[Translation] Indiscriminate acquisition and human trafficking in the Warring States Period of Japan
The so-called random attack is organized war plunder. Similar behaviors such as the common military robbery after breaking a city in ancient China, and the three-day no sword sealing are all like this. Everyone knows the specific meaning and does not provide detailed descriptions.
In the Warring States Period, the military armed forces were composed of farmers, and grain distribution was often carried by themselves. Only large-scale expeditions were responsible by the Daming masters.
Moreover, foreign wars will more or less affect farming, so farmers are often willing to participate in the war by plundering the battlefield.
Human trafficking is a supplement to the post-war wealth of the famous masters, selling local people to merchants, and the current landlords, serfs, and women are replenished into the jiyuan, enriching the military funds and allowing the Chinese and wealthy families to make profits.
In the Warring States Period, random picking was regarded as the norm, but there were still unspoken rules to be followed. Generally, the Warring States Period Daming usually used random picking during the war to enrich the lack of logistics and as subsidies for farmers. However, notices were placed on the submission place, indicating that the new lord was lenient and caring for the new lord, and blamed the chaos in the war to the former lord to stabilize the new lord.
Carry out Uesugi Kenshin to send troops to Kanto
After taking Oda Castle, Shimazu Yoshihisa sent troops to Toyoko and Oda Nobunaga's human trafficking of Echizen Ikki, as an example, the Hojo family's human hunting was a case of war. The trafficking of people after the war was mainly prisoners of war. The people who did not involve surrender did not commit random tricks to the new leader, and they could all use their own money to redeem themselves.
The four most famous names in the Warring States Period can be regarded as different versions of random picking and human trafficking as examples.
1. Oda Nobunaga, the random tricks are average, and human trafficking is low
2. Uesugi Kenshin, the general random trick, the highest human trafficking
3. Takeda Shingen, the highest random selection, low human trafficking, the highest profit, but violated the hidden rules
4. Hojo Ichiyasu, general random acquisition, general human trafficking
Oda, Uesugi, Takeda and Hojo are all in the situation of random acquisition and human trafficking. First of all, although Oda Nobunaga adopted strict military disciplines in the Kinki battlefield, especially in the Kyoto area, it was in the Nagao and Motokaku periods.
In other wars, because the soldiers and peasants were not separated on a large scale, he still used peasants, so his degree of random acquisition was still extremely high. However, in terms of human trafficking, Nobunaga strictly enforced public security policies and opposed slaves, so it was not prosperous enough. Secondly, the prisoners of war that Oda Nobunaga most often caught were Ichikki Ichikki, and they would continue to fight wherever they were placed. Asai and Araki were all betrayers that Nobunaga hated. Therefore, in addition to selling Echizen Ichikki Ichikki, they often killed the problem, so the amount of human trafficking was not high.
Kenshin Uesugi will make random mistakes and the highest human trafficking is related to his frequent decisive battles abroad. From a general perspective, he sent troops to Kawaakashima to reject Takeda and support the Kanto family in the Kanto strategy. In terms of strategy, he is not a bad calculation.
The former made the Takeda family dare not easily invade Echigo, while the latter obtained the title of Otaku, strengthening the policy of Kenshin Uesugi entering and leaving Kanto to occupy the warm plains. Unfortunately, the Hojo family is also a tough role, which prevents him from going smoothly.
Therefore, many times, Kenshin Uesugi's troops did not increase his territory, which is one of the reasons why Takeda Shingen was able to instigate Uesugi's retainers.
As for the great masters, Kenshin Uesugi's long-term expedition also put a burden on the farmers and his own finances. Although Kenshin Uesugi made a lot of profits in business, this did not popularize all the residents.
Therefore, in addition to allowing random fetching,
Sugi Kenshi also carried out a large number of hunting people during Kawaakashima and Kanto. According to the "Historical Materials of Oda Castle in Takaraku, Kenshi opened a temporary slave market under the city to expand wealth and make up for the shortage of annual tributes caused by the Great Famine of Eternal Lu.
This is also the factor that Sugi Kenshin He was abnormally exempt from taxes and comforting the people from sending troops to Kanto when encountering famines. At that time, there was even a permanent slave market in Naoezu in Echigo.
In contrast, Takeda Shingen has a reputation for being overly random. Generally, human trafficking in daimyos is the norm, and it is often recorded in history books, but it is also ignored because it is the unspoken rules of the Warring States Period.
Because Takeda Shingen relied on the income from traditional agriculture and mining in transition, his business management was limited, so he needed to further develop mines in order to increase military funds, so he increased the population trading and added it to slaves and invested it into goldsoft.
Especially in Sakugun, after his opponent opened the city, he also carried out random attacks on ordinary civilians.
Moreover, the money for the body exceeds the market price. According to the "Myofajiji Ji", the money for the body for the body is 20 to 30 cents at the same time. However, the Takeda family offered several times the price of 2 to 10 cents to reduce the redemption rate and recharged it into Jinshan as a miner. Therefore, Takeda Shingen was notorious for human trafficking this time.
After conquering Shinno, Takeda Shingen also reduced the behavior of buying and selling people. However, as the mining output decreased, when attacking Suruga Castle, when Imakawa Masa retreated to Kagawa Castle, Takeda's army still chose to adopt an overly random strategy when entering the city. The so-called "Mabashi Nobuya's advice and stopping" was really a casual remark.
So later, Nobujun Azuyama and Ieyasu Tokugawa had to work hard to rebuild the Shun Mansion. This time, the random shots caused too much damage to the entire Suruga.
Because the Takeda family mobilized a large number of wars for a long time, and the theory that Shingen won six points as mentioned by the Jiayang Army, from another perspective, we can find that although Takeda Shingen's war often won, the Takeda family mobilized a lot for free. For example, the war against Joseon and Hida did not substantially increase the territorial benefits of the Takeda family. There were also Mingshou and Shinno people who surrendered, but in fact they were similar to independent generals.
The Takeda family also implemented this because of a large number of military mobilizations.
The people's arbitrary attack was based on the people's hearts of An Jiaxin's ability. When attacking Sanhe and Yuanjiang, such arbitrary attack also caused public grievances in the newly occupied land. Therefore, the Takeda army had weak control over the newly occupied land in the local area and lost most of it as soon as it retreated.
When Takeda Katsurai was in another scene. Katsurai imitated the Hojo family and wanted to collect taxes from her retainers, and wanted to centralize and suppress the power of her retainers like the Oda family. At the same time, she also wanted to send troops to occupy the territory like her father Shingen, using attack as a defense to suppress Oda and Tokugawa's development, and seizing their territory, and requiring long-term troops to be sent.
Therefore, when sending troops, he asked the rich men to not send troops to provide rice and money. In addition, in order to make a mistake, he accidentally sent troops during the busy farming season in the autumn. Although he was exempted from some taxes and allowed to take random acquisitions, he still had the disadvantage of not being able to make ends meet. Three years ago, Tenmatsu successfully captured Akira Castle in Higashimeino and Takatori Castle in Higashitori and was buffered by local annual tribute. However, after the Battle of Nagashino, he was on the defensive position. Not only did he not get territory in the invalid defensive battle, but the Chinese people behind him were also forced to contribute money. Kazura also wanted to take back their power, which eventually caused a rebound. Oda Nobunaga could instigate the general Takeda to attack Kashino.
In addition, although Hojo Ichiyasu was the best in the civil affairs of the Warring States Period, he reduced the amount of money for four officials and six people, and was exempted from taxes in the bad year and directly collected taxes by the Daming masters and minus the exploitation of the Chinese people. However, it is also a fact that the Daming masters have limited income under the reputation of loving the people. However, the Hojo family's war was definitely not as low as Takeda and Uesugi, so he relied heavily on such external income to fill the household income and comfort the people.
During the Ueno and Shimono's strategy, Hojo's family had implemented a large number of people and did random hunting against Jiangcheng, so they had always been criticized by the surrounding wealthy families. However, the Hojo family attached more importance to the reputation of the people, and also had other loose laws in parallel, so they were still considered to be a random hunting and human trafficking.
Stop when you are ready.
At the end of the Warring States Period, annexation in various places intensified, and it became a stage for major forces in all parties. After a long period of chaos, it also tended to enter Changzhi.
In particular, Oda Nobunaga issued a slave ban and personal transaction ban due to the expansion of its financial resources and the expansion of its territory, and reduced the number of military mobilizations and strengthened the policy of separation of soldiers and farmers to increase the cohesion of the people in the Oda family. Rather than saying that Oda Nobunaga loved the people and ruled by the people, Nobunaga was not so good at killing chickens to get eggs. Moreover, because of the development of territory and commerce, the resources of one legion alone were enough to compete with one party's daimyo, so there was no need to transfer the people's power to use it in this way.
For this reason, Kenno Uesugi also issued a ban on personal transactions, ending Naoezu's human trafficking market, and the same is true for Hojo Masa.
However, since the Tohoku and Kyushu are still in a state of separatist rule, Shimazu, Otomo and Ida still have such behaviors.
Population transactions and random acquisitions were never effectively stopped. It was not until Hideyoshi sent troops to Kyushu that she gradually and effectively eliminated population transactions, but it was only in Japan.
The subsequent dispatch of troops to North Korea was greatly exhausted due to the great national strength of Daming in Zhenxi, and the Japanese Navy was destroyed by Lee Sun-chen, and logistics problems occurred. Therefore, the Japanese army carried out a large number of random fetches and hunting in North Korea to enrich the finances.
Among them, generals including Shimazu Yoshihiro, Kato Kiyoshimasa, Konishi Governor, Kuroda Nagamasa, Kobayagawa Hideaki and other generals all acted. Compared with Misato Ishida, they were quite dissatisfied with such behavior and once reported to Hideyoshi. However, due to logistics issues, the Toyotomi army did not deal with such a situation, which caused a large-scale Korean civil unrest, and even used scorched earth tactics to confront Toyotomi army, which eventually caused a tragic loss.
After Hideyoshi's death, the world was still in turmoil and the chaotic acquisition was truly over. However, the bad habit of population trading was over ten years. Even during the Osaka Summer Formation, Tokugawa Ieyasu still had the order to "the enemy's land is legal, and the war is recognized outside the battlefield", which was temporarily resolved until the Edo Shogunate stabilized.
Chapter completed!