"Well, I mainly want to ask him what kind of knowledge I should study when I go to Paris Law School." Little William replied: Mr. Wojlon suggested that I go to law school to study natural law. He believes that natural law is equivalent to human law.

rationality, they emphasize individual rights and combine it with social contract theory to explain the origin and purpose of the state.

They believe that human beings originally lived in a state of nature and were governed by natural law. However, due to various inconveniences, people united and made contracts to establish a country. From this, they believed that a new system should be established to better realize the provisions of natural law.

Natural rights."

"Besides natural law, what other schools of thought are there?" Alfons actually doesn't understand the differences between these legal schools.

"In addition to natural law, there is also customary law, which has been compiled into the "Paris Customs" as early as the last century. After two revisions, the "Paris Customs" has now compiled 16 volumes and 362 articles of customary law;<

/p>

Although most scholars focus on natural law, there are still some scholars who hope to form customary laws that are commonly applicable throughout France by studying customs in various parts of France, especially in Paris." William Jr. replied:
p>

"In fact, the "Paris Customs" is the transformation of many of our old customs and laws based on "Roman Law" into a systematic and systematic "common custom" that can be used across the country through advancement with the times.

Law"."

Hearing this, Alphonse probably knew that this natural law may be part of the "Enlightenment" promoted by Montesquieu and Voltaire; to deny feudalism and create a new system through natural law, and to promote it by rejecting customary law.

The evolution of feudal system to capitalism;

To a certain extent, these natural law researchers are the pioneers of the French Revolution...

"Logically speaking, natural law is more widely applicable and more humane." Alfons said with a smile: "I think you can get in touch with and understand it, but you should still spend your energy on customary law.

After all, you will have to serve in the court in the future, where it is difficult for natural law to have a role."

"But customary law..." Little William obviously didn't like customary law. As man-made laws, many customary laws were power-based laws made by kings or nobles for their personal interests, or for the overall interests of the nobles. There was no fairness at all.

"You have to know that customary law also comes from natural law; after the existence of natural law, people continued to form conventional habits in the process of adapting to natural law, and this is how customary law came into being." Alphonse smiled: "

To use an inappropriate analogy, I hired a group of workers from the manor and my offer was 20 livres a month, but Armand told them it was 15 livres. Should the workers go to court to sue Armand?"

"Damn it! Alphonse, what are you going to do?" When Alphonse suddenly revealed his embarrassing story, Armand suddenly became angry with embarrassment.

"This..." Little William didn't know how to deal with it. According to customary law, Armand illegally embezzled the legal income of his subjects, and he should be required to return the income;

From the perspective of natural law, the people in the manor are also human beings. The lord's behavior is almost fraud and exploitation, and the lord is likely to be sentenced for this;

But the problem is that the executor is also a noble, so the enforcement intensity will basically be small to non-existent! So even if natural law is more fair, after considering the actual enforcement effect, it is obviously more effective to choose customary law!

"Look, there are always applicable laws, but we have to choose more favorable laws to implement." Alfons said with a smile: "Customary laws go against the interests of most people, but they can still safeguard certain basic rights and interests.

This is the meaning of its existence; you don’t have to worry about anything, just learn the customary law well first, and you will have plenty of time to further study the natural law.”

"Yeah." Little William nodded and said happily, but at this time Veronica ran over from the hall, walked around in front of Alphonse and the others, and then said coquettishly to Alphonse: "Ah

Brother Fang Si, do I look good today?"

"Oh, where did this moonlight come from? It's so dazzling that I can't even open my eyes." Alphonse pretended to cover his eyes with his hands and smiled; today Veronica is indeed dressed up better than before.

It’s more beautiful, I wish I could wear all the accessories on my body at once!

"Brother is so bad!" Veronica smiled and ran into the hall again, but stopped at the door and waved to Armand: "Brother Armand, come in quickly, let's not worry about brother Alphonse who is causing trouble."<

/p>

"Here I am!" Armand happily chased after him, but was blocked by Mrs. Desai who came over: "Armand, you look so handsome today."

"Really? Madam, I just think that when I come to your banquet, I should dress appropriately." Armand puffed out his chest and replied, not so much handsome and decent, but rather dressed like a slut:

The outermost part is a navy blue embroidered tuxedo, with the chest and shoulders padded with cotton to form a majestic inverted triangle; the inner part is a golden vest, paired with a pair of similarly golden knee-length shorts, and the crotch is stuffed with cotton to make it bulge.

To show male charm;

Inside is a shirt with multiple strips of lace, a lace collar around the neck, white lace stockings on the legs, and a pair of brand new leather shoes on the feet, which are also fastened with a beautiful buckle.

Wear shoelaces.

"Alphonse, you are so rude! I have always told you to be more polite." Mrs. Desai pretended to look at Alphonse with a straight face, wearing a loose French fluffy shirt and a belted coat.

He wears a buttoned tuxedo, a pair of long breeches, and shiny riding boots with shoe polish on his feet. It is not necessarily inappropriate to say that, but compared to Armand's trendy peacock dress, Alphonse looks like he has traveled far away.

I want to go to a banquet.

"You shouldn't hold on to my clothes, I don't like to follow trends." Alphonse smiled and came over to kiss her hands, then walked with her inside and asked: "Why don't you see little Lissen?

”

"I went to Will's house, probably to pester his godmother for pocket money." Mrs. Desai said angrily: "It's all your fault for telling him about buying a sword."

"How can you blame me? I just told him matter-of-factly that if you want to be a general, you can't ask for this or that from you. You have to rely on your own pocket money." Alphonse replied with a smile.

"Now he is asking for pocket money everywhere. What's the difference between asking for this and that?" Little William complained next to him.

"Do you still dare to say that if it weren't for you, your brother would want the iron sword?" Mrs. Desai said angrily: "When your father comes back, I will let him take care of you!"
p>

"You don't have to worry too much. We are sword-wielding nobles after all, and little Lissen is already 11 years old, so there is no big problem." Alphonse smiled and shook his head and said: "Just be careful not to fall off the horse.

That’s fine, when he really buys an iron sword, let Bardis guide him in practicing real swordsmanship.”

"You can also let him come to the manor, and it doesn't matter if I personally teach him swordsmanship." Armand began to brag again: "When I was at the manor, I would practice stabbing for a while every day."

"Really? Then your swordsmanship must be amazing, right?" Veronica held her chin and said with admiration, which made Alphonse have a deep black line in his head. As for Armand, your swordsmanship? When you got married,

The duel was all done by Alphonse, but Alphonse's own swordsmanship could not last more than two rounds in the hands of Badis!

"You can come to the manor if you have a chance. I didn't bring my sword this time." Armand replied shamelessly. A sword-carrying nobleman doesn't deserve a sword when he goes out. How dare you say that you know how to sword?
p>

"Can I?" Veronica couldn't wait to go to his manor with Armand right away.

"No." Mrs. Desai said from the side: "When your father comes back, I will ask a Spanish court etiquette teacher to guide your etiquette course. This is very important."

"That's such a pity, but it doesn't matter. You can still come to the manor as a guest whenever you are free." Armand said quickly.

"Yeah." Veronica lowered her head and didn't know what she was thinking.

"Come on, I have prepared a lot of good things. You should try them." Mrs. Desai smiled and pulled Alphonse into the restaurant behind the hall. There were already many guests eating and drinking in the restaurant.

When he got up and saw Alphonse and Armand arriving, Francis Oton, who was also present, smiled and raised his glass and said: "Look, our Mr. Alphonse is here, but it doesn't look like he is here for a banquet.

It seems like I’m going on a long journey soon…”

"Then should I answer: Yes, there will be a big deal soon?" Alphonse smiled and took a glass of champagne from the plate in the waiter's hand, raised it and said with a smile: "Salute to friendship!"

"Salute to friendship!" The guests who were not very familiar with each other raised their glasses. It was obvious that they all knew that tonight seemed to be just a dinner for Mrs. Desai, but in fact it was the Calais local's renewed respect for the Moller family.

A prudent meeting to intervene in local affairs...

At this time in Paris, on a certain street in the Maison district, Miss Scudelier's salon party welcomed a special guest!

"Everyone, please get up. We have an important guest here tonight." Bellisson picked up the wine glass, gently tapped the bottom of the glass with a spoon and said with a smile: "Welcome to the princess!"

"Your Highness the Princess!" The guests who were already in the hall stood up after hearing the sound and looked at Anne Marie Louise de Orleans, the eldest daughter of Gaston, the former Duke of Orleans, who was walking in at the door.

The richest single woman in Europe is entering the house accompanied by Prince Dacondai.

"Good night, everyone." Anne-Marie smiled and bowed to everyone. Many of them were old friends from the Fronde days, so she naturally felt no stranger to them.

"I didn't expect you to come to my Saturday salon tonight." As the host, Miss Scudeli came forward with a smile and saluted Anne Marie.

"Louis brought me here, saying that I would get sick sooner or later if I was hiding in the palace alone." Anne Marie pointed to Prince Condé beside her, smiled and said to Miss Scudel, and then continued:

"I think it's a lie that he cares about me. It's true that he comes to meet other people under the pretext of going out with me."

"Do I need an excuse to see someone?" Prince Kong Dai smiled and said, "The main thing is that a lot of interesting things have happened recently. I believe you will want to hear these stories."

"Oh? Did something interesting happen again?" Anne Marie naturally found a chair in the center and sat down; there was no one in the room with a higher status than her, not even Prince Condé.

She is only a third-generation cousin of the King of France, but she is Louis XIV’s biological cousin!

"Have you heard about Calais? A story about a rapid-fire cannon and a workshop." Berisson, who has recently become the most well-informed person in this circle because of this topic, laughed.

"Calais? What's the story there? I remember it was a small port between Dunkirk and Boulogne. There was also an artillery factory there?" Anne Marie asked a little strangely. No wonder she had no impression of that place, because

She has never been further north than Paris in her life.

"You are right, Your Highness, Calais is indeed a small place; but in a big city, there are only people outside the crowd, and there is a sky outside the sky. Only small places can bring legends." Belisson said with a strange smile, and began to introduce Anne Marie.

Alphonse and his rapid-fire cannon were brought up.

From the emergence of rapid-fire cannons to pirates, when the Spaniards and the British, who had deep grudges, fought at sea, Anne Marie suddenly became interested.

"You are right, legends can emerge from small places." Anne Marie smiled: "A small 6-pound cannon can change the situation of the Spaniards who have lived with their tail between their legs since the destruction of the Armada."
p>

"That's why His Majesty paid a lot of attention to it, and I hope that the Duke of Beaufort will also pay attention to it;

But it is a pity that even the Duke of La Rochefoucauld bought four artillery pieces for research, but the Duke of Beaufort, as an admiral of the navy, seems to have no interest in this rapid-fire cannon." Bellisson said pretending to regret.

, in fact, I’m not surprised at all:

In the early years, there was a widespread rumor that "Beaufor has no brains, and Gaston only has a mouth." Gaston, the Duke of Orleans, who only knew how to talk, has passed away two years ago, and the brainless Duke of Beaufor still has not made much progress.

"Your Majesty pays attention?" Anne Marie pretended not to hear Bellisson's ridicule to the Duke of Beaufort. She also knew that her cousin, the king, had always hoped to rebuild a powerful French army;

Now that there is a superior rapid-fire gun in the country, which may even change the fate of Spain to some extent, it is natural to hope that it can be used for its own use to rebuild the glory of the Frank Empire.

"Yes, His Majesty even specially convened a small meeting of ministers. It's just a pity that this rapid-fire cannon is not as practical as imagined." Belisson said with a smile:

"However, Mr. Kolber believes that a workshop that can develop such an excellent rapid-fire gun still has investment value and can be used as an artillery foundry for the military;
Chapter completed!