The reason why China has been able to become a country of etiquette and create a long-lasting civilization that spans thousands of years is inseparable from the combination of civil servants. Before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China's official selection system was very unsound, and the official selection system was generally high and low.

As a noble, you would have an official title for generations, and you would not have to worry about being deprived of your title. This was generally accepted by people at the time.

At the end of the Warring States Period, due to years of war, the population decreased and production was greatly damaged. On the one hand, the princes had to deal with various military struggles, and on the other hand, they had to restore the domestic economy. Therefore, the monarch encouraged the army and the people to kill more enemies and cultivate more wasteland.

Farming. Whoever has great military merit and cultivates more fields can become a high official. This is the military merit system and the land allocation system.

During this period, if you are indeed talented, but you are not a hereditary noble, have no military merit, and do not know how to open up land, but you want to be an official, what should you do? There are also ways, for example, through the recommendation of others, such as Bao Shuya

Recommend Guan Zhong to be the prime minister of Qi. If no one recommends it, you can also recommend yourself, but you need to be courageous enough, such as Mao Sui. In addition to recommendation and self-recommendation, there are two other ways: lobbying and lecturing. The most successful is when

It belongs to Su Qin and Confucius.

Although there are many ways above, there is no formal official selection system. Most talented people are still not discovered, and only a handful can be used by the country.

When Liu Bang unified the world, although he established the Han Dynasty, what was left to Liu Bang was a mess. The country was riddled with holes and was in urgent need of talents to govern the country. Liu Bang was thirsty for talents, but his culture was not high, and his

Although the famous "Song of the Wind" is a bit popular, it is enough to show his thirst for talents.

Hope: The strong winds are blowing and the clouds are flying. The mighty sea is coming back to its hometown, and the strong men are guarding the four directions. Liu Bang gained the world by force, so he paid more attention to generals and despised literati. Lu Jia persuaded him to use "Poems" and "Books"

" to rule the world, he said: "I conquered the world with force, and used "Poems" and "Books" to conquer the world.

"What's the use?" Lu Jia said: "You can conquer the world on horseback, but can you rule the world immediately?" This sentence stopped Liu Bang. Later, Liu Bang followed Lu Jia's suggestion and issued an imperial edict to recruit talents.

Talented and learned people govern the country. This is the earliest formal official selection system in China - the inspection and examination system.

The beginning of the Han Dynasty. After continuous improvement by several emperors of the Han Dynasty, by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Chao Ju system had been relatively complete. The implementation of the Cha Ju system attracted many capable people in governance for the Han Dynasty, and there was the phenomenon of "people admire each other, and strangers admire each other"

This scene played a huge role in the Han Dynasty becoming the most powerful country in the world at that time.

The inspection and examination system requires each county to recommend to the court every year "virtuous, upright, and able to speak out and give advice" talents, and then the state will examine and recruit them. At that time, if there were talents with both ability and political integrity in various places, they would be famous in the countryside.

, the local prominent families will comment on it. This is very important,

If he lives up to his name, the county governor must recommend him to the court, and then the court will assess him. There were many subjects for examination in the Han Dynasty, generally divided into two categories: regular subjects and special subjects. Chang subjects are also called Sui subjects, as the name suggests,

It is a regular subject that is held every year. Special subjects are based on the actual situation and are not frequent.

The subjects offered. The year-old subjects mainly include: Xiaolian, Xiucai and other subjects. The special subjects mainly include: Xianliangzhengzheng, Mingjing, Brave and Know the Art of War, etc. Among all the subjects, Xiaolian is the most important. Xiaolian means a filial son and an honest official.

Meaning. The basic moral standard for ancient officials is to honor their parents and be honest and honest. To promote filial piety and honesty is to respect the people of the county.

It is determined by the population. The quota ratio is different in each dynasty and each generation. It is roughly as follows: if the population of a county is more than 200,000, one person will be recommended every year; if the population of a county is less than 200,000, one person will be recommended every two years.

If the population of a county is less than 100,000, one candidate will be recommended every three years. Xiaolian is the subject with the largest number of candidates.

The imperial examination system has been implemented for about 400 years. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the court was dark, wars were constant, people were displaced, and the township committee could not accurately judge the merits of a person. In addition, the aristocratic family controlled the village committee, and the people were favored by nepotism.

However, many people cannot be recommended. This has caused many social conflicts, and the inspection and promotion system has ceased to exist in name only.

After Cao Pi became emperor, in order to alleviate this contradiction, Shangshu ordered Chen Qun to create the Nine-Rank Officials Law, which was later called the Nine-Rank Zhongzheng System. The Nine-Rank Officials Law only modified the inspection system based on the specific conditions at that time.

The reform did not completely abandon the inspection and examination system. It still required local governments to recommend talents. The counties and counties promoted filial piety and integrity, and the state promoted talented people. It only abolished the township evaluation and returned the evaluation power to the government. This is also the biggest feature of the nine-level Zhongzheng system.

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The government specially set up an official called Zhongzheng to evaluate the candidates and determine the grade. The Zhongzheng officer in each county was called "Zhongzheng", and the Zhongzheng officer in each state was called "Dazhongzheng", also called "state capital". At that time, the state could

Different from the states and counties in later generations, it is a provincial administrative region, and there are only a dozen states in the country. Each central official is concurrently held by central officials from their respective hometowns.

All officials who want to become officials and those who have already become officials must be evaluated by the Zhongzheng officials of their respective places of origin. The evaluation is mainly divided into three links: inspection and evaluation, adverbial writing, and evaluation. These Zhongzheng officials inspect and evaluate the scholars in their hometown.

There are two contents: the first is family background, which is the person’s family background, his father’s and ancestors’

What do you do? Have you ever been a high official? Are you from a wealthy or humble family? The second is character and talent. Next, make an adverbial about this person based on his family background, character, and talent, which is very brief and very general.

A comment. Finally, and the most critical thing is to determine the grade of the person being evaluated, that is, "defining the grade."

This grade is called Xiangpin. Although it is not an official grade, it is closely related to the official grade. Those with high rural grades will have a higher official position, while those with low rural grades will have a lower official position, and may even have no chance of becoming an official.

It is divided into nine grades: upper upper, upper middle, upper lower, middle upper, middle middle, middle lower, lower upper, lower middle, lower lower. Similar to the nine-square grid, there are similar curves in modern human resources management.

Although it is a ninth grade, the highest grade "Shang Shang" is considered to be the grade of a saint and no one can achieve it, so it is in name only. The second grade "Shang Zhong" becomes the actual highest grade. The second and third grades are top grades, and the seventh grade is the highest grade.

Eighty-nine grades are low-grade. If you are rated as low-grade, you have no chance of becoming a

Officials. Each Zhongzheng will hand over the evaluation results of each person to the imperial court, which will be used as a basis for selecting officials. Each Zhongzheng will not only evaluate the new officials in his hometown, but also evaluate the current officials on a regular basis.

The performance during the term will be upgraded or demoted.

At the beginning of the implementation of the nine-grade Zhongzheng system, virtue was an important evaluation criterion. Later, because all the people who served as Zhongzheng officials were wealthy aristocrats, these wealthy aristocrats controlled the right to criticize. They favored the children of wealthy families, and the quality of their family background directly determined the quality of the village.

The quality of character and ability is no longer important. Over time, the shape of

It has become a situation of "there are no humble families in the upper class, and no noble families in the lower class". The gentry is also called the powerful family, which can be understood as the scholar-bureaucrat family, the famous family, the powerful family, in short, it is the influential wealthy family. Corresponding to these wealthy families are

The vast number of small landowners and poor people of the common people are collectively called the common people and poor families.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the power of those wealthy and famous families was quite strong. The Cao Cao family wanted to transfer the right to evaluate officials from the countryside to the imperial court, but it was difficult to implement. At this time, Sikong, who was born in a wealthy and noble family and was also a high-ranking government official, Shangshu Ling

Chen Qun created the Nine-Rank Officials Law, which neutralized the contradiction between imperial power and wealthy families, but still failed to save the Cao family from destruction.

Since Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor of the Han Dynasty and established the Wei Dynasty, until the Ganlu period, the Cao family passed down four emperors, namely Cao Pi, Emperor Wen, Cao Rui, Emperor Ming, Cao Fang, King of Qi, and the current emperor Cao Mao. Emperor Wu of Wei, Cao Cao, did not actually become emperor.

, the name of Emperor Wu of Wei was added to him by Cao Pi after he succeeded to the throne.

Cao Cao was a great hero of the Three Kingdoms. He was indeed a man of literary and military skills. He used the emperor to control the princes and gradually wiped out all the warlords in northern China. He was so wise and powerful. However, his descendants were not as powerful as each generation. The power of the Cao family

Gradually it fell into the hands of the Sima family.

Cao Cao's biggest mistake in his life was not letting go of Liu Bei in the "Green Plums Cooking Wine and Discussing Heroes", let alone being burned by Zhou Yu in the Battle of Chibi, but not getting rid of Sima Yi, a big disaster. Sima Yi was a wolf and ambitious.

, but also deeply hidden. What’s even more frightening is that his two sons, Sima Shi and Sima Zhao, are also Wen Tao.

Military strategy, a person who can stabilize the country. Cao Cao often had a dream at that time, dreaming that three horses were eating in the same trough. This aroused his suspicion. "Trough" means "Cao", and three horses eating in the same trough means that Cao Cao

The family name may be cannibalized by three people with the surname Ma. Is it okay to have such a major hidden danger? So we will target all people with the surname Ma who are potential threats.

A purge was carried out. At first, it was suspected that the "Three Horses" might be Ma Teng, Ma Chao, and Ma Dai, father, son, uncle, and nephew. Because Ma Chao and Ma Dai's cousins ​​launched an army against Cao Cao, Cao Cao took Ma Chao's body from the court.

His father, Ma Teng, and his family were all killed. But after killing Ma Teng's family, he still had the dream of three horses eating from the same trough.

How did he know that "Three Horses" alluded to Sima Yi, Sima Shi, and Sima Zhao and his son. Cao Cao had suspicions about Sima Yi, but at that time, Sima Shi and Sima Zhao had not yet emerged and could not match the three horses.

In addition, Sima Yi and Cao Pi were very good friends. With Cao Pi's protection, the Sima family was saved.

One misstep will lead to eternal hatred. Just like Cao Wei replaced Han Dynasty, it is inevitable that Sima will replace Cao Wei.

It is currently the fifth year of Ganlu. The current emperor Cao Mao is just a puppet. The power of the country has already fallen into the hands of Sima Yi's son, Sima Zhao. After Sima Yi died, he originally passed the title of Duke of Jin to his eldest son Sima Shi, but

Master Sima died of an eye disease, and his brother Sima Zhao inherited the title. Now, Sima Zhao makes all the decisions in the imperial court. "Everyone knows Sima Zhao's heart."

." Cao Mao was deeply worried about this. Thinking that Sima Zhao would surely rebel sooner or later, and that all the achievements his ancestors had worked so hard to create would be given away, he had trouble sleeping and eating, thinking about how to get rid of Sima Zhao all day long. But he wanted to think about it and actually do it.

But it is quite difficult and extremely dangerous. Because after several generations of Sima family management, most of the civil and military ministers in the court now side with the Sima family.

On this day, Cao Mao summoned three confidants to discuss the crusade against Sima Zhao. However, he did not expect that two of the three confidants were already Sima Zhao's people. The two of them secretly ran to report to Sima Zhao and asked him to

Take precautions early. Cao Mao took a look

, the matter has been leaked, so without further delay, he immediately took the sword, took the chariot, and led the three hundred guards to attack Sima Zhao. Unexpectedly, the people of the Sima Mansion were well prepared, and they were met head-on by the Central Guard Army Jia Chong and the Sima Prime Minister's Mansion.

People came to fight against the emperor's army.

Upon seeing this, Cao Mao shouted: "Crunt against the rebel Sima Zhao. If anyone dares to stop him, his three tribes will be punished."

The emperor is the emperor after all. When the soldiers of the Sima Mansion saw that it was the emperor himself who had led the troops, they were all so frightened that they did not dare to move. After all, robbing and killing the emperor would be treason, which was serious.

Seeing that the people in Sima Prime Minister's Mansion were losing morale, Jia Chong said anxiously: "Why did Mr. Sima support you? Isn't it just for today? How dare you back down?"

His subordinate Prince Sheren Chengji was a reckless man. When he heard Jia Chong's words, he became more energetic and asked: "Should I be killed or bound?"

Jia Chong said harshly: "Sima Gong has an order to kill you."

Cao Mao shouted in shock: "Do you want to rebel?"

Before he finished speaking, Chengji Chuo's gun was in his hand, and he struck Cao Mao's chest with the sword. The iron blade came out from Cao Mao's back. At that time, he fell off the chariot and died unexpectedly.

Jia Chong and Cheng Ji took the decision without authorization and killed the emperor, which really shocked Sima Zhao. Although he had a disobedient heart, he didn't want things to develop too fast. Besides, killing the emperor would have a bad reputation.

, so he summoned all officials to discuss countermeasures.

Someone came up with an idea and said: "The matter has come to this. Only by cutting Jia Chong in half can we alleviate his crime a little."

Jia Chong had followed Sima Zhao for many years. This man was extremely cunning and was Sima Zhao's right-hand man. Of course, Sima Zhao did not agree to kill Jia Chong. He shook his head and said, "No, think of other ways."

The man added: "Killing Jia Chong is the best way, how can there be any other way?"

Sima Zhao had already had an idea in his mind, and he shouted: "Chengji is a traitor and an immoral man. To kill the emperor, we must cut Chengji into pieces and destroy his three clans in order to thank the world."

Cheng Ji was waiting happily to receive the award, but when he heard Sima Zhao say such words, it was like a thunderbolt from the blue sky, shouting: "It is not my fault, it is Jia Chong who conveyed your order, saying that he must die, otherwise

How dare I kill the emperor?"

When Sima Zhao heard this, he was afraid that Cheng Ji would talk nonsense, so he immediately ordered people to cut out Cheng Ji's tongue, making him unable to speak, and then exterminating his three tribes. This has been the case from ancient times to the present, if a tiger commits a crime, there will always be a sheep to take the blame.

In the history of China, among the hundreds of emperors in hundreds of dynasties, large and small, many were killed by their ministers, but most of them killed the emperor in a hidden way: either secretly poisoning, or strangulation secretly;

On a dark and windy night, or in a hidden place, this is the only one where someone who is not ready to take the throne, blatantly kills the current emperor with weapons in full view of the public, and behaves as if nothing has happened.

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After killing Cao Mao, Sima Zhao established a new emperor. The new emperor's name was Cao Huan, and his reign name was changed to Jingyuan. From then on, Sima Zhao trusted Jia Chong more and he became more unscrupulous. It was only a matter of time before the Sima family succeeded the Wei Dynasty.

Sima Zhao's trip aroused the resentment of many people in the court, including a doctor from Taixue. Taixue was the highest academic institution in the imperial court. The students in Taixue were called doctor disciples. Most of them were children of famous families and came from poor families.

Unless a person is particularly outstanding and is recommended by the local state or county, he cannot enter Taixue to study. The person who teaches students is called

Doctor of the Five Classics, mainly taught "Poetry", "Book", "Li", "Yi", "Spring and Autumn" and the Five Classics. This doctor's name was Shu Boguang, and he mainly taught "The Book of Songs" in Taixue, which was called "Mao Shi" at that time.
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