Chapter 1685 The Goddess’s Secret Word (30)

Most of the buildings that defined public areas in Roman cities were for the use of living people, such as squares, baths, and arenas. Public areas in the East were usually cemeteries. The Pharaoh built the pyramids not for his own use, but also for his own use.

Non-nobles, commoners, and livestock were buried inside the pyramid.

In addition to the underground palaces, China's imperial mausoleums also have huge above-ground buildings, which are used for worship. In addition, there are also large-scale buildings for worshiping the sky and the earth. Every year before the spring plowing, the emperor will take the lead in worshiping the sky and ascending the throne.

The Sheji altar will also be used in grand ceremonies.

Large public service buildings in Rome were often charitable in nature. After wealthy people donated money, their names would be permanently recorded on certain visible stone carvings in the building.

Those who built the buildings were the highest class of society, but not necessarily those who used them. Gladiators may also be slaves. They competed in the arena and became part of the "entertainment" of Roman citizens.

The church is also a kind of public place. In theory, people need to donate money to build it. However, with the Papal State and taxes, the church has become richer than the country. They can choose their own architects, or they can make requests according to their own ideas.

, which is very detrimental to the Free Masons.

For example, the world-famous octagonal dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence is neither Baroque nor Gothic. It was built in this way by the bishop of Florence at the request of the architect Brunelleschi. There is nothing inside the dome.

The central support, and the octagonal shape is also irregular and has no real center. Many architects at that time chose to reject it and did not challenge the whimsical design of the Bishop (Party A).

The last person to take over the task, Brunelleschi, was neither a stonemason nor an architect, but a goldsmith and watchmaker. This was equivalent to asking a Mongolian doctor to treat a disease. Although he was also a craftsman, he was not professionally qualified.

Many architects and masons were watching, waiting to see when the dome would fall.

Unexpectedly, he actually came up with a solution later. The Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore is composed of a huge brick arch and an inner and outer shell made of interlocking stone arches and wooden arches. The brick structures must support each other during the construction process.

To do this, Brunelles arranged the bricks in a herringbone pattern. They laid them out once a week to give the mortar time to cure. At this rate, the dome grew at a snail's pace of one foot per month, while

The ropes that serve as coordinates are pulled from the flower pattern on the work platform,

The fact that the masonry dome of Santa Maria del Fiore is still the largest masonry dome in the world 500 years after it was built has led to other problems. Investors believe that what a layperson can do can not be done by experts who have received systematic education.

, why do architects charge so high prices and have such a arrogant attitude?

In a capitalist society, of course, the benefactors have the final say, and it is natural to keep prices down. A shrewd businessman certainly hopes to sell cheap and high-quality products, but the problem is that the masons below also have their own methods. In order to obtain profits, they will cut corners. This

It is impossible to determine the extent to which masons work based on their own conscience and ethics. Before relevant laws and standards are introduced, the guild must not only safeguard the common interests of the industry, but also maintain industry rules.

Florence originally built a church of Santa Maria del Fiore, and Siena also planned to imitate it to compete with Florence. Later, because the Black Death caused municipal finances to make ends meet, Siena's church was forced to reduce its size.

Before building the church, Siena signed a contract with the masons. If the Republic of Siena cannot come up with so much money to pay for the subsequent costs, the masons can choose to let the church be unfinished. There are more than one unfinished churches in Europe.

The most famous one is the Sagrada Familia in Spain. This building was designed by Gaudí.

However, no matter who designed it, no matter whether it will become the eternal glory of Barcelona after it is completed, it will not be built if the funds are not available. Many churches in history have been built for hundreds of years, and it is not just due to the amount of work. In the unfinished work and renovation

Among the designs, Siena chose the latter. The ultimately built Church of Our Lady of Siena was not as grand as the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore and failed to achieve the original purpose of the investors.

The gap between dreams and reality can sometimes be achieved through ingenuity, but sometimes it cannot be achieved. In the Middle Ages, when divine power was higher than secular power, the center of the city was usually a church, even in Florence, and the city of Siena

The center is the palace that represents secular power. Siena's defeat to Florence seems to be a victory or defeat between the two cities, but in fact it is also related to the decline of secular imperial power.

Because of Venice's calculations, Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire and a bridgehead against the Ottoman Empire, was severely damaged after being robbed by the French Crusaders. By 1453, the Eastern Roman Empire had perished. The emperor Siena once supported

Without them, they naturally had no strength to resist Florence, which had the support of the Papal State. The Medici family also made their fortune by managing the Papal State's finances.

Siena's Church of Santa Maria Maggiore has been reduced in size and can no longer compete with Florence's Santa Maria dei Flora in size, but architects have taken a different approach. The sidewalks of the church are gorgeous "frescoes" made by artists using mosaics. 400

The tiles and mosaics many years ago were inlaid by hand bit by bit, telling beautiful mythical stories.

Similarly, the stained glass windows in the church are also purely handmade. Among the ordinary appearance and interior decoration of the St. Francis Xavier Church in Paris, there are two stained glass windows that are very special.

The two painted windows are blue and rose. The blue one is a monk and the rose one is a nun. These two windows are located on the left and right of the altar respectively.

Both sides seemed to be "equal" in front of Jesus who opened his arms.

There are still some works of art in this slightly shabby church, such as Tintorito's Last Supper. There is a sculpture in front of the monk's stained window, which should be in the hands of a famous person, and there is a karaoke hanging in front of the nun's stained window.

Paintings by Vaggio.

As one of the three most important towns of the Renaissance, Florence has countless treasures in the city. Napoleon asked the Pope for 21 million military expenditures and more than 100 works of art. In addition, news of the riots in Pavia spread. Therefore, in 1796,

When he heard that Napoleon had crossed the Apennine Mountains to Pistoia, the Grand Duke of Tuscany was greatly alarmed. He immediately sent Prime Minister Manfredini to the French stronghold.

Napoleon was not there at the time, and he was in the city of Livorno, which was a port city with very developed commerce and an important seaport in Florence, but it hit many French exiles who had close contacts with Corsica.

Even war has a lower limit. Wounded soldiers living in the hospital cannot be killed. When Napoleon captured Mantua, there were still a large number of Austrian soldiers in the hospital in the city. There were also a large number of British wounded soldiers in Livorno, and they were no longer able to organize

Resisted, but the commander of Livorno and his pro-British side, the French consul and the British still had a bunch of controversial commercial cases. These matters needed Napoleon to deal with them personally, so Manfredini received the reception from other heads of the base camp.

.

The person in charge informed the Prime Minister that the French army only wanted to go to Siena via Florence. The Grand Duke of Tuscany breathed a sigh of relief and agreed. He invited Napoleon to Florence as a guest and let Napoleon live in the Pitti Palace.

In the past, Florence relied on the Papal State, but Napoleon, who led the French into Italy, made them see the fact that it was no longer possible to rely on the troops of the Papal State to influence the situation in Italy. The Grand Duke of Tuscany led Napoleon around the city of Florence.

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Some things are more famous than they are in reality. Due to technical limitations, the geometric centers of many places in the Church of Our Lady of Flowers are inaccurate and look crooked, as if children built them with building blocks. The famous Dome of Our Lady of Flowers is not accurate.

This is how the regular octagon came to be.

However, the collections in the Loggia and the Florentine Gallery are still quite impressive, and Napoleon was particularly impressed by the "Venus of Medici".

One of the three treasures of the Louvre, the Venus de Milo, was originally named Venus of Milos. It was an ancient Greek sculpture. It is said that Venus’s arm existed when it was first unearthed, and her right hand

Facing downward, his left hand is raised above his head, holding an apple in his hand, as if he had just received the "laurel crown" of victory from the hand of Prince Paris of Troy.

At that time, the French consul wanted to buy the statue, but due to lack of funds, the locals planned to sell the sculpture to a Greek businessman. The two sides fought for the ownership of the statue. During the fight, the sculpture became what people see today.

It looks like Venus's arms are gone.

The arms of "Venus of Medici" are still there, but unlike the Venus de Milo and the sculpture of the Goddess of Victory, her whole body is not covered at all, and she only uses her two small hands to cover her private parts.

From an artistic point of view, the lines of the Venus de Milo are smoother and more elegant than those of the Medici Venus. Michelangelo's David sculpture is good, but the women he sculpted and painted looked like they had breasts.

man……

All in all, Tana, the Florentine anatomy master, led him to see some extremely exquisite human models in the Observatory of La Speicra.

In the 1970s, a robotics expert pointed out that when robots or humanoid objects are very similar to real humans, humans will feel disgusted with them. Even if they are slightly dissimilar to humans, they will appear very dazzling.

Therefore, no matter how high the degree of restoration of the wax figures in the wax museum is, people will feel that they don't look like them.

The wax figures in the Observatory in La Pékra are not as "lifelike" as those in Madame Tussauds or the Grevin Wax Museum in Paris.

Severus had seen the wax figure called "Venus" at the Anatomical Opera House in Padua. The beauty was cut open from the neck down, revealing the heart, lungs, liver and stomach under the soft skin.

, uterus and other organs, these are for medical students. Corpses are not always encountered, especially female corpses. What is disgusting is that the disemboweled wax figure was posed and made up.

She also wears jewelry, just like the works of art displayed in museums and art galleries.

In the Raspike Observation Hall, there are human anatomy models that are restored to life-size like "Venus", as well as scenes that are restored to disasters such as wars and plagues. Some of these "corpses" are incomplete, and some are incomplete.

It was highly corrupted and turned into a green color that was completely different from the normal skin color, like a hell on earth.

Anatomy restores reality. The reason why the museum is called the Observation Museum instead of the Wax Museum is because it focuses on observation science rather than appreciating wax figures, allowing viewers to compare with the wax figures themselves. Although the internal pipes of the Pompidou Art Center in Paris are exposed

It looks ugly, but it is real.

Beautiful visual effects can bring pleasing happiness, but the "beauty" after removing makeup may make this happiness disappear. How to choose between happiness and reality?

Socrates chose a very shrewd woman as his wife, Zhuge Kongming in the East chose an ugly woman as his wife, a wise man looks at the world differently from ordinary people, and the smart Napoleon Bonaparte was just

Just like most men in the world.

He also likes beautiful women, and he can also be deceived by the illusions made by others, but compared with his colleagues, Napoleon in 1796 was still loyal to Josephine. He originally had great expectations for women, but he was asked to

Serphine was disappointed, especially after hearing the news in Egypt.

No, there is no subway,

From July to September there is nothing,

You buy a ticket and spend money...

"Putain a fait chier! Tais-toi!"

Gong Seyi opened the door of the church and roared outside, but as soon as he closed the door, the street performer outside started singing again.

Severus sat on a chair and looked at Bernadette's tomb. Next to the tomb stood a dripping man. He was Monica's father. No matter how he looked at it, he didn't look like he was going to heaven.

of the undead.

In fact, in most cases, when a person sees something that others cannot see, others do not think that he has seen the apparition of the Virgin Mary, but that he has gone crazy, just like Nash, the discoverer of game theory.

Split, this is also one of the "little troubles" that plagues geniuses.

"You said Napoleon brought a wax figure back from Florence, where did you hear about it?" Gongsei came over and asked Severus.

Severus looked at the wet man, who raised a finger and put it to his mouth, as if to signal him to keep quiet.

"From Siena." Severus pursed his lips and said, "The wax figure we are looking for is not an anatomical wax figure from Florence."

"Hell, you told me that he brought a wax figure back from Florence." Gong Saiyi yelled, "In addition to medical school, there are..."

Severus looked at Gong Saiyi who suddenly stopped mid-sentence.

"I know where there is more." Gong Saiyi said hurriedly, "Quick, follow me!"

Severus didn't move.

"I know what he wants to do." Severus said every word. "The church basement will be used as a tomb, and he will replace the wax figures in it with real people."
To be continued...