That night Zhang Zijun was arranged in the guest room. The guest rooms in the Confucius Mansion were divided into three classes. Generally, the officials who stayed overnight were in the room on the right side of the second door. The guest room for receiving court officials was in a garden to the left of the official hall in the west of the second hall. There was a

Siheyuan

The same layout, divided into nine single rooms. Important officials from the capital had several separate small gardens to the west of the third hall. However, Zhang Zijun declined, saying that this time, there were family members and colleagues on board.

, just stay

We have already left the guest room. We will sail back to Luzhou early tomorrow morning and say goodbye in advance. Anyway, I ate, read and read, and I brought my talk with me. I don’t want to waste time in a place like this, but some people don’t think so, and so does Chen Xianzhang at this time.

I just had a meal, okay?

Without Zhang Zijun's treatment, he ate ordinary meals in the second hall and listened to the "teachings" of the old scholar Li Minxuan all afternoon. He was very depressed. If he had known about it, he would not have come. Li Minxuan was the defender of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism and would not tolerate it.

Half an argument.

The often-called "Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism" actually consists of two parts: "Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism and Lu Wang Xinxue". Because "Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism" had been recognized by the official ruling class during the Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, the two northern minority ruling regimes.

Therefore, in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism was severely criticized by a large number of scholars as an accomplice to the monarchy.

However, the Lu-Wang theory of mind, which also falls under the category of "Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism", was favored by many scholars in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Among them, especially the Ming Dynasty Wang Yangming's theory of mind was highly praised by many modern scholars, and Wang Yangming's theory even gained popularity in the Republic of China era.

Favored by a large number of official officials.

Zhang Zijun is very clear about these debates, but at this time Chen Xianzhang's heart belongs to "Lu Wang Xinxue". Lu Jiuyuan, courtesy name Zijing, nickname Xiangshan, was from Jinxi, Jiangxi, and was a Jinshi in the eighth year of Qiandao in the Song Dynasty. Because Lu Jiuyuan was the same generation as Zhu Xi

, and participated in lectures at Bailudong Academy and Yuelu Academy hosted by Zhu Xi. In addition, he and Zhu Xi had the famous "Ehu Debate" in the field of literati during his lifetime. Therefore, in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was once a "Zhu Lu" in the field of thought and culture.

” is called.

Through a series of cross-examinations, Lu Jiuyuan severely criticized the theory of "preserving natural principles and destroying human desires" founded by Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism, and even ridiculed the theory of "preserving natural principles and destroying human desires" founded by Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism.

"Le Ji", but

Confucians misunderstood Laozi's teachings. Finally, Lu Jiuyuan reminded his own theory of "the right way" and said: "Moving your face, turning around, and practicing etiquette are the most important virtues, so there is always a sequence. Words must be believed, and only by right actions can there be success."

Keep your heart in mind."

Chen Xianzhang also had many doubts about Lu Jiuyuan's theory of "Zhongzhou Zhengxin". Lu Jiuyuan, like Zhu Xi, also believed strongly in Shao Yong's "Huangji Jingshi theory" and Liu Mu's "Hetu Luoshu" theory. The only difference

However, Lu Jiuyuan did not believe in Er Cheng as Zhu Xi did. He even severely criticized some of Er Cheng's academic thoughts. From this, it can be seen that it does not make sense to say that Lu Jiuyuan's academic origin is Buddhism!

Chen Xianzhang advocates "cultivating clues in silence" and values ​​​​the effort of "quietness" because "quietness" means not being tired of things and not indulging in the vulgar. "Quietness" can remove disturbances, "quietness" can calm the mind, and "quietness" can calm the mind.

When there is thinking, there is enlightenment in "quietness", and "clues" can be cultivated in "quietness". What is a clue?

"It can be imagined with the heart, but cannot be expressed with the mouth." This "clue" can be understood, but it is really difficult to say. It is actually an experiential understanding of "Tao", which is an intuition.

Thinking is also an experience of moral practice?

"Be the master of it" shows that "heart" has the meaning of subject and domination. The subject and dominating meaning of heart are reflected in the relationship between heart and body, heart and things, heart and reason, etc. The combination of heart and things, and the combination of heart and reason, form the heart

There is no internal and external relationship, and there is no internal and external relationship between reason and reason. Heart and reason, heart and

Although things, mind and form are unified, the heart is always in a dominant position over principles, things and forms and has core value. Everything in the world exists because of the heart and has value because of the heart. This denies the "Zhongzhou Zhengxin"

"Many theories in "Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism", not to mention "Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism".

For this view, we had to wait until decades later for Wang Shouren to carry it forward. Wang Shouren, also known as Yangming, also known as Wang Yangming, did not agree with Chen Xianzhang's ideas. He inherited and developed it from Lu Jiuyuan and created the "Yangming Mind Theory". Wang Yangming's theory:

Talk about heart, talk about nature, talk about conscience, talk about benevolence, talk about sincerity, talk about cultivation

Qi Zhiping, All Things Are In One, etc. In fact, these are all related to Confucianism and Mencius. Their ideological system and basic framework are almost the same as Confucianism and Mencius. However, one thing is certain. Against Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism, this point is

It was consistent with Chen Xianzhang's views, and Wang Shouren was still in his infancy at this time.

In Zhang Zijun's view, both Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism and Lu-Wang Xinxue are beneficial to the ruling class. They are both development of Confucianism, Mencius, Dong Zhongshu and others. They acknowledge the existence of principles and are all idealist ideas. They all advocate the preservation of natural principles and the destruction of human desires.

; Difference: Cheng and Zhucheng's Neo-Confucianism is objective idealism, advocating the method of "investigating things to gain knowledge" to grasp principles, while Lu-Wang's Xinxue is subjective idealism, proposing the method of "inventing the original mind" to seek principles.

In short, the emergence of Wang Mingyang's psychology promoted the development of society at that time and promoted the progress of ideological and cultural progress.

Chen Xianzhang had a conflict with Li Minxuan, an old scholar in the Confucius family. The matter became a bit big. Li Minxuan proposed to open a classics debate at the Confucius Temple Academy tomorrow. There are doctors and bachelors in the Confucius family. The Confucian university focuses on promoting Confucianism, safeguarding Confucius' theory, and studying the world.

The way. These hermits living around the Confucius Temple are all disciples of these people, and they are called Confucian scholars.

Zhang Zijun has a headache. If he knew that in the future, whether it was Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism or Wang Yangming's philosophy of mind, they would all be abandoned by the trend of history. He would not have to wait until the future. The "three great Confucianism" would have been rejected in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and Huang Zongxi would be replaced by Huang Zongxi.

His ideological proposition is that he believes that the world is the master and the guest, opposes the feudal autocratic monarchy system, and advocates the rule of law. At the same time, he also opposes the policy of focusing on agriculture and suppressing business, and advocates the development of commerce!

If Zhang Zijun came up with Huang Zongxi's theory at this time, he would definitely be sprayed with blood. Huang Zongxi believed that a monarch ruling by one person was a major factor hindering social progress. He advocated the rule of law and opposed one person's rule, thereby promoting social progress.

! The current monarchy hinders the development and progress of society. It is a trap, and it is still a trap.

Big pit, precisely because it is a pit, after getting acquainted with Chen Xianzhang, Chen Xianzhang kept "instilling" the philosophy of mind in Zhang Zijun along the way. Zhang Zijun clapped his hands and applauded, which gave Chen Xianzhang and Zhang Zijun a common topic.

, but in Zhang Zijun's view, it is just a small progress, not a "change of the world", and Huang Zongxi's is the benchmark for ideological progress.

Because of tomorrow's Confucius Temple debate, Chen Xianzhang pulled Zhang Zijun to help. After all, Zhang Zijun is also a bachelor, or a bachelor of Zuo Chunfang. In ancient times, literati who were called bachelors had to be certified. Those who were born in the Imperial Academy were all classified as bachelors.

, it’s not just that someone can be called a bachelor by studying some books and becoming a scholar.

Let’s talk about Zhang Zijun’s Zuo Chunfang bachelor. Although he belongs to the general transfer level of junior officials of the Hanlin Academy among bachelors, he still needs to be promoted to the fifth rank. He has submitted a petition to the prince of You Chunfang University and issued a letter of approval.

As for lectures and readings, they were not taught often. By the Jingtai period, only Ni Qian, Liu Dingzhi, and Yang Tinghe were the only ones responsible for it.

Later, cabinet members could not concurrently serve as Jiuqing. Chunfang bachelor often served as the main official position of the chief assistant of the cabinet, such as Xie Jin (right Chunfang bachelor) and Hu Guang (left Chunfang bachelor). Later, the cabinet official positions were gradually changed.

As a Grand Bachelor of the Imperial Palace, he can hold six positions. A Grand Bachelor of Chunfang no longer serves as a chief official or part-time member of the cabinet, but becomes a general official.

I don’t know whether the court forgot about it or there was a mistake in that link. When Zhang Zijun’s Hanlin lecturer was dismissed, he did not also dismiss Zuo Chunfang, which shows the chaos in the court today. Since the court did not

If it is omitted, then Zhang Zijun is now a bachelor.

The next day, Chen Xianzhang took Zhang Zijun to the Confucian Temple Academy early. A large number of Confucian students also followed the steps. Judging from the ostentation, there are usually many such discussions. Think about it, there are at least tens of thousands of these Confucian students living around the Confucius Temple.

There were only a few hundred people who came to the Confucius Temple Academy, and many officials in the Confucius Temple Academy and professors in the Confucius Academy were all highly respected Confucians today, dominating the academic essentials of today's literary world.

Because it was still early, most of the Confucian scholars were sitting around in groups, introducing each other to each other, but the words they said could make Zhang Zijun dizzy, and he would say "It's true" from time to time. In order to show his knowledge, more

He said some half-baked words, which are difficult for ordinary people to understand, because they all quoted the essence of the "Five Classics".

These people behave very appropriately and politely every day. The ten points here are really not a word indicating degree, but in terms of etiquette, they can really get ten points. For example, every Confucian etiquette movement they make must be done every day.

Do every step correctly. If you accidentally miss something, apologize and do it again.

These Confucian scholars seem to have no language of their own. Most of their daily language comes from the sentences in the "Five Classics" and other Confucian classics. It sounds like quoting the classics, but in fact it is almost the same as endorsement. This makes Zhang Zijun very uncomfortable.

I remember talking to the emperor, Li Xian, and Peng

These big guys wouldn't talk like this back then, and an occasional word would keep Zhang Zijun guessing for a long time, but now all the people around him are talking like this, which makes Zhang Zijun very boring, his interest suddenly drops, and he can't avoid it.

I cursed in my heart, Madhu, basic communication has become a problem.

It can be said that Zhang Zijun has never seen such a Confucian scholar, and a Confucian scholar has never seen such a great scholar. However, this is not a matter of meeting at a late date, but a matter of incompatibility. Looking at such a dull-witted person, who is ignorant and has no skills, it is really

I don’t know how I became a bachelor. I must have bought it with money.

If you think that these Confucian scholars living around the Confucius Temple in Qufu are indifferent in body and mind and are not interested in fame and wealth, it would be a big mistake. To put it more simply, these people are either the second generation or the third generation of officials, and there are many children of famous families. These people

After failing the imperial examination for many years, they are all discouraged and have no worries about food and clothing. They belong to the group of "living flat"

People don’t have any skills, but they can memorize the "Five Classics" very well, and they can recite them fluently. This partial subject is too strong, and it will stop being a scholar, and it will be difficult to get to the next level. And the vast majority of them are very difficult.

It’s not bad for a person who doesn’t even have the reputation of being a scholar to go to the land of saints to gain experience. It takes ten or eight years to become a Confucian from a Confucian scholar.

There are also some people who worship the "Wei and Jin style" like a demon and dress themselves up as enchanting men. This kind of neutral beauty was very popular in the Ming Dynasty, just like five hundred years later, tearing a few holes in jeans to reveal something

Only beauty can be considered beautiful. In the Ming Dynasty, don’t make too many concessions. Say

At this point, don’t believe the stories of ancient grassroots counterattacks. In ancient times, scholars were all social elites. Without exception, they were either rich or noble. The poor had absolutely no chance to come into contact with books. “There are no poor families in the upper class, and no noble families in the lower class” is by no means a sentence.

It's a joke, but a true portrayal of society at that time.

For example, Mr. Tao Yuanming from Wuliu, who claimed to be "not willing to give up for five pecks of rice", was full of talent and learning and did not devote himself to managing the country. Instead, he went to live in seclusion in Lushan and wrote articles criticizing the powerful all day long. Tao Yuanming was one of the top dignitaries in the Wei and Jin Dynasties.

.His great-grandfather was Tao Kan, who rose to the rank of Taiwei and held military power in the empire. If his ancestors had not saved the family property for him, Tao Yuanming would not even have the opportunity to criticize the powerful.

Ji Kang, the leader of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove who pride themselves on being poor, is the husband of Princess Changle, Cao Cao's great-granddaughter. His father, Ji Zhao, served as a censor, and his eldest brother, Ji Xi, served as the governor of Yangzhou. Ruan Ji and Ruan

Uncle Xian's nephew has a good background. Ruan Ji's father is Ruan Yu. He and Cao Cao were classmates and both were apprentices of the great writer Cai Yong. Ruan Yu had a very good relationship with Cao Cao, and he followed Cao Cao and served as a wine-sacrifice official.

In the Ming Dynasty, although poor families had a way to rise, those who could study were from Chinese-funded families. To put it bluntly, they were the middle class in the Ming Dynasty. It was impossible for ordinary people who could not even afford food to still study. Those who claimed to be from poor families
Chapter completed!