Thanks to book friend yy5610300, dlp999111, sword test, t74l68 votes for 2 votes for support! Thanks to book friend richard, Ouyang Hao, Guangzhao 929, Nanhua Palace Young Master, good taste in tea ceremony, hippo elephant, child Yang, YuΨyuan, lidong6668 vote
Support! Thanks to the book friend danghang, I will give you 100 coins each!
The indissoluble relationship between Jews and China began very early. Academic research shows that there are three views, including the Zhou Dynasty or the Zhou Dynasty before, the Han Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty. No matter which of these three views is correct, the capital of the Song Dynasty was
It is certain that Kaifeng was the main settlement center of ancient Chinese Jews. During the Boxer Rebellion in the late Qing Dynasty, international Jewish organizations were concerned about the survival of Kaifeng Jews. Of course, what the international Jewish organizations could not imagine was that Jews with such strong religious cohesion.
It was actually assimilated on the land of China. There was no pure Jew in Kaifeng. The assimilation power of the Han people and Han culture was like a vast sea, absorbing the trickle of ancient Jews.
Since the Opium War in 1840, there have been three Jewish immigrants in Shanghai history, namely the Sefadi Jews in the Middle East from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, Russian Jews from the early 20th century to the late 19th century, and Germany, Austria and other Central Europe from the 19th century to the present.
Jewish refugees in the country.
The Jews in the Middle East are economical immigrants. They first started by selling opium, and then became rich, then invested in real estate in Shanghai. Later, they gradually expanded to foreign trade, public utilities, finance, manufacturing and other fields, forming the Sassoon family, and Harbin foreign companies.
, Annold brothers, the Jiadaoli family and several famous Youshang Groups. They have strong capital and extensive networks, which to a certain extent had an impact on the economic lifeline and development and decline of modern Shanghai. There are about 1,000 people in this group.
On the left and right, the Jewish community in the Middle East was formed.
Russian Jews are political immigrants. These Jews came from Russia to Harbin, and then went to Shanghai via sea or railway. They were divided into three batches. The first batch was fled to Harbin because Tsarist Russia had slapped and moved to Harbin before the October Revolution.
The second group of Jews in Shanghai was a large number of Jews who flocked to Harbin after the October Revolution, and some of them were transferred to Shanghai. The third group was Russian Jews who fled from Harbin to Shanghai after the September 18th Incident. The total number of Russian Jews in Shanghai was about 4,000.
On the left and right, the Russian Jewish community was formed with Ashkenaz.
The Jewish refugee issue in Central European countries originated from the anti-Semitic wave that set off after Hitler came to power in 1933.
Due to religious beliefs and other reasons, anti-Semitic and anti-Semitic sentiments are common in European countries. Hitler took advantage of this sentiment and described the Jews as enemies of the whole world, the root of all evil things, the seeds of all disasters, and the order of life of any nation.
The destroyer. When Hitler convened the Nuremberg Conference of the Nazi Party on September 15, 1935, he actually enacted a new law that openly deprived the Jews of civil rights.
On October 28, 1938, 17,000 German Jews were deported to Poland by the German government at midnight without any notice. Because the Polish government refused to accept it, the group of Jews could only stay on the German-Polish border.
On November 7, after Hesher Greenspan, a Jewish young man living in France, asked Ernst von Rat for help for his family stranded on the German-Polish border, he was denied.
Three shots seriously injured Ernst von Rat, resulting in his subsequent death. Hitler said on November 9 that the infamous massacre of Jews, which "stormtroopers should be allowed to operate." That night, all over Germany
Hitler Youth League, Gestapo and SS took to the streets as civilians. They wield sticks frantically and frantically beat, smash, rob, burn Jewish residences, shops, and churches. About 267 synagogues, more than 7,000 Jewish rooms
Stores, 29 department stores were set on fire or damaged, and about 30,000 Jewish men aged 16 to 60 were arrested at their homes. They were sent to Dachau, Buchenwald and Saxonyhausen concentration camps. This is notorious
The Crystal Night Event. From then on, Hitler's purpose of extermination of Jews was fully exposed. As a result, the Jews fled.
The process of large-scale immigration of Jews in Central and European countries to Shanghai from 1933 to 1941 can be divided into four stages: the first stage starts from 1933 to August 1937, mainly Jewish intellectuals from Germany, with a population of about 1,500.
, directly to Shanghai by sea; the second stage started from August 1937 to August 1939, due to the merger of neighboring countries such as Austria, Czechoslovakia, etc., a large number of Jews fled. As countries around the world began to restrict the entry of Jewish refugees, a large number of
Jews flocked to Shanghai, and these refugees mainly fled from Germany and the occupied areas of Germany to Italy, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and the Balkan national port cities. Then they took a boat to Shanghai. The escape route was Riast-Alexandria-Suez
—Mumbai-Hong Kong-Shanghai, sometimes through Genoa-Suez-Port Said-Singapore-Colombo-Hong Kong-Manila-Shanghai. The total number of refugees is around 21,000 to 22,000. The third phase is from August 1939
By June 1940, due to Germany's blitzkrieg attack on Poland and World War II broke out, the Japanese occupation forces controlling Shanghai were only allowed to accept Jewish refugees on conditional basis. A considerable number of refugees were German Jews expelled from the sphere of influence of the Allied Powers, with a total of about 2 people.
—3,000 people. The fourth stage has been from June 1940 to the present. Due to Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, many European countries have successively fallen into the clutches of Nazis, causing a wave of Jewish escape. The sea routes were cut off by war. Most of the Jewish refugees who came to Shanghai were
When they arrived in Shanghai via the Russian Siberian Railway, the number of people was 4,000, most of which were Jewish refugees from Eastern European countries.
So far, the total number of European Taiwan refugees traveling to Shanghai has exceeded 30,000.
When it comes to Jewish refugees fleeing to China on a large scale, there are two reasons that must be clearly stated.
One reason is the Japanese factor. The Jews are a nation with many talents, best at doing business and accumulating wealth. After the September 18th Incident, Japan occupied the Northeast, and the rich resources of the Northeast made the Japanese's eyes red and anxious.
Develop resources in the Northeast to support Japan's further expansion of invasion. At the beginning, the Kwantung Army experimented with immigrating from Japan to the Northeast, but the first batch of immigration plans failed, and in the end only two immigrants remained in the immigrant village. At this time, the Japanese
Targeting the wealthy Jews. Some Japanese Jewish experts began to study and try to use Jewish capital to build the Northeast. Because there is an advantage in doing so, it can please the United States. Jews are very powerful in the United States, and the Japanese do so, which can easily lead to the Jewish capitalists in the United States.
Good impression.
Japan has a basis for this idea. During the Russo-Japanese War, Jacob Shev, a Jewish rich man in the American financial industry, raised 2,000 out of hatred for the anti-Jewish policy of Russian Tsar Nicholas II.
With a loan of 10,000 US dollars, he actively provided funding to Japan. Emperor Meiji made an exception to invite Jacob Shef to lunch in the palace. In other words, the Japanese believed that they had a traditional friendship with the Jews.
When Hitler came to power, the anti-Semitic movement was launched. Japan formulated a "puffer fish plan". In 1934, Yoshisuke Ayukawa, a great entrepreneur in the Japanese steel industry, published an article in a diplomatic publication called "A invitation of 50,000 yuan."
The plan of the German Jews to come to Manchuria. This is the origin of the puffer fish plan. At the same time, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs instructed the embassies in Europe to collect a large amount of information about Jews, and also established a special research office on Jewish issues in China. Japanese intelligence agencies
Also sent spies such as Colonel An Jiangxianhong to Europe to operate. Finally, An Jiangxianhong and others proposed a detailed plan for Jewish immigration. In the same year, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs approved this plan and named it "Pufferfish"
plan".
The reason why it is called the Pufferfish Plan is because the Japanese like to eat pufferfish and know that pufferfish is highly poisonous. Without the correct and careful cooking of the chef, it will poison people to death. The Japanese believe that Jews will be very beneficial to Japan, but also very dangerous.
Just like a pufferfish. The Jews who have been transformed by Japanese immigration are like pufferfish cooked by chefs, which is beneficial to Japan.
The core of the Japanese Puffer Fish Plan is to establish a Jewish residence in the Northeast and use Jewish capital to build the Northeast. To this end, the Japanese took many measures to promote it in the United States and invite representatives of American Jewish organizations to visit the Northeast and Japan. To the Jews
Awarding medals, etc.
The Jews were determined to establish a country that was the best and ended their life like a piaoping. When they met the Japanese so enthusiastically, they suddenly felt good. At that time, the number of Jews in Harbin had reached 20,000, including Dr. Abraham Kaufman and Gise
As the leader, Revrabi established a complete Jewish community in Harbin and lived in harmony with the locals. Under the pursuit of the Japanese spy on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Colonel An Jiangxian Hongdae, Kaufman and others in Madier, Harbin in December 1937.
The hotel held its first Far East Jewish Community Conference and adopted a resolution: "We, the Jews who attended this national conference, here declare that we enjoy racial equality and justice under national laws and will be with Japan.
Work with 'Manchukuo' to establish a new Asian order. We ask our common religious believers for help."
After the Crystal Night Incident broke out in November 1938, Japan saw the Jews' economic strength more clearly from the unanimous resistance to German goods by Jews around the world. It immediately held a meeting of five phases to formally approve the puffer fish plan, but required any action to be
No damage to the relationship with Germany.
Under this spirit, Jewish capital and Japan's invasion of the Northeast were tied together to promote the completion of industrialization of the Northeast.
The specific implementation of the puffer fish plan in the Northeast were Lieutenant General Higuchi Kiichiro and Colonel An Ezen Seng.
Northeast Jewish capital assisted the Japanese army in developing Northeastern industry. Over time, a cancer will be born in the Northeast - a country in the Jewish state. This will naturally arouse the resistance of the people of Northeastern, and they have also become targets of the anti-Japanese armed forces of the people of Northeastern.
Heavy losses.
American Jews opposed the cooperation between the Far East Jews and Japanese invaders.
Stephen Wies, President of the American Jewish Congress, wrote to Jewish leaders in various countries, saying that "Jews are completely depraved to support the Japanese, and Japan, like Germany and Italy, is a real fascist country. I don't want to discuss this matter again.
, I will feel deeply sorry for whatever reason you want to get support for Japan from the Jews. I promise you that I will go all out to oppose your plans. You are doing something that is extremely harmful to the Jews.
thing……"
The opposition of the American Jews, coupled with Japan's military alliance with Germany and Italy, had to go bankrupt. At this time, the Kwantung Army would run out of funds for the industrialization of the Northeast just like throwing away a rag.
The Harbin Jews kicked away. These people had to flee to various parts of China and other countries, and some of them flocked to Shanghai.
It is also because of the puffer fish plan that while attracting Jews in the Northeast, Japan also attempted to establish a Jewish residence in Shanghai. In addition, the Shanghai Concession was the only area in the world that could be directly entered without a visa, so it was natural for Jews to immigrate to Shanghai in large numbers.
It's right.
Another reason why European Jewish refugees fled to China on a large scale was that China's sympathy for the Jews.
When European Jews were in trouble, China extended a hand of sympathy and assistance. Chinese ambassador to Austria He Fengshan couldn't bear to watch the Austrian Jews being massacred. He refused to hesitate to issue 11 visas to a Jewish young man, and this Jewish young man took it.
The 11 visas were used to rescue 11 of their relatives and friends in the centralized camp. The news spread that Jews lined up in front of the Chinese Embassy in Austria to receive life-saving visas one by one, and then traveled to China and other countries.
This is the case with the envoys to foreign countries, and the Chinese government also showed concern for the Jews. In February 1939, in view of the large number of Jewish refugees and extremely difficult actual situation, the Legislative Yuan President Sun Ke proposed a bill to propose a proposal in the southwest border area of ​​China.
Demarcate the Jewish Special Zone. Accommodate the homeless Jews. He also envisions demarcate several square kilometers of areas near the international channel in southwest China, as the residential area of ​​the Jews, and the National Government or local governments are responsible for planning the area.
Construction and management, and at the same time, setting up a registration agency for unemployed Jewish technicians, recruit specialized talents, and work in various departments in the rear to contribute to China's war of resistance. Yunnan Provincial Chairman Long Yun also proposed a plan to use Jewish resources to help develop Yunnan.
Although the plan was not really implemented due to the deterioration of the war situation. However, the Chinese government and people's sincere intention of helping Jewish refugees is real. The Jews finally found a country that is not discriminated against, so they naturally flock to China and to
Enter the most convenient Shanghai Concession.
At this time, Shanghai was already full of Jewish refugees.
When Jewish refugees arrived in Shanghai, they were all poor and destitute, like beggars. All Jewish organizations, groups and businesses in Shanghai were mobilized to establish a "Committee on the Rescue of Jewish Refugees in Europe", and established 6 larger refugee centers,
The continuous supply of refugees provides housing, meals, medical care, and also sends personnel to Shanghai and around the world to raise funds. Shanghai citizens also provide active assistance in the reception of refugees. These Jews who have suffered hardships finally found a safe one in Shanghai.
refuge.
After the settlement, these European Jewish refugees established the Central European Jewish Association, the largest community organization, on Dongxihuad Road. Steinhardt served as chairman, united the Jewish refugees in Central European in Shanghai, carried out religious and other community activities, and established the Ministry of Public Welfare.
, Ministry of Religion, Law and other institutions, established arbitration courts, women's alliances, holy funeral clubs and other organizations to handle various matters such as legal litigation, religious activities, education and health, funerals, etc., publishing and reporting associations and community activities.
.On June 29, 1941, the first election was held, and more than 1,000 people participated in the vote. Lesse and Felix Cardeg were elected as the president and vice president, and Kut Laidich was elected as the chairman of the board of directors and presidents.
At this time, there were three clubs in Shanghai, namely the Sefaldi Middle East Jewish Society, the Ashkenaz Russian Jewish Society, and the Central and European Jewish Society.
Liu Yimin's main task in occupying Shanghai this time was to recruit talents from the Jewish refugee camp in Shanghai. He knew that Jewish journalist Hans Hebrew and doctor Jacob Rosen Sauld had joined the New Fourth Army. Jacob?
Rosen Sauld changed his name to Rosant and worked in the New Fourth Army Military Hospital. He had excellent medical skills. This information shows that the Jews who were deeply devastated by fascism were willing to rise up and eliminate the invaders with the Chinese.
On the afternoon of September 19, Liu Yimin drove to the Central European Jewish Association on Dongxi Huad Road to meet with the association's presidents Lesse and Felix Kardeg, and the Council Chairman Kurt, and the Council Chairman Kurt, came to Dish.
Zhou Yi, the chief of staff of the First Column, has already brought cadres and soldiers to work in the Central and European Jewish refugee camp in Hongkou since he entered Shanghai last night. He has also achieved some results, but the results are not ideal. He is waiting for Liu Yimin to come and share with the representative figure of the Central and European Jewish refugees.
Meeting!
To be honest, so far, the Japanese army has also been good at Jewish refugees, and has implemented protection and assistance policies. Otherwise, the situation of Jewish refugees in Shanghai would be even worse, and they had just left the tiger's den and entered the wolf's den. In history
The Japanese army imposed a quarantine policy on Jewish refugees after the outbreak of the Pacific War, and began to isolate Jewish refugees, confiscate the property of British and American Jewish refugees, and implement a censorship system. The Japanese army even reorganized the China-Europe Jewish Association to make it a pro-Japanese management of Jewish refugees.
mechanism.
Under such circumstances, it was indeed quite difficult for the Eighth Route Army that invaded Shanghai to mobilize a group of technical talents from Jewish refugees to the base area overnight.
Lesse, President of the China-Europe Refugee Association, Vice President Felix Kardeg, and Chairman of the Council Kut Laidi had known about the Eighth Route Army and Liu Yimin, and were waiting at this moment.
As soon as they met, Liu Yimin saluted and greeted the three of them.
Lesse took the flyer distributed by Zhou Yi and the others and said to Liu Yimin in English: "General Liu, are you sure what is said above can be realized?"
The reason why Lesse asked this is because the conditions on the Eighth Route Army's propaganda leaflet are very real. The first one, the beginning of the matter, is that the Chinese ** and Eighth Route Army sympathize with and support the Jewish people's proposal to establish a country. This alone gives the hearts of the Jews.
It has been activated, you should know that the Jews have been wandering for more than 1,800 years, and the highest goal of their struggle is to build a Jewish state.
Dear book friends: Tomorrow is the last day of double monthly tickets. If you have tickets, hurry up and support Hongxing. It would be a pity if you are too late. Thank you everyone!
<>Looking, the text is released for the first time, readers are welcome to log in. Read the latest chapters of the full text.
Chapter completed!