find gold or silver mines for a long time after they discovered it, and it provided little or no income to the king, so the country did not receive the attention of the Portuguese for a long time.

When Portugal was still under Spanish rule, Brazil was invaded by the Dutch. Brazil was divided into fourteen provinces, of which the Dutch occupied seven. The Netherlands originally wanted to capture the other seven, but soon Portugal regained its independence and the Bragancha dynasty

During the administration, the Dutch, who were enemies of Spain, became friends of the Portuguese, and the Portuguese became enemies of the Spanish. In order to form an alliance, the Dutch unified the remaining seven unconquered provinces of Brazil to Portugal, and Portugal was also willing to leave Brazil's already-unconquered provinces to Portugal.

The seven conquered provinces were left to the Dutch.

When the relationship between the two countries was good, there was naturally nothing to say. Later, the Dutch began to oppress the Portuguese immigrants. The people who were not satisfied with their complaints took up arms and drove the Dutch away with the acquiescence of the mother country. As a result, all of Brazil belonged to the Portuguese king.

Brazil has no gold and silver mines but a large amount of iron ore. Although the British colonies in North America have a lot of good land, they are not as good as the colonies of Spain and Portugal.

The cane sugar output of the French colony in Saint-Domingue is larger than the total cane fields of the entire British territory. Who is more powerful than the profits of cane sugar or steel?

William Petty did not become a Marquis by virtue of his profession as a doctor and also earned 270,000 acres of land to bequeath to future generations. He was a political economist and author of "On Taxation", which created a large amount of tax revenue for the British king. Otherwise, How could a little lord be received by Napoleon himself?

According to the constitution during the Directory period, local treasuries could not be used by the state. It was this that allowed Napoleon to distribute the property to the Italian army without turning over the proceeds after plundering Italy.

Similarly, the Directory did not think of using local government tolls, or the constitution does not allow them to do so. Local tolls can be regarded as a source of urgently needed financial resources. Some local governments do not repair roads even if they are damaged, but they still To collect tolls, merchants still have to pay them.

France has road construction corps, which usually recruit local villagers to work while complaining about the work. Their progress is far inferior to that of professional road construction teams, which is what Georgiana had previously considered: "taxation to build roads and pay for work" .

Georgiana saw the shamelessness of the capitalists. In order to get Napoleon or the French to invest in building the railway, Henry Petty, the British Marquis, actually helped Georgiana come up with ideas, completely ignoring the strategic significance of the road after it was built.

Switzerland is the thoroughfare of the European continent, and livestock can move around on their own. Instead of setting up a lumber factory in Annecy, it is better to set up a carriage manufacturing factory and transform it from a low-level raw material supplier to a producer of industrial products. Napoleon planned to impose a carriage tax. This carriage is not only a luxury carriage for nobles, but also a carriage for pulling goods and passengers. The livestock were taken away during the migration process.

Sawyers are easy to find, and there are many in Eastern Europe. The main reason is that workers who produce carriages are difficult to find and train. This is the problem that technical schools need to solve. Bread and currency can produce different labor mobilization capabilities. No one will pay for 4 and a half sous. He had to work for a day for bread, but if the price of bread rose to eighteen sous, he would have to think about it, especially after the currency lost its credibility, and the farmers would no longer use the coupons, and they would not work for waste paper.

There are fluctuations between the prices of grain and silver. Logically speaking, if silver is discovered in the Americas, then the price of grain should drop. But people do not rely on news. If silver does not flow into the market, the value of silver will follow the value of grain. And as it gradually increases, only as the supply increases, the value of this type of metal will gradually become cheaper.

Even counting money requires a lot of labor. There is a tool in India. It is made of a flat plate. There are hundreds of money slots on the plate. The slots are just big enough to hold a coin. Foreign money is too worn out. The money will fall out of the trough, almost like a sieve.

There are still gold louis and livres on the market in France. New coins are usually minted when dynasties change. Even Louis XVI minted his own currency. Assume that the original silver content of 20 silver shillings was only enough to mint 18 new coins.

of silver shillings, so who is responsible for the loss of these two silver shillings?

The loss is not borne by the government but by the currency holders themselves. This defective currency does not meet the new national standards. Either use it in time, or refuse to accept this insufficient currency. The government will take back these bad coins and resmel them.

, exchange old coins of varying weights for uniform, beautiful new coins. Of course, to use the words of Henry Petty borrowed from his grandfather William Petty, there are also some fools who only look at the face value without looking at the weight and weight of the currency.

Accepting coins depends on their quality, not to mention that he can understand that differences in craftsmanship can also affect the price of coins.

There is no news from the outside in the Alps for half a year. If the local elite waits for Napoleon to mint new currency next year before spending the money they have saved, the best way is to spend the money this year.

If they buy the right to operate this road, they are the ones using it anyway.

Whether it is thirty years or ten years, as long as this road is still open for trade, they can collect taxes. In order to promote tax revenue, they will also find ways to find customers on their own.

Napoleon also talked with Henry Petty about the topic of physical taxation and monetary taxation. Henry Petty borrowed his grandfather's statement that British merchants often brought silver and red cloth to the East Indies. In India, red cloth was used for

Very widely, whether it is a religious ceremony or a wedding ceremony, many girls' wedding dresses are red with golden tassels on them, which looks very gorgeous.

The merchant would buy red cloth as much as possible at the new currency price of one hundred shillings, and then carefully consider whether he could use this cloth to buy silk in East India. If he sold the silk in London, he could get more than one hundred shillings.

Make more wealth.

But if he is not sure, he can bring some shilling coins and some red cloth.

In other words, Napoleon could collect part of the monetary rent and part of the grain.

What kind of essential oil factory is it? Annecy also has a wood processing factory and a blacksmith shop. Instead of staying with the animals to keep warm in winter, the villagers work in the carriage factory. The animals of each family are managed centrally. Anyway, every animal has a brand on its butt.

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The dance partner at Georgiana's welcome ball was Henry Petty, and Lord Bloom followed him like a follower. Like Mr. Darcy, he was so arrogant that he "socialized" with the local elite. After the ball, Henry Petty

Petty directed the high-ranking officials of this small mountain town around. The local elites who had heard the "inside information" soon came to visit him. He did not see these people at all. He was even more anxious than Georgiana to wait for a reply from Paris.

If Henry Petty was not already a Marquis in England and had 270,000 acres of land, mansions, and works of art, Georgiana estimated that he planned to keep Henry Petty with a high official and generous salary.

With such a capable financial expert, Georgiana doesn’t have to do anything. One livre and 20 sous are left over from the Carolingian era. A sou is a copper coin. France’s copper industry is very developed. The wood is ready and water is available.

To extract, you only need to buy some copper pipes from outside to build a heated factory, so that people in the mountains can live a "modern civilized life."

As for whether the bankers in Paris could use the same method to threaten Georgiana, it is not sure. They might unite to prevent Napoleon from minting new coins.

William Petty advocated the relocation of all movable property and residents of Scotland and Ireland to other parts of Great Britain, which was of course impossible. He also advocated using the taxes paid by the Irish to finance the army to suppress the Irish people, which of course was also

impossible.

The East India Company had to bear the expenses of the troops brought from home. Are they really so willing to help those who seize power?

France bears the cost of its own garrison. Barbados lent a piece of land to the French to garrison. The British did not suffer any losses. The island originally belonged to Portugal. Portugal was pro-British and used British judges and laws in its colonial courts, which also saved them a lot of money.

For a fee, people are sent into the jungle to catch French deserters.

Georgiana did not expect that humans would actually raise hounds that feed on humans. She had seen young Rochambeau. He did not look ferocious at all, but his expression was more serious, very unsmiling, and he looked very gentle.

"Winning in this way is not worthy of your title of war artist, Bonaparte." She looked at the mountains in the distance and said. Chasseurs and aerobatic cavalry were also searching everywhere in the forests of the Alps.

The sound of dogs barking echoed.

This isn't "catching people" at all, it's just hunting.

She hated this kind of behavior but couldn't do anything about it. Who said she was just a woman?

Downton Abbey is similar to the Marquis of Longsdown's manor, but a little smaller.

Little knowledge
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