Chapter 2320 petermnnchen (2)

Farron called Napoleon the head of state, which was a title used by Georgiana's group. It was used by David at the end of the Republic, before the monarchy was implemented. In addition, it also involves the Republic of the Southern Alps, Lyon is bigger than Paris

It's closer to there, not to mention that the founding ceremony of the Southern Alpine Republic was also held in Lyon.

This was actually a gamble. After all, Georgiana did not have the same legal protection as Josephine, but Bonaparte repeatedly had to ask the archbishops to hold religious weddings for them as a joke.

Even if the formalities of secular law have been completed, the divorce will not take effect without the permission of the Pope. For example, the marriage of Louis and Hortense had both secular formalities and a religious wedding, which is equivalent to double insurance. But Louis

If you want to break free, it is not impossible. Just like the Constitution of the Republic does not allow the First Consul to lead the army, but it does not prohibit him from accompanying the army. This is what the judicial proverb says: "If the law does not prohibit it, you can do it; if the law does not authorize it, it prohibits it."

”.

Georgiana didn't see the contract drafted by the Dutch bankers and Bonaparte. She could only see the one signed by herself, but that had to wait until Farron left. He seemed to be bombarding her.

He told her a lot of news, which made her brain hurt.

It is difficult for a woman to know what a man is doing outside the home. Napoleon's original intention in letting Faron see her was to ask her to arrange for the exiled nobles. Faron was not as annoying as Bertin. He had never chased after former customers.

Debt matter. Anyway, the general meaning is this. After the French entered the Netherlands through the ice and established the Republic of Batavia, they have been stationed there. In 1799, the British sent troops to land. The French thought this was the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Invasion, but the Republic of Batavia did not think it was an invasion, and the civilians of the Republic did not see it that way. It was August, and the British and Russian forces commanded by the Duke of York landed near Den Helder, forcing the remnants of the Dutch fleet to surrender. Their bloody and

The destructive power was unprecedented in the Netherlands. It was precisely because of this war that the Dutch naval admiral escorted Napoleon across the "Pas de Calais". This man defeated Nelson.

At that time, a large part of the Batavia garrison was sent to the Vendée to counter the rebellion, but the high military expenses for the counter-rebellion were paid by the Republic of Batavia because the French garrison was stationed on the Rhine River defense line in the Republic of Batavia.

He even occupied Vlissingen in 1800. Napoleon was already the First Consul at that time. He threatened the Batavia Republic that if the compensation paid to France was less than 1.6 million pounds, he would not return Vlissingen. In addition,

They also forced Amsterdam businessmen to lend 400,000 pounds to the French army.

Then it was the turn of the Hanseatic League city Hamburg. Hamburg was charged with paying several Irish resistance elements who were hiding in France to the Kingdom of Great Britain. Therefore, a huge fine was issued to the "Free City" of Hamburg. However, although Hamburg made compensation, it did not

It was not put into the accounts of the Treasury of the First French Republic, but settled the debt owed by "Madame Bonaparte" Josephine for paying for beautiful clothes and luxurious travels, and the other part was used for a loan for the purchase of the Chateau Malmaison.

Malmaison Castle was bought with a loan. Napoleon was still in Egypt at the time and was an honest general. The remaining money was used to buy various gifts, and then Hamburg's compensation was simply gone.

Originally, the Dutch were not very interested in establishing an industrial credit bank, but Napoleon dropped the bait again during a meeting with bankers. During the reign of Charles IV, the Electorate was granted the right to collect tariffs and coinage, including

A principality of bishops and princes. Although the popes were captured as prisoners in Avignon, they still had the right to mint coins.

The early coins of the Papal States used the image of the sitting pope, and this kind of money was called peter coin (petermannchen). However, by the time of Pius VI and Pius VII, this power was taken away.

The other is a currency called kaste, which was minted by the electors who had the right to mint coins. These coins are different from the livre. There are no heads of kings on the livre. Only Louis XIV had them.

A gold coin with the king's face on it was called a gold louis.

Neither the Peter coins nor the Caster coins are as high-quality as the currency circulating in France. The new franc will be implemented next year, which means that some of the original low-quality currencies must be recovered and recast. In the "Subordinate Act"

We talked about this issue.

It is no problem for the German princes to take back the coins, but where is the key to recasting them? The Netherlands and Antwerp conduct coin exchange operations, and they feel that it is better to set up the mints here. Anyway, with the British steam mint machine, the coinage has become

Very convenient and fast, although still not as fast as printing banknotes.

Paper Danish krone are printed quickly, but they do not have a central bank to control the amount of banknotes issued. Dutch guilders have been issued since the 13th century. In the 16th century, the Dutch Republic held a meeting of the three estates and determined that silver guilders were the currency in circulation. 1

The Dutch guilder was equal to 20 stuiver. At that time, a coin called daalder was popular in Central Europe, which was worth one and one-half guilders or 30 stuiver. It was also known as the Austrian trade thaler. It had been issued since the 16th century. Because Germany did not have the formation of Britain and France.

The central government had different coinage standards. It was not until 1750 that Prussia introduced a purity standard to stipulate the silver content of the taler. This system became the basic currency system of North Germany. Not only the inferior taler coins before 1750 had to be recycled, but also the crown

The Taler will also be recycled. This currency is named after the large crown on its face. Although it is of good purity, it will be replaced by francs in the original Austrian Netherlands, and even in parts of Southern Germany.

At present, the establishment of a central bank requires a joint-stock system, but it is banned. Only two national banks in England and France adopt joint-stock systems. This kind of partnership system bank has high risks, but it also has its benefits. For insurance, the first thing is to "trap" Napoleon

, let him become one of the partners, and as long as he does not start a war, "there is no risk."

Of course, these bankers are not pacifists. It is forbidden to grant loans to farmers because they do not have the consent of the government. However, the number of farmers in France is so large. If they have to accept every loan, then what other things can civil servants do?

Or expand the number of civil servants to form a large and bloated organization?

Although prohibited by law, it can still be shelved. Farming loans have given bankers a legal channel, so they don't have to worry about lending in the future.

The purpose of farming loans is to buy farmers seeds and fertilizers for the coming year, improve the soil, add farm tools and livestock, increase per-acre yield and production efficiency, and get rid of the current backward farming methods. It is not to allow them to use their fields as collateral to buy more land with loans.

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Even if I say it, it will basically fall on deaf ears, but farmers are not as courageous as those British money order managers, who can use the same trick to multiply their loans 10 times.

What can be called virtue policy in the East may not necessarily work in the West. Napoleon was persuaded because of the usury in Alsace. Farmers did need loans, but usury caused farmers to lose their land. People hated those loan sharks.

, even regard the robbers who robbed them as heroes.

The story of Zorro takes place during the Spanish rule in Mexico. There was a bonded bondage system in Mexico. That is to say, after the colonial authorities turned Mexico into a colony, the original soldiers became settlers and built new towns based on Spanish towns.

Citizens were granted land for cavalry and land for pasture.

At the beginning, there were two types of Spanish peasants, one was the slave of Azcote, and the other was the servant of the Spanish nobles, mainly housekeepers, overseers, tax collectors, and accountants. However, the debt bondage system was not the first to appear in large estates.

It is a wool textile workshop. The main labor force in the workshop is debt-paid labor. The owner of the workshop sets a contract, naming wages, time and labor rights and obligations, and it is approved by the judge and takes effect. The debt-paid labor does not get a penny, and all of it is used to pay off the debt.

And the workshop became a big prison, and the real prison suddenly became empty.

There are also some employers who force their employees to buy daily necessities, food, work tools, etc. for workshops and stores. Even ordinary employees who are not debt servants have become debt servants because of their debts.

Later, a large number of mixed Azcott and Spanish people appeared in society, and they increased the available temporary labor force. Village communities that lost their land still retained their administrative autonomy and formed large estates, which required a large number of temporary labor force. Still

In this way, if people need some daily necessities in their daily lives, they can first pay for it on credit, and then make up for it with the wages of day laborers. In theory, as long as the workers increase income and reduce expenditure, there is still hope that the debt can be paid off.

However, natural and man-made disasters continued, and smallpox claimed many lives. There were also heavy rains, droughts, and various taxes imposed by the governor.

People who also live on that land have different views. There are many responsible people in that paradise of outlaws. Some bonded farmers ask the farmer to pay them a few months' wages first, and then take the money with them.

Once the salary advance is gone, creditors are more willing to lend money to people who have lived in the local area for a long time. These people have bargaining power and relative freedom. They regard how much money the creditor is willing to pay as the value of their investment and the security of their job. Some

Seasonal workers are not allowed to owe debts.

Once the agricultural loan gap is opened, it will be a flood. Bonaparte's original attempt to please the farmers may have the opposite effect in the end, even if the loan only has an interest rate of 5%.

The sale of Louisiana failed this time. Originally, as one of the conditions, Sir Francis of the Bank of Barings was to persuade the British government to maintain peaceful relations with the British government. Pierre Cesar Labouchere, a banker sent by the Netherlands, was from Bahrain.

The son-in-law of Gabriel Ouffral and a friend of William Pitt, Jr., represented Hope Bank.

After Napoleon sold Louisiana, the United States could expand westward, expand American-style farms and cotton plantations, and increase the slave trade. Banks such as Hope Bank that were engaged in the slave trade would make a lot of money, at least until the Civil War broke out in the United States.

war to abolish slavery.

If Louisiana is not sold, it can continue to promote bonded farms. There are many Spanish-speaking people in Louisiana, and those bonded farmers can buy any "European goods" they want.

Napoleon needed a brilliant victory to overturn the defeat of Saint-Domingue. The Rhine Army that went to Saint-Domingue was almost completely wiped out. Under the premise that France did not recruit troops in 1802, these lost soldiers

Where to add it?

If you do not withdraw, you will be threatened with force. If you withdraw, you must meet certain conditions. Whether you agree or not is the same thing.

Josephine's nickname for Napoleon was "General". When the land sale negotiations failed, Barings and Hope Bank immediately revised their plan. In the new plan, England occupied the northern states of the United States and united with Canada, while the southern states were owned by France.

Napoleon will receive the title of "King of the United States", which sounds much more attractive than "Louis XVI, the Founding Father of the United States".

But this meant war and the loss of huge commercial interests. France would once again change from a neutral country between Britain and the United States to a participant in the war.

I don’t know if it’s the Bourbon dynasty or the French. You must care about the victory of the war. There is also a war corridor in the Palace of Versailles, which depicts many victorious French wars, but whether it is the War of Spanish Succession or the American War

, all suffered losses when negotiating the peace treaty. Although Britain lost, it gained benefits.

Napoleon's famous battle at Toulon saw "Little Gibraltar", but the real Gibraltar was in the hands of the Duke of York.

It's not that simple to make a man look down on winning or losing. Buying and selling official positions is just a method, just like Draco bought the latest flying broomsticks for all Slytherin members so that he can have a showdown with the "airborne" Harry Potter.

Instead of waiting until you are old enough to play.

Gryffindor has been losing to Slytherin for many years, whether it is the House Cup or Quidditch, but some people still think that they are the best house.

Minerva saw Harry's talent, broke the rules, and made him Gryffindor's pursuer. Then Slytherin also broke the rules. Why is Harry Potter so special? Because he is "

"Savior"? Or "Saint Potter" as Draco said?

Especially in the Academy Cup at the end of the year, each of the "Forever Trio" added 150 points, and Neville scored 50 points. Gryffindor fought back and won the game. In an instant, the decoration of the auditorium changed from green to red.

, Pomona always thought it was a miracle that all Slytherins did not leave in anger.

Confrontational games are fun only when there are opponents. Without Slytherin as an opponent, Ravenclaw who likes "quiet lakeside" and Hufflepuff who are "separate from the world" will not be as knowledgeable as lions. After Wood,

Hogwarts has not had a player join the professional ball game after graduation for several years, and even Wood will have to sit on the bench for a few years.

There are rules in professional leagues not to use broomsticks such as Firebolts that affect the fairness of the game, but international competitions are not among them. In the 1994 Quidditch World Cup, the entire Irish Quidditch national team used this kind of broomstick to defeat the "poor"

The Bulgarian team, even though they had Victor Bloom, even if they used Firebolt, Victor Bloom got the Golden Snitch in that game.

Hufflepuff has always been responsible for watching the show (eating melons), but he didn't expect to be chosen to become the "champion" of the Triwizard Tournament.

Three hundred years! This is the first time!

Then Harry Potter showed up and became the fourth contestant.

You are the protagonist, are you awesome?

There happened to be a flatterer, Justin, who was willing to pay for the badges himself, so she pretended not to see it and acquiesced to the children taking it with them.

Harry had a very difficult time during that time. He went from being the most popular to being a "stinky turd", but he actually did nothing. He was just framed, but no one believed him, including his good friend Ron.

There are not so many regrets in this world, and not all misunderstandings can be forgiven through apology.

She decided to think about it before defining him as a completely bad person. This is also the advantage and disadvantage of being alone. She has more time to think, although this also makes her ill-informed. Maybe everything Farron said has been exhausted.
To be continued...