Chapter 1991 "Eagle" and "Dove" (9)

There were 13 states in North America at the time of independence, and with the addition of the three newly added states, there were only 16 states. If the principle of "one state, one vote" was followed, how could there be a 71-vote advantage?

Before the United States acquired Louisiana, the United States implemented a representative system. Voting in each state was not a direct election by voters, but an Electoral College election selected by each state's parliament. The person who received more than half and the most votes was elected president, and the second was the vice president.

President, in this case, there will be a situation where a state has 4 votes or even more.

This system began in 1788. At the beginning, the number of electoral votes held by each state in the United States was equal to the number of senators and representatives of the state in Congress. The Senate was elected by two members from each state, and the number of members of the House of Representatives was determined based on the population ratio of each state.

It is not the number of people, but the proportion of the population. Citizens and voters are not the same concept. It does not mean that all American citizens have the right to vote. For example, women do not have the right to vote. The higher the ratio of voters to citizens, the greater the number of representatives, and the number of electoral votes.

The more. Georgia adds 2 members of the House of Representatives to the 2 members of the Senate, for a total of 4 votes.

Before the election, some people had already expressed uneasiness. The founding fathers originally planned that the person with the most votes would be the best, and the person with the second most votes would be worse. They did not take into account the political opinions between the president and the vice president.

When John Adams and Jefferson served under Washington, they had many conflicts due to different political opinions, and Hamilton was added to the list. Although Hamilton has almost missed the throne for various reasons, he is the financial leader of the United States.

Secretary, and the founder of the U.S. national debt system.

The Revolutionary War left the newly formed federal government with a treasury deficit and no international credibility at all. When states were unable to repay their debts, Hamilton proposed that the federal government uniformly assume and repay the foreign debts of all states.

This system was rejected at first, but Hamilton insisted that only by establishing a unified national debt could the United States establish its credibility internationally.

All in all, the second president, John Adams, had no hope of being re-elected. He had no obvious achievements in domestic affairs and foreign affairs, especially after the passage of the Alien and Sedition Act that stifled press freedom.

It's even more popular. Even though he often goes into pubs and drinks with ordinary Americans.

Taverns are often also polling stations, which not only serve as a good place to hand out free drinks to voters, but are also a place where people can get news, newspapers and the latest political pamphlets.

Jefferson, a Democratic Republican, rarely went to such occasions. Compared with John Adams, Jefferson was pro-French. The xyz incident in 1797 occurred during Adams's term, including John Marshall and Charles Coatsworth.

·Pinckney.

In the 1800 election, there were 138 electors from 16 states, and the number of votes that could be elected was 70. Without Georgia's 4 votes, both Jefferson and Burr could only get 69 votes, not more than half. In this way,

He is about to enter a final election of five people in accordance with the requirements of the Constitution. These five people include Jefferson, Burr, John Adams (65 votes), Charles Coatsworth Pinckney (64 votes) and John

Jay(1 vote).

This will enter a tug of war and force Jefferson into a very difficult competition. If it is a contest between two people, the Federalists will vote for Burr. If it is a contest between five people, they will have more votes.

The choice could even re-elect John Adams.

Bonaparte had already explained how Jefferson's "little trick" was used, and then came the four questionable ballots. According to Article 2 of the U.S. Constitution, the electors should make a list of all the electors and indicate

They shall also certify with their signatures the number of votes received by each person, and deliver the sealed list to the President of the Senate at the seat of government of the United States.

This can be understood as a "confirmation certificate". Electors must attach this certificate when casting their votes, but the four problematic electoral votes do not comply with the provisions of Article 2 of the Constitution.

The envelope submitted by Georgia in 1800 contained only one list, not two. That is to say, one side of the list had Governor James Jackson's signature confirming the state's electoral votes, and the back contained the status of the state's electoral votes.

, the only result information that can prove the electoral vote appears on the back of the confirmation certificate.

This document does not meet the formal requirements stipulated in the Constitution. All the electors did not sign for confirmation "themselves", which cannot explain whether the list represents the true wishes of the electors. Moreover, from various indications, the disputes between the two parties caused by the election campaign

Disputes may result in this paper document being just a list signed by one of the parties.

In 1800, Georgia was a frontier region and the laws were not sound. Following Georgia's violation of formalism rules, Jefferson finally ruled on Georgia's four votes as President of the Senate.

It was very risky for Jefferson to do this, and subsequent newspapers publicly announced the problem with the Georgia ballot, while also raising the issue of Jefferson's domineering attitude.

Napoleon did something similar, but it was not an election. He became the First Consul through a coup. The Constitution stipulates that the First Consul is not allowed to lead troops in person, so he made Berthier the commander-in-chief and "accompanied the army" to go out and win.

The Battle of Marengo.

In fact, after Jefferson made his ruling, Georgia could raise objections, but Georgia remained silent.

John Adams was the first president to occupy the White House. Before that, the capital of the United States was Philadelphia. The Federalist Party attacked the Democratic and Republican parties in newspapers for using the Constitution's compromise on slavery. Georgia was a slave state, and they would not approve of it.

Adams of the Federalist Party.

Originally, because of the xyz incident, when Adams described to Congress in detail the French "so-and-so" and others who were blackmailing the United States for their own convenience, the United States was deeply humiliated and furious. The Federalists tried their best to control this incident.

Public opinion raged, and a sedition bill was drawn up against the opposition:

In order to defend the enemy, he would rather spend a lot of money without asking for a penny in return.

Let French supporters like Jefferson be angry, nothing can unite a country behind its president like a war.

Congress then immediately drafted new soldiers into the army, creating an army of 50,000 men, at least on paper.

However, in February 1799, Adams made a U-turn and declared that he wanted "peace, not war." He sent William Vance Murray to France and disbanded Hamilton's expanded army.

Adams' proposal for peace with France completely alienated Hamilton and many Federalist leaders, who were confused by Adams's drastic change in course.

Adams inherited the government formed by Washington. Compared with Adams, Hamilton was more in line with their idea of ​​a "monarch".

Each state has its own election schedule. In the 1800 election, New York took the lead in holding elections. New York was Hamilton's hometown and he proposed to make New York the first capital of the United States. When Burr and his Democratic-Republicans defeated New York,

When Adams was elected, Adams became angry. Without New York's electoral votes, his re-election would become very slim, so he fired two of Hamilton's people in his administration. Marshall replaced one of them as secretary of state, and Hamilton

then published a pamphlet publicly claiming that Adams was emotionally unfit for a second term.

Although Napoleon brought troops with him when he launched the Coup of Brumaire, Adams had nothing to do with disbanding Hamilton's army. The Coup of Brumaire took place in November, and Adams started taking action in February, unless he had the ability to predict the future.

But Americans love to join in the fun. It is said that 100,000 people gathered on Capitol Hill to wait for the election results. The scene was similar to the people gathering in St. Peter's Square in Rome, waiting to see the white smoke coming out of the chimneys.

"Do you think Americans dare to storm the Capitol?" Georgiana asked while lying on the bed and drinking frozen juice.

"What do you think?" Leon asked with a playful smile.

She tried to imagine the scene.

"That's crazy." She muttered in disbelief.

"Are you sober?" he asked with ulterior motives.

She didn't answer.

So he got up and blew out the candles in the bedroom.
Chapter completed!