The birth of the 30th mortar of the Qing Dynasty demolition workers

If the overall wolf-type submarine is based on the German submarines in history, its strength is above the German L9 boat and below the German L13 boat.

As we all know, the brilliant record of the German 19 submarine. In the early morning of September 0, 1914, the cruiser and its flagship Eurya1is were led by the cruiser. Due to the lack of protection from the destroyer, they were targeted by the German 19 submarine.

In just 75 minutes, it became a shame in the history of the British Royal Navy. The armored cruiser was sunk by an 19 submarine. This UK canceled the plan for the armored cruiser. Although the Seawolf submarine already has the powerful attack power compared to the submarines of this era, compared with the huge area of ​​the Pacific Ocean, these submarines are so small that they can't look for it!

Major General Wang Desheng, the commander of the Navy submarine, called Zhang Yunfei several times and argued with him. He hoped that Zhang Yunfei could approve the expansion of the submarine force. However, Zhang Yun refused. The reason was that the naval forces that had not yet scared the Washington Navy had existed. The huge daily expenses and military loss expenditures of maintaining the Pacific Fleet were already very much aroused by Zhang from the Washington Ministry of Finance. Zhang Yunfei really didn't want to mention this matter to the Chancellor of the Chancellor who was trying to "save money" for him!

But Wang Desheng got from Lieutenant General Du Xigui of the Navy Department and was very accurate in grasping Zhang Yunfei's character. As a result, Zhang Yunfei cried, made a fuss and hanged him. He couldn't resist his daily lingering. There was no way. Zhang Yunfei used his own small treasury and approved the Navy Engineering Department to add four sea wolf submarines to the submarine force. Wang Desheng, the submarine commander, finally looked like a good person. At least there were eight submarines with two squadrons, right?

The development of submarines is based on the advancement of military industry technology. Although Washington naval industry is ahead of Europe and the United States in designing roads and military building concepts, the most basic basic industrial facilities still cannot break out of the limitations of this era. Many of these achievements have theoretical foundations, but they cannot be put into actual production.

The Navy is the largest industrial power department. But like the 6th Army, it is much smaller. In addition to steel pipe equipment above 1 mm, it also needs to be imported from abroad. Other equipment materials with a caliber of less than 150 mm can be produced by Washington itself.

As the Tsarist Russia's iron has been built to Berry, the Vladivostok section that started construction at the same time is about to connect with Berry. If the explosive force generated by Russia under the explosion of beans by Nicholas II is amazing, Russia will run through the Siberian Railway before the Lushun Agreement loses its effectiveness.

While building railways, Russia increased its troops in the Far East. At this time, Russia's troops in the Far East had increased to 300,000. The total force was already on par with the Northeast Army. It seemed that the side had never defeated the opponent's military strength, but Zhang Yunfei knew that the reason why the country had only 300,000 troops stationed in the Far East was actually limited by supply capacity.

Just before, Russia deployed 300,000 troops in the country. It was their limit. It was not that they could no longer increase their troops. It was thinking that once the war broke out, Russia could mobilize more than 1.5 million troops to participate in the Far East, but even if the Siberian Railway was completed, it could not guarantee that the combat of these 1.5 million troops would be eliminated.

Therefore, what the country wants now is to stockpile a large amount of war materials. Only 300,000 troops are only to deter Zhang Yunfei's Northeast Army. When Russia prepares enough combat materials, it must be able to support at least 1.5 million troops in half a year of combat consumption. These preparations are ready. It is undoubtedly the time for war to begin.

Zhang Yunfei made two-handed preparations. Now he has been following the elite German route of soldiers. He uses quality to offset Russia's huge quantitative advantage. Of course, there is no absolute victory in the war. Well-equipped equipment may not necessarily lead to the tactics of the sea of ​​people! Therefore, Zhang Yunfei's second preparation is to go out and fight with Russia! At that time, Zhang Yun will adopt the Northeast general mobilization and the whole nation will be the tactic of soldiers. He will die with the Russians to the end.

However, Zhang Yunfei would never use that kind of tactic, because once a national war broke out, the Northeast's hard work will be done. It was a way of losing both sides!

Defensive counterattack!

From the beginning, Zhang Yunfei and the sixth army generals in Washington unified this combat plan. Although Zhang Yunfei was unwilling to do so, he dreamed that millions of troops would emerge and attack Moscow in one breath! But the reality was cruel. Zhang Yunfei would not stop his wickedness and fight honestly!

Because Russia's troops in the Far East are just a three-sided surround for the Northeast. The General Staff originally planned to build a defense line of thousands of miles from the west to the east of Dandongkou. It used the Ergun River, Heilongjiang, Ussuri River, Yalu River to block the Russian team's full attack.

However, after the troops are allocated, 70,000 troops are needed to defend the section. The 6th Army of the Washington State does not affect normal economic construction. It is quite good to maintain 500,000. Russia has an absolute advantage in military strength. The tactic of making a big spy on the east and west is not used. As long as a few armies start the battle of crossing the river at the same time, they can cross the river defense line. Therefore, it is difficult for the Chinese army to form a solid river defense line.

In addition, the project volume of comprehensively building such a long river defense line is very huge. It is not worth the cost!

However, rivers are an important barrier to prevent the Russian team. Even if comprehensive defense is not adopted, at least the defense must be focused.

The four strongholds in the Far East invaded the Northeast were the Belle Peace in Vladivostok in Nebchu. Among them, Nebchu is located in the western part of Heilongjiang Province. Boli is located at the junction of Heilongjiang Province. Only these two Russian troops can invade Heilongjiang Province. For this reason, the Chinese army deployed in Heilongjiang Province to use the garrisons of Binfu and Heihe Prefecture to restrain the Russian army. At the same time, there is a Nei'anling with the character "eight" as a natural barrier in Heilongjiang Province. The core of Heilongjiang Province is Nei'anling and Longjiang Prefecture, which are located in Heilongjiang Province, and important cities such as Nei'anling and Longjiang Prefecture, are protected by the Xing'anling in the character "eight". If the Russian team wants to capture the provincial capital of Heilongjiang Province, they can only fight against Heilongjiang Prefecture and then go south along the Nenjiang River.

Compared with the defense work of Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province has the greatest pressure. In addition to the Changbai Mountain barrier in the southeast, the north and the east are under the military fronts of the two strongholds of Berley and Vladivostok, Russia. The Songnen Plain, with a flat horse, brought considerable defense difficulties to the Chinese army.

For this reason, Huafu has a large number of troops in Jilin Province. They have laid a series of defenses on the front line of Ningguta, Mishan Prefecture, Linjiang Prefecture, and Changbai Prefecture.

Fengtian Saving is relatively less pressure because it doesn't have to bear it.

Just block the Russian army from North Korea's flat front. At the same time, the Navy's firepower support is provided. The use of shore defense and railways is enough to block the Yalu River line, so that the Russian army dare not step beyond the line.

The entire Northeast is completely in a defensive position. Although it is as perverted as the Pearl Harbor Fortress in Honolulu and is armed as a thorn. However, the army's trenches and bunkers and barbed wire and machine guns and artillery are still quite a headache for the Russian team!

In the human gun battle formation tactics, it was not until the British-British War that European and American countries realized that infantry tactics could no longer be intensive linear tactics! However, until World War I, the Allies were basically clichéd cluster charges. During the Somme War, the British and French coalition forces had killed 60,000 soldiers in one day, which became the worst day in the history of the war between the two countries.

Apart from having no choice, it was mainly due to the failure to realize the fatal blow of the German dense machine gun array to linear tactics.

Therefore, when Zhang Yunfei confronted, the country's tactics took advantage of the Chinese army's advantages in light and heavy machine guns and other equipment to block the Russian army tightly, drag down the Russian army's offensive edge and will, and then make a great counterattack!

For this reason, Zhang Yunfeit asked about the research process of Gippiby Pelino and Lake on light machine guns.

The air-cooled light aircraft has been developed. They have developed the light machine guns currently equipped by the Washington Mei Special Operations Brigade.

But I want large-scale industrial production. At present, I don’t have the cost and losses of large-scale installation. With Zhang Yunfei’s finances, I can’t bear it.

The main aspect of the air-cooled light machine gun is the heat dissipation problem. Due to the high-fire of the machine, it generates a lot of heat. If it cannot be swung in time, the gun will be scrapped after more than ten minutes of shooting. The light machine gun studied by Gebibi Pelino before is actually very advanced. Although it is necessary to replace the barrel to solve the heat problem. Gebibi Pelino is not satisfied. Especially after a new Maderson light machine gun from Danish artillery Captain U-Oh-H-Medsenmin, it greatly stimulated Pelino's nerves.

Because he is now working day and night with the help of Lake, he has been improving the current light machine gun day and night, and strives for the ability to produce large-scale industrially as soon as possible.

Zhang Yun did not urge him. Because the Chinese army had mature and reliable Maxim water-cooled heavy machine guns as defensive weapons, it was enough. Unless the Chinese army was the attacking side, it would need a large number of light machine guns to replace the bulky Maxim heavy guns. Of course, Zhang Yunfei had not thought about being able to attack actively in the short term. It would depend on the situation. If a large-scale equipment of light machine guns is needed, Zhang Yunfei would also feel sorry for the money!

Although the cost problem of light machine guns is relatively slow, it is finally ready to be mass-produced as a necessary weapon for infantry.

Mortars are a kind of artillery that performs curved firing on hidden targets. They are mostly used as suppression weapons for teams below infantry battalions. Their greatest ability is to kill enemies at close range or behind obstacles such as hills. They are used to destroy light fortification bridges, etc. They can also be used to cast smokescreens and flares.

Since its inception, it has been an effective suppression weapon to support and accompany infantry combat. It is an extremely important standard weapon for infantry. Now, the mortar that has been around for a hundred years is more like a stubborn "old man". He looks at all kinds of high-tech weapons in a cold manner. However, he quietly occupies one of the equipment of the 6th Army.

During an infantry exercise two years ago, Zhang Yunfei discussed the theory of trench combat with Zhao Gang, the Minister of the 6th Army. At that time, the General Staff once mentioned how we would deal with it if the enemy approached the defensive array by digging trenches?

Zhang Yunfei immediately thought of the individual equipment of mortar. But he didn't know how to build it. He could only order the Ordnance Administration to study it in a targeted manner and at the same time explained the shooting principle of mortars.

The first is operation. The trajectory is bent and can be close to the target to shoot. There are almost no shooting dead spots.

After the shell is loaded from the muzzle, it relies on its own mass to force the shell to be shot out.

Although Zhang Yunfei knew that mortar should be the simplest weapon in the 6th Army's equipment, he had no research and could only wait for a long time to set up and test. Now the first model of mortar has finally been born.

m1899 76mm mortar

Diameter: 758mm

Gun barrel length: 52 caliber

The projectile weighs 45kg

Ammunition begins

Weight: 150kg

Maximum range: 1300

This model of mortar will be equipped to the following units of the battalion - the platoon is equipped with a 6-person mortar squad, a 758mm mortar, and twenty shells.

Compared with other conventional artillery, the main features of this type of mortar are:

(1) Ballistic bending. It is suitable for shooting the target behind hidden objects (such as = hill). It can also directly shoot the target from close range.

2 It is easy to load. The shooting is 0-30/min high). The firepower is strong and the damage effect is good;

3. Light weight, small size, strong mobility. Small and medium-caliber mortars can be driven by people and run away after being driven by others. They can quickly transfer the array;

4. Simple structure and convenient operation. Easy to mass production. Low cost.

The operation and use of the mortar is also very simple. After you are now and aim at the target, slide the mortar shell from the muzzle into the barrel. Relying on its own mass, the bottom of the bullet hits the striker at the bottom of the barrel.

Or rely on its own mass to slide to the bottom of the gun body. After the shooter releases the striker, it hits the bottom of the shell. After the bottom of the shell, the basic medicine on the tail of the shell is ignited, and the gunpowder tied to the outer part of the shell is also ignited.

Although there is a certain gap between the shell and the barrel to ensure that the shell slides down, the air-locking ring outside the shell body can still form a great pressure in the chamber to push the shell out of the muzzle and fly to the target.

This theory of mortars determines that the mortar shell cannot fit closely with the barrel. Therefore, the rifle cannot be relied on to rotate the shell to stabilize its flight direction. Instead, the tail wing stabilization device is used to ensure its flight attitude.

Therefore, all mortar shells have tail wings. In addition to the tail wings, typical mortar shells also include components such as components such as fuze-transmitting explosive tube, air-retaining ring, basic medicine tube, additional medicine package, and bottom fire.

After Zhi mortar was finally successfully developed and finalized and produced, Zhang Yunfei was very happy!

This undoubtedly increased the infantry combat effectiveness of the Chinese army several times! Of course, this requires the entire 6th Army of the Washington D.C. to adapt to and run in such weapons as soon as possible. Only when the combat effectiveness is truly formed can the Chinese army truly achieve quality.

The degree of the Russian team.

However, what made Zhang Yunfei was that the researchers from the Washington Ordnance Department poured a basin of cold water on Zhang Yunfei's head when he was happy.

The main reason is that although this mortar has been developed, it is still quite difficult for soldiers to make the mortar hit the target accurately.

The main reason is the lack of aiming techniques, the backwardness of the aiming equipment and the complex operation. Basically, the gunner needs to be visually inspected and calibrated. Of course, the requirements of the mortar are much simpler than that of howitzers. However, if you want to hit the target, you also need basic mathematics and geometric knowledge.

The current Chinese military unit has a low character rate. Fewer people know how to arithmetic. Therefore, the Chinese military has to go a long way to go in the construction of artillery.

At least one artillery can learn to calculate ballistics and geometry. It is not something that can be done in a day or two!

A combat unit of the mortar has a squad leader. One gunner is the aiming hand, that is, the aiming hand, the sighting hand, the second gunner has the gun stand, the loading shells, and the one gunner aims. The third gunner carries the seat plate and transmits the shells.

As the aim of a mortar, a gunner generally cannot see the target of attack. The target and direction of attack are provided by the gun squad leader.

Zhang Yunfei specially participated in the live-fire test of the mortar. A mortar team demonstrated a wonderful shooting performance for Zhang Yunfei.

Under the explanation of the officials of the Military Intelligence Bureau, Zhang Yunfei watched the entire process of mortar shooting.

"Yuan! The initial process of shooting is the same as that of other artillery soldiers..."

The commentator guided Zhang Yunfei to watch the operation of the mortar team while explaining to Zhang Yunfei.

...

After the mortar squad entered the array, the squad leader aimed at the standard with two markers. The mortar was set at an appropriate position behind the two markers. The sighter adjusted the balance of the mortar and aimed at the first marker in front. Then adjust the scope to calibrate the second marker.

At this time, when the mortar direction turning device is mobilized to aim at the first marker. This process is to aim at the front marker and then aim in front. At this time, the aiming direction of the mortar is parallel to the two targets that are opposite to the marker. At this time, the squad leader issues a shooting element.

When the aiming hand reported the commander to the squad leader, he ordered: "A fill!"

The second gunner said: "Fill it up!"

The squad leader said: "Let it go!" The mortar shell in the gunner's hand was out of hand. The shell slipped and shot out with a thud!

After the shell falls, make a sound and then shoot according to the direction and distance deviation between the shell and the target. Then make a sound and then shoot. Until the target is hit.

Generally speaking, a squad leader can directly perform precise shooting on the target after only one shell is used to test the target.

The cannon is a curved cannon, which is not the same as the normal direct-sight cannon, which can aim at the enemy target in the scope.

"The recruits rely on the mathematical foundation and programmatic shooting steps! Where is the veteran! One sentence depends on experience!" said the commentator.

Then the commentator took Zhang Yunfei to see the shooting methods of a group of veterans.

"Huang Xingwei of our Ordnance Department usually set off firecrackers based on visual inspections. Everyone knows his deeds. At that time, he almost carried out the testing of various mortars! The bomb hit rate is more than 90%!"

"Huang Xing?"
To be continued...