As the Guangya Bookstore series is hard to find in the world, and its value has skyrocketed, the title pages and end pages of Guangya's books, which are extremely difficult to repair, are the magical 'anti-moth paper' called 'Wannianhong'.

This attracted attention within the industry.”

"According to our research, the essence of the process of Wannian Red Paper should lie in the two aspects of paper selection and mixing of red red powder.

"The best paper to choose is Shanbei paper and Bentao paper. Both are bamboo straw paper produced in Guangdong. Shanbei paper is yellow in color and Bentao paper is white. These two are mostly used in Guangdong Guangya Bookstore's "Waiju Rare Books" series.

Paper printing. Because the leather has good properties, it is suitable for calligraphy and painting, so it is also used for making fans. Most of the fan paper after the Ming Dynasty was made of these two types of paper."

"There are subtle differences between each generation of Shanbei paper and Bentong paper, mainly in the proportion of bamboo and grass. The paper and linen content of early paper is higher than that of later ones."

"The preparation process of single powder is very complicated. We all know that the main ingredient is arsenic, which is pb3o4. It is stable in the air, insoluble in water, red in color, toxic, and insect-proof. It is also added with alum, starch, and leather glue.

, spices such as borneol and dragon musk, mixed with starch."

"The rest is to mix glue, boil glue, mix alum, add alum, filter, mix powder, mix ingredients, brush paper, and dry paper. These processes have been mature since the Ming Dynasty."

"If we know the production process, it will be clear to identify this as the Wannianhong from that era."

"The first is the use of paper. The early Wannianhong and the late Wannianhong use mountain shells and bencao. The proportions of bamboo and grass are different. This is roughly the amount of grass used in early paper, which is higher than that in late paper.

high."

"Secondly, there is the source of the Dan powder material. In the early days, the top-grade Dan powder was made from Yunnan materials. Later, it was mostly synthesized by chemicals, and the purity and impurity content were different."

"The same is true for alum. In the Ming Dynasty, good alum was produced in Taiyuan, and the alum used in Wannianhong was Taiyuan alum. In the later period, with the advent of purification technology, alum materials produced in Guangdong Province were mostly used."

"The third thing is that all these things need to be prepared with starch. The early Wannianhong used glutinous rice flour, while the later ones used sweet potato flour. This is the most important difference between Wannianhong in each period."

After this explanation, Teacher Yuan said: "Whether it is the paper selection or the materials used, the impurity content of this paper is slightly higher, and the color looks darker than clear paper. This is because this paper naturally deepens after aging.

"

"Actually, if it is all new paper, the color of this paper should be lighter than that of clean paper."

"So this is clear paper?" Zhou Zhi felt that today was an eye-opener. It turned out that a small piece of paper for the title page contained so much knowledge and sophistication.

"Yes, this batch of Ten Thousand Years of Red is indeed clear."

"Then I have a question." Zhou Zhi said: "If we have made great technological progress and can study the formula of the ten thousand-year-old red clear paper and copy it perfectly...then we can't take it.

Come to restore Ming Dynasty books?"

"Because it lacks the hundreds of years of natural aging you mentioned, Mr. Yuan, this will lead to differences in the quality of new and old paper!"

"So this is why ancient paper is precious!" Teacher Yuan seemed a little speechless that Zhou Zhi had only now figured out this issue: "To restore rare ancient books, the best restoration solution is of course to use ancient materials from the same period.

There is no doubt that it will be repaired."

"As for the perfect new replica, it is not completely useless. It can be placed on the lining and backing, which are invisible on the surface but actually require materials with the same properties to repair. You can also use craftsmanship

Restore the brand-new appearance of the cultural relics at that time."

"For example, ancient bronze swords were not what we see now in their time. They were as dazzling as gold. A perfect replica can also give people a different kind of shock."

"I've learned a lot again." Zhou Zhi nodded: "That's right."

Teacher Yuan put the stack of Wannianhong aside and said, "This stack is considered complete. Next, let's take a look at Jianyang Kou and Taishi Lian."

“During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Liancheng, Ninghua, Jiangle, and Jianyang were the main bamboo paper producing areas in central Fujian and the most important bamboo paper producing areas in the country.”

"Among them, Liancheng is the paper-producing county with the richest history of bamboo paper production in central Fujian. It has lasted for thousands of years from the Song Dynasty to the present, and it can be said to have a long history."

"By the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 1,100 paper troughs in Liancheng, which was very popular for a while. The bamboo paper produced was even more colorful, including raw paper, clinker paper, bleached paper, processed paper, and improved paper.

Sixty-two varieties.”

"Among them, the raw paper has mountain shells, which we just mentioned when we talked about Wannianhong; there is also a type of clinker paper, the time-honored brands include Jingzhuang, Fugong, and the bleached paper includes handbooks, gold paper,

Huang Bang, memorial edition, Jinglian, rice paper, jade edition, serial history, bitter bamboo and so on."

"The Jiangle 'Xishan Paper' mentioned earlier in "Fujian Production Record" refers to Xishan burr paper. The raw material for papermaking is young moso bamboo. It must go through nearly thirty complicated processes and last more than a year to create high-quality Xishan paper.

Raw-edged paper. Xishan paper is fine and flexible and is used for calligraphy. It has strong ink absorption and does not fade. It can also be used for restoration and printing of old books, so it has been said that 'Xishan paper is expensive' since ancient times."

"Since the Song Dynasty, Jianyang has become one of the three major book engraving centers at that time. Most of the residents in Masa and Chonghua towns in Jianyang County are engaged in book engraving. They are known as the 'House of Books' and the engraving of books is called 'Fujian Edition'."

Jianben' or 'Mashaben'."

"Zhu Xi's "Jiahe County Academic Collection Secretary" stated: 'Jianyang edition books travel all over the world, reaching all directions', which shows the prosperity of Jianyang engraving printing."

“Although the quality of the Masha blockbuster is not as good as that of Yuhang and Shudu, its quantity ranks first in the country.

"Therefore, Yue Ke, a famous literati in the Southern Song Dynasty and a descendant of Yue Fei, once said: 'In Jianyang Shusi, Fang Ri compiled a monthly magazine, which varies with time and age, in order to sell it quickly.'"

"The paper used at that time was bamboo paper produced in Shaowu, Sanming and Yanping counties, which were also one of the bamboo paper production centers in the country at that time."

"Although the masha version is relatively rough and not considered a rare book, because bamboo paper is cheap and the cost of books is low, it is popular among poor scholars and has played a role in the widespread printing of books and the popularization of culture."

"And more importantly, this advantage has continued for the Fujian people, from the Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties."

"However, the location is also gradually changing, from the earliest Jianyang, to the Liancheng Sibao."

"During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Four Forts were as famous as the capital, Hankou, and Huwan, and were listed as the four major woodblock printing bases in my country. In the Ming Dynasty, the Four Forts' woodblock printing books had the reputation of 'publishing half the world'."

"The relics of woodblock printing in Beijing, Hankou, and Huwan have since disappeared, and only Sibao has become the only relatively complete woodblock printing site in the country."

"The development of woodblock printing is also related to the local abundance of high-quality bamboo paper. In addition to the classics and history, Sibao woodblock prints also include local chronicles of counties in western Fujian, and famous works, such as Li Yuanzhong's "Han Zhiji", Yang Lan's "Linting Huikao", Hao Fengsheng

"The Jiulong Poetry Engraving", etc., including the works of Xiao Xiaosheng, which were banned books at the time, were all engraved in Sibao, using bamboo paper produced in Liancheng, Ninghua, Shanghang and other places."

"Understanding these, we can establish some general knowledge framework."

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