Xu Weiguo walked out of the house under the adoring eyes of the daughters at home.

"Wei Guo, you know so much!" Lou Xiao'e sighed as she looked at Xu Weiguo's back.

Then Lou Xiaoe asked Ran Qiu again: "Sister Ran Qiu, you think it's like the things in Weiguo's head. What is his level of knowledge? Juren? Jinshi? Or top scholar?"

Ran Qiu said with a smile: "Sister Xiao'e, we haven't been here for a long time now. We don't have any candidates, let alone the number one scholar!"

"But in terms of Brother Xu's knowledge, I think it is definitely no less than a university professor! Or a doctor!"

"University professor? Doctorate? What are these? Are they very powerful?" Du Yue asked.

"Yes, yes, Ran Qiu, give us all a try." Lou Xiao'e also asked.

"University professors are relatively senior university teachers, that is, old students of college students. Students are divided into elementary school students, junior high school students, high school students, and college students. You are all elementary students now..." Ran Qiu slowly explained.

"Du Yue and I are primary school students, and Wei Guo is a university professor. There are four levels of junior high school students, high school students, college students, and university teachers in between! Is Wei Guo so powerful?" Lou Xiao'e was shocked!<

/p>

Ran Qiu shook his head, "Actually, the gap between you and Brother Xu is far more than four levels. After college students, there are graduate students and Ph.D.s, so the gap between you and Brother Xu is at least six levels!"

Lou Xiao'e opened her mouth and said, "Oh my God!"

Du Yue was also stunned. She had no idea that her man was so knowledgeable.

"This is normal! Weiguo's cooking is delicious, and he also knows the story behind each dish. There are many things to eat, so he must be different from us!"

"Okay, I'm going to the front yard to attend the whole hospital meeting!" Lou Xiao'e stood up, "Sister Ran Qiu, you and Du Yue will chat at home for a while. After Wei Guo and I attend the whole hospital meeting, I will see you off today.

Go home!"

Ran Qiu nodded, "Okay!"

Xu Weiguo was soaking up the fresh air. The cold weather was really nothing to him!

This is when Lou Xiao'e came out, "Weiguo, I'll go with you!"

Xu Weiguo smiled, "I saw you chatting so happily with Du Yue, Ran Qiu and the others, I thought you weren't going!"

"I'm the person in charge of the down jacket this time, how could I not go! You obviously didn't call me!" Lou Xiao'e rolled her eyes at Xu Weiguo, and then asked: "Weiguo, I heard Sister Ran Qiu say, because of your belly

The ink inside is equivalent to that of a university professor or a Ph.D.! You are so awesome, why didn’t I know about it before?"

Xu Weiguo shook his head, "Don't listen to Ran Qiu's nonsense. I just read a few more books and newspapers. It's not that powerful!"

"I don't believe it, I think you are more powerful than them!" Lou Xiao'e then asked: "I was embarrassed to ask in there just now, I just want to know what a doctor is! It feels pretty powerful."

"I remember my father told me that there were doctors in ancient times. Are they the same?"

"..." Xu Weiguo was speechless, but he patiently explained, "The doctorate we are talking about now is a degree title, which indicates that a person has the ability or academic qualifications to produce original theoretical results. It is the highest level degree.

Possessing a doctoral degree or equivalent academic qualifications means that a person has the ability to move from the learning stage to the academic stage. The ability or academic ability to produce original theoretical results is the core connotation of a doctoral degree and is also the most essential characteristic of a person with a doctoral degree."

…

Lou Xiao'e shook her head, "I don't understand very well."

Xu Weiguo explained seriously, "Doctor is a term for graduate students pursuing a doctoral degree. It can also be used to refer to people who have obtained a doctoral degree. It is mainly organized by ordinary colleges and universities with doctoral programs and relevant scientific research institutions with qualifications to train doctoral students.

The "PhD Admissions Examination" is used for admissions.

Abroad, it specifically refers to people who have obtained a doctorate, and doctoral students are also called so-and-so doctors. Among the three-level degrees of bachelor's degree, master's degree and doctorate, the doctorate is the highest level."

"As for the degree system, especially the doctorate, in European countries, taking the United States as an example, the doctorate is the highest degree. But the highest degree in higher education is by no means just the doctorate. Higher degrees in beautiful countries and Europe are divided into two categories.

: One is a research degree, and the other is a vocational degree.

The English word "Doctor" for a research degree is "dtorate". It comes from the Latin: "dtor", which means "teher". This word originated in the European Middle Ages. In that era, "teher" was a person teaching at a university

certificate. And we usually talk about

The "Ph.D." degree in English is: "PhilosophyDtor". In the British system, it is called: "DtorofPhilosophy". "Ph.D." is the basic degree requirement for working in academia in modern European and American universities. First of all, a Ph.D. is an academic researcher

It is a research-based degree. It requires rigorous training and assessment in the field of academic research. A doctorate must understand what academic research, academic norms, academic ethics, and academic services are. In the beautiful American system, doctoral students must not only pass the most basic

Doctoral qualifying exam, complete fixed course hours, average B

With the above scores, you need to conduct in-depth academic research and publish certain papers in world academic magazines. Finally, you can only get a doctorate by successfully defending your academic paper in the doctoral committee. In science and engineering, doctoral students generally need to go through 3-6

It takes years to complete your studies.

A doctorate is based on academic research. Without academic research, the meaning of a doctorate will be lost. So what is academic research? In modern Western higher education, academic activities must first be engaged in the scope of "science". In addition to nature, science

In addition to science, it also includes humanities, such as sociology and art

There are no "non-scientific" "PhDs" that can be recognized in modern Western universities, nor any "non-scientific" research activities. Therefore, when discussing scientific research topics, we must understand what "scientific" is.

"define it in a general sense. But the definition of science is not simple.

Simply, it belongs to a philosophical category. For the sake of simplicity, we define "science" as academic activities recognized by the modern international academic community and all research results that can be published in official academic journals around the world. Academic research means research on

Create and accumulate knowledge through the exploration of natural laws and social phenomena

The activity of consciousness. Since we deliberately define this activity as belonging to the category of science, academic research is systematic theoretical and experimental activities based on scientific concepts and using scientific methods. For the definition of "science", we can

See the author's paper "The Definition of Science."

…

In addition to research degrees, Western higher education also has vocational degrees. These degrees are designed to train senior people for specific social occupations. For example, medicine, law, etc. First of all, these degrees are the basic requirements for professional work, just like

A doctorate degree must be the same as the basic degree required to be a professor. However, the purpose of training is completely different. A research doctorate is to train researchers or scholars. A vocational degree is for people from all walks of life.

A big difference between a vocational degree and a research degree is that it is designed to train specialized professionals. The former must pass the unified professional license assessment before being listed in a profession, such as lawyers and doctors. However, the research degree does not have this requirement.

One of the main reasons is the legal responsibility requirements of the profession. For example, a doctor's profession is directly related to human life, and an architect's design determines the safety of a house. Therefore, there are strict licensing requirements.

Both doctors and lawyers are highly professional professions. The purpose and nature of their work are fundamentally different from scientific research. The purpose of scientific research is to explore and interpret natural and social phenomena, while doctors must treat illnesses and save lives in a timely manner.

.So research degrees train scholars, while vocational degrees train experts. Because these professions, such as doctors and lawyers, do not

Do not engage in any experimental or theoretical research work, but solve special specific problems in practice. Such as curing diseases and litigation law. However, due to the differences between Chinese and English, the professional "dtor" is translated as "

"Doctor" is not accurate enough. Because "Doctor" in Chinese is often associated with concepts such as academics, research, and scholars.

In the degree system of colleges and universities, there is another category that is artistic. For example, the music department has the "master of music art" for performance-oriented students, and there are more advanced degrees, such as "dousart." For the study of music theory,

There is also ph.dinmusart. In music and art, there are also performance degrees and research degrees. Performance degrees, such as mma and dma.

Focus on performance training. Most of the class requirements are on the improvement of performance skills, and there are also corresponding theoretical courses. Graduation requires a certain number of music performances. However, the ph.d does not require concert performances, but must have a thesis defense.

.It can be seen from this that performance degrees are mainly about training students’ performance skills, while research degrees, like other fields, focus on research capabilities, theoretical analysis, and academic level.

There are very similar degrees in art departments such as painting, design, and architecture. As an art major, the master's degree is generally the highest degree. Therefore, it can meet the requirements of the art profession. You can even serve as a professor in the art major of colleges and universities.

Position. Art majors in Western universities generally rarely set up dtoroffi. And dfa is often an honorary degree. At present, beautiful countries only have

A few universities have DFA. For example, Yale University has DFA in drama criticism. Other colleges and universities offer doctorates in film, visual arts, literary creation and other majors. If people who already have an MFA degree want to compete for corresponding teaching positions in colleges and universities

Only those with professional qualifications will consider obtaining the DFA. Generally, people who are engaged in artistic creation will not study the Ph.D., but only obtain the Masteroffi."

"Now, you understand what a doctor is!"

Lou Xiao'e nodded blankly, then shook her head, "I seem to understand, but I don't seem to understand!"

…

"But one thing I understand is that those who can become doctors are the most powerful people in all walks of life." Lou Xiao'e's eyes lit up and she said excitedly: "You cook very delicious food, which is equivalent to

Are you Doctor Chef?"

Xu Weiguo's face stiffened, and he nodded angrily, "There's nothing wrong with you insisting on understanding it this way, but there are currently no doctors in our country, so you must not say that I am a doctor outside, I can't afford to embarrass that person!

”

"Are doctors so rare?" Lou Xiao'e was also a little surprised, then nodded and said: "Okay, I understand!"

Seeing Lou Xiao'e agree, Xu Weiguo was relieved, but at this moment, Lou Xiao'e stopped him again, "Weiguo!"

"What's wrong?"

"I know that you have the ability to be a doctor. Although you have no title, this does not affect your ability at all. Ran Qiu, Du Yue, and I believe in you!" Lou Xiao'e said seriously.

"..." Xu Weiguo was helpless and said with a wry smile: "Thank you...you guys!"

"By the way, I have another question!"

"Tell me." Xu Weiguo was murmuring inwardly. When did Lou Xiao'e become a problem baby?

Lou Xiao'e: "You haven't told me yet, what were doctors like in ancient times?"

"That's what you can't achieve! You have so many problems every day!" Xu Weiguo said angrily.

"Oh, I just want to know. It was you who helped me gain more knowledge. I asked you a lot of questions last time, and finally I completed the down jacket task ahead of schedule! I finally got the chance to ask you, and I won't let it go!

"Lou Xiao'e said firmly.

Looking at Lou Xiao'e's appearance, Xu Weiguo suddenly felt a little moved. No wonder Lou Xiao'e could succeed later. This is not unreasonable.

"Doctor" was an official name in ancient times. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, it was an official position in charge of books, literature, and history. Later, it became an official position in academics, specializing in one subject or proficient in one art, and engaged in teaching students. For example, in the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yunwen once named Fang Xiaoru "literary"

Doctor "etc."

"1. In ancient times, it refers to a person who specializes in a certain skill. For example: Dr. Tea, Dr. Liquor; Dr. Wu; "Wu Feng Lu" of Huang Province in the Ming Dynasty: "To this day, all servants who make noodles with vertebrae are called doctors." 2. At that time.
To be continued...