Chapter 312 International situation(1/2)
Yunfei stayed in Honolulu for more than two months. After the two newly built combat aircraft were taken off the line, Zhang Yunfei ordered the establishment of a formal air force.
There are only 500 air force troops, and they are basically serving on airships. As pilots trained, they are now unable to meet the needs of these air forces because there is only one fighter jet in each production line every month, so they have to stay on airships and be an airborne!
However, Colonel Xue Muhua, the former commander of the Air Force, was no longer the only one under his command. The 500-man army and the logistics of more than 2,000 people, although it was much less than the Navy and the 6th Army! It was much better than before!
Judging from the current aircraft manufacturing capabilities of Washington, the air force will probably have to wait for a long time to form a scale! The degree of equipping an air force squadron a year is already the limit of Washington's aircraft manufacturing industry!
This is mainly limited by the materials used by Air Force fighter jets. From the beginning, Washington aircraft manufacturing took a high starting point road. At first, due to the long production cycle of wooden fuselages, and in Adel's view, since airborne weapons appeared, we must consider the aerial dangers of Washington aircraft under foreign imitation.
To this end, the fighter took the route of aluminum alloy shell from the beginning to strengthen its resistance to strike. At the same time, the aviation motives in this era were quite violent, and the wooden fuselage was not conducive to the impact of high vibration waves. When the fighter fired in the air, the machine gun and the motive may resonate in some cases, so the aircraft may have a hollow disintegration. Therefore, it is still a stable aluminum alloy flight mechanism plan.
Aluminum alloy, a light and easy-to-cut material, is currently only Honolulu in the world, which has research and uses a lot of aluminum in Hawaii and mining in Fushun Industrial Base in Shengjing. This has created the possibility of the Washington Air Force using a luxury material such as aluminum alloy to build aircraft.
Currently, the main equipment of Washington Air includes Adel|type airship, sparrow|type water reconnaissance aircraft, sparrow|type reconnaissance aircraft, Black Hawk|type fighter aircraft, air balloon exploration and other equipment.
The Sparrow | type seaplane is the naval reconnaissance aircraft with the farthest radius. It is mainly because this type of aircraft takes off and lands on the water and does not care about the range. If there is no fuel, it can make a landing at sea. It is under the direct jurisdiction of the Navy Pacific Fleet Communications and Communications Fleet, and can follow the communications and reconnaissance ship to work on the vast ocean and sea.
The Ma|type reconnaissance ship is a 6-mounted aircraft. The standard fixed-wheeled landing gear belongs to the Huafu 6th Army division-level road combat unit and is used for road reconnaissance. Due to the limitation of the 6th Airport runway, the 6th Army reconnaissance aircraft has a small range of movement and can only be reconnaissance near the airport. Therefore, it can only advance with the command of the unit at the division level or above.
Blackhawk ||Fighter jets are local combat units of the Washington Air Force and are directly affiliated to the Washington Air Force Command. Of course, there are only two main commanders, Colonel Xue Muhua and Lieutenant Colonel Gao Xudong, as well as several pilot staff. Since the Washington Air Force Command is an air military command unit in the world, it has no guidance and foundation for predecessors. It relies entirely on its own exploration and advancement.
Blackhawk || type fighter: wingspan 992 meters, length 907 meters, aircraft 25 meters, air weight 2030 kg, maximum 125 kilometers per hour, maximum ceiling 1 kilometer, combat radius 200 kilometers, combat radius reaches kilometers under airship ground. The equipment is an m1899 11mm Maxim heavy machine gun. The power equipment is a Diesel gasoline engine with a power of 950 horsepower.
The Black Hawk || type fighter jet is to improve the Black Hawk | double-double fighter and obtain the ground model. Due to the industrial manufacturing capabilities, it is mainly due to the difficulty in manufacturing small aviation motors. It cannot more effectively improve the flight range. Fortunately, it can be carried on the airship. Although the degree is much slower, it does not seem so useless.
According to Zhang Yun's enclave, this fighter can be equipped with the Washington Air Force before going to war with Russia. It is enough to maintain two flight squadrons. About thirty-two to forty fighter planes. According to the foreign wolf information provided by Zhang Si, Russia attaches great importance to airships. Tsar Nicholas II also puts policy on airship production. According to the current progress of Russian airship production, if the war breaks out in two years, Russia has at least eighty airships.
Although Zhang Yunfei was very rude in his heart, he wanted to have a large airship battle with the Russians, so he also built airships. However, the construction of airships in Washington was not about preparing to fight the air battle field with the Russian airship troops. It was just to attract Russian attention.
Of course, Zhang Yunfei also hopes that his airship can fly to the Russian Palace in St. Petersburg and kill Tsar Nicholas II, the old lunatic. However, in fact, that is impossible! Zhang Yunfei hopes to use airships to complete a more special mission. In addition to covering the production of fighter jets, it is more important to value each airship carrying a standard platoon combatant.
People in this era do not even have the awareness of air supremacy, and they will never have the twists and turns in the hearts of Zhang Yunfei, a guy who came from later generations.
If an airship is used as a bombing or airborne battle behind the enemy, that is the real historical mission of the airship!
Of course, airships can be equipped with fighter jets, and of course they can also be equipped with bombs. Air bombing seems to be natural! However, what Zhang Yunfei values more is the combat method of airborne behind enemy lines.
The Germans have already started using this trick secretly in the first battle, so Zhang Yunfei will naturally not let it go! However, the airborne method needs to be considered.
The easiest thing is to land the airship behind enemy lines, then put down the infantry and put it on the battlefield. However, the possibility of being seen by the enemy is too high, and once the airship lands, it cannot take off in a short time. Once it is surrounded, the consequences will be unimaginable.
Modern tactics tell Zhang Yunfei that it is more cost-effective to take the airborne troop path. Airborne troop is actually very simple, and it does not require any airborne or heavy equipment as complicated. Because even if Zhang Yunfei wants to airborne heavy equipment, it is impossible. With current technology, if the airborne equipment is airborne, everything will be broken!
It is very feasible to make an airborne parachute. For this reason, Zhang Yunfei secretly designed and studied multiple parachute plans with the Ordnance Department during his stay in Honolulu.
The 1830s saw the advent of balloons. In order to ensure the safety of floating personnel, parachutes in the acrobatics began to enter the aviation field. According to foreign information, someone made a silk hard skeleton.
Place it outside the balloon basket in a semi-open state, and carry it under the umbrella jacket on a person. If the balloon crashes, it will land on a parachute. This may be the earliest parachute used for aviation activities.
The main components of parachutes include umbrellas, guide umbrellas, parachute ropes, strap systems, parachute opening components and parachute bags. They are composed of parachute silk (early made of silk, cotton cloth, and now made of nylon fabric), parachute ropes, parachute belts and parachute wires, as well as some metal parts and rubber plastic parts. Parachute ropes are hollow cores or core braided ropes, which require compact structure, high strength, softness, good elasticity, and small unevenness of elongation. Umbrella belts are used as umbrella reinforcement belts and strap systems. Parachute ropes are light, soft, high strength, high elastic modulus, and relatively less elastic modulus than the breaking elongation of umbrella fabrics. Umbrella belts use thick belts of double-layer or triple-layer fabrics, which require high strength and breaking work. Umbrella wires are connecting materials for sewing parachute silk, belts, and ropes, which require high strength, good lubrication and uniform and stable twist.
The Washington Ordnance Agency used the parachutes currently used on balloons. After many improvements and experiments, it finally designed a parachute bag that can be used for infantry straps. The general performance is almost the same as that of modern parachutes, but there is only a little difference in materials. Modern parachutes are mostly made of polymer polymers. Washington's textile industry capabilities only use silk, which is used to make parachutes, mainly because silk has good sealing and toughness. The Washington Airborne Army obviously has a small number and is equipped. If we wait for more than ten years to be born, and then use silk as parachute materials, Yun Fei will vomit blood with pain!
The training of the airborne troops was carried out secretly. If the vast seas were surrounded by vast seas, the injury rate would be greatly reduced and the accumulation of the original data prepared by the airborne troops was facilitated. After all, this was also a precedent!
Everything was going on in a tense and orderly manner. Seeing that the state machinery in Washington was operating normally, Zhang Yunfei felt much more relieved.
After receiving the new situation report on Shengjing, Zhang Yunfei set off for Shengjing.
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In the last year of the 19th century, the world pattern seemed to be very calm, but under the tranquility, countries around the world were nervous.
Of course, the biggest one is still focusing on Zhang Yunfei, who is in the Far East, but there are many things happening to other countries.
In a century, a country born in a colony in the United States became an imperialist power and joined the whirlpool of international political struggle. In the 1880s, Europe usually talked about six major powers, namely France, Germany, Britain, Russia, the Stinky Hungarian Empire and Italy. Now, the United States has become 7, and of course there is also a powerful Chinese-*** valuation, which is also included in the arrangement and combination of the balance of power and power.
Since the Western War, the United States has become increasingly ambitious. A well-known domestic comic expresses a new situation. In the comic, Uncle Sam reaches out to grab the earth and says: "I can't completely hug it all - but it's not far away."
Although other powerful people were worried about this kind of sage, they did not take it seriously, because like China, money is not necessarily a strong country. In Europe, the United States has almost neglected the strength of the war in the United States, except for the number of American naval warships that made them boast about, the rest can be almost ignored.
Of course, in this world, only Zhang Yunfeidao, the world role that Uncle Sam will play in the future, and the ambitions in Uncle Sam's heart.
In fact, if there was no world war in Europe, the United States would have been called out by politicians and strategists in European countries, and they would not be able to catch up with the traditional European power! The two world wars proved that European countries were running backwards, and the United States kept chasing forward, which achieved the United States' hegemony today!
Obviously, no European strategists can guess that Europe will burst into world wars in a short period of time, so naturally they cannot believe that the United States can catch up with their world-shaking things.
After the Spanish-American War, American policy makers objectively analyzed the situation. Due to the fact that high-steam-powered battleship-type passenger mail ships and passenger ships on large-scale combat operations have become possible.
The main threats faced by the United States mainly come from maritime powers such as Great Britain, Germany and Washington. The most serious threat is a maritime power launching a maritime attack, seizing major American ports such as San Francisco and New York, and then bargaining as diplomatic chips.
But this possibility is not great after all. Americans are born to like fantasy, but the most realistic possibility is that European powers penetrate into Latin America, which seriously threatens the interests of the United States.
Last year, the United States, Britain and Washington have strengthened their military alliances, and the signing of the London Treaty has established the world's third largest military group.
The United States has always been excluded by European powers, but in fact it is even worse than the situation of excluding Britain set by European countries. The country has always been regarded as a country of rebels by European countries. If the United States were not all descendants of Europeans, it would have been a long time since the European coalition had come to siege the United States.
Today, the United States is actually a loner with a unique banner. Without allies, Washington and the United Kingdom alliance in the Pacific are very worried.
Thus, the defense of the security of the United States seemed to rely primarily on the ability to take swift military actions to defend Cuba, Panama Isthmus and Puerto Rico, or preemptively defeat any foreign forces trying to establish a new military presence in Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
In 1899, the Cuban Constitutional Assembly was forced to accept the "Prat Amendment" and included it as an appendix. The Prat Amendment stipulates that the United States "has the right to interfere with Cuba" in order to defend Cuba's independence. The United States has the right to purchase the land needed to establish "coal stations" and moor the navy in Cuba. It is unsuccessful to transfer the territory to any other country in any way without the consent of the United States.
Americans know that although the United States is isolated outside, it seems that there is a threat from the Washington Navy in the Pacific and a British Navy in the Atlantic Ocean. But they understand more clearly that these two countries are not very interested in the United States.
The British are busy competing with the Germans! Washington is also preparing to fight with Russia! It seems that the situation of the United States is actually safe.
Americans have always like to take advantage of them!
Americans seek benefits by doing it themselves. Of course, Americans are not stupid enough to go to Africa or Asia to get involved in a military presence, because that will offend other forces at the same time.
So the Americans set their sights on the weakest Central and South America. In 1899, just when the situation in other continents was tense, the Americans sent troops to suppress the uprising of the Cuban People's Liberation Army.
After six months, the 6th Army of the United States suffered from the secret war and guerrilla warfare of the Cuban People's Liberation Army. After suppressing the armed uprising of the Cuban People's Liberation Army, the US Navy and Navy 6 Teams took over customs and tax powers in Nicaragua, Haiti and Dominican City.
At this point, the Cuba Republic, which was preserved after the Spanish-American War, officially perished and became a veritable colony for the Americans.
When sending troops to Cuba, the Americans took the opportunity to create a Panama independence plan. During the three-month Panama War of Independence, the Americans shamelessly took the role of an American police officer on the grounds of maintaining the stability of the Caribbean Sea, and openly sent warships to block the intervention of Colombian troops in Panama, and sent troops to Panama.
For this reason, although the Colombian government solemnly protested the shameless behavior of the United States, it was taken by Uncle Sam's powerful strength and finally gave in, acquiescing Panama's actual independence.
For this reason, the Americans obtained the right to dig and operate the Panama Canal that they dreamed of. The United States finally got the fat that was salivating! Then, the United States immediately organized the 6th Army engineer troops and a large number of local workers to dig the canal. The plan took ten years and was completed around 1911.
This canal was just in time for World War I. The canal was officially opened, creating an invaluable passage for the US Navy. This canal shortened the range between the east and west coasts of the United States by two-thirds. Of course, it also brought immeasurable strategic value to the Washington Navy's entry into the Atlantic Ocean.
When the naval competition was launched all over the world, the United States naturally was not willing to fall behind. By 189, the US Congress approved a total of 211 first-class battleships, 12 carrier cruisers, 22 cruisers and a large number of other ships of different types, with a total tonnage of over 3 tons.
Since the Western War, the Navy's annual allocation increased from $85 million in 1896 to $218 in 1899, accounting for 227% of U.S. fiscal expenditure, which broke the highest record for military expenditure in peacetime.
The expansion plan of the United States has always been third in the competition for the expansion of the great powers, currently behind Britain and France. However, according to the shipbuilding plan of various countries, the US Navy will be passed by Germany and Russia in a few years. Of course, the Americans believe that Russia is unlikely. Under normal circumstances, Russia naturally has to pass the United States, but everyone knows that Washington and Russia will have a war, so the Russian navy will definitely not be able to pass the United States after the war.
The United States did not want to challenge the British and German naval competition directly, so the United States chose to maintain its advantage over the French navy. In this way, the national navy could follow the British and German navy secretly and wait for the fisherman to benefit.
Perhaps it was the intensity of the British-German naval arms race that made later generations ignore the US Navy, but these were obviously all in Zhang Yunfei's eyes. The United States was also a part of the arms race, but in 1907, the British Fearless Class Battleship was launched.
For this reason, except for Britain, the whole world suffered losses. Their years of naval dreams were crippled by the British shameless dreadnought! It was also that time that most countries in the world launched a naval competition, but Germany still competed with Britain.
Therefore, if the dreadnoughts were not present, there might be a situation in the world where the navy of Britain, Germany and the United States competed for hegemony.
Americans keep hiding their little thoughts, so what are the British busy with Zhang Yunfei's ally?
Nothing is that messy thing!
The war between the British and Chinese coalition forces ransacked South Africa. Although it was over, it was just a large-scale war. Local small-scale guerrilla warfare was the most troublesome thing for the British.
From July 1898, the guerrillas entered the British Cape colony under the command of Bota and Dewet.
During the winter battle from 1898 to September, the Bundesliga guerrillas launched multiple sneak attacks on the British troops in Transvaal and Orange, and repeatedly succeeded, capturing a large number of arms, supplies and artillery. In July, Herzog entered the Cape colony again. They led 5,000 cavalry, divided into several small groups of guerrillas, and rushed thousands of miles into the rear of the British army, and advanced to the Atlantic coast and the suburbs of Cape Town, forcing Britain to declare martial law in the Cape area.
In order to end the war as soon as possible, starting from March 1899, Kitchener adopted the += Fort tactic, scorched earth policy and setting up concentration camps to deal with the Boer guerrillas. In the areas where the Boer guerrillas were active, the British army set up barbed wire and divided the Boer Republic into several appeasement areas to carry out zoning. The total length of the barbed wire is 6,000 kilometers. A wooden bunker is set up every 1 to 2 kilometers in the appeasement zone, and soldiers are sent to garrison. Anyone who approaches += Fort range will be shot and killed.
More than 8,000 bunkers were set up in these appeasement areas. In these appeased areas, all farms within 1 c miles of the farms around them were burned down. In addition, Kitchener also changed his previous leniency against prisoners of war. Surrendered, captured guerrilla members, and adult male citizens who participated in guerrillas were exiled to remote India, Ceylon and Bermuda prisoners of war camps. In the Cape Colonies and Natal Colonies, all Dutch British citizens who responded to the call to "take up weapons" were sentenced to death once they were captured.
In order to completely eliminate the basis of the guerrilla activities, Kitchener ordered that 1.36 million Boer women, children, elderly people and more than 80,000 black servants be captured from the burned farms, transported them together in open-top trucks or ox carts, and put them in concentration camps.
The concentration camp in South Africa was founded in September 1899. It was originally a refugee camp that housed the families of Boer soldiers whose homes were burnt. Kitchener transformed it into a concentration camp that detained all Boer civilians.
There are more than 50 concentration camps in South Africa, distributed on both sides of the railway lines in Cape, Transvaal, Orange and Natal, as well as the suburbs of big cities such as Johannesburg, Bloemfontein, and Durban. A strict and strict rationing system is implemented in the concentration camps. Each person has three-quarters of a pound of cornmeal, rice or potatoes, one ounce of coffee, two ounces of sugar, and half an ounce of salt per day.
Pound of meat (women and children with relatives who participate in the guerrilla team do not get meat). Children under six years old can receive a quarter of quart of milk every day. The situation in black concentration camps is even worse, but they can be helped by black relatives and friends, or released after swearing allegiance to Britain. The concentration camps are surrounded by barbed wire, and anyone who attempts to climb over is shot and killed. The population density in the concentration camps is extremely high, blankets, clothes and drugs are extremely short of epidemics, malnutrition, and mortality rates are extremely high. The mortality rate in white concentration camps in Orange was 1% higher in 1899.
Why does this happen?
In fact, the main reason is that history was joking with Zhang Yunfei! When the British and Chinese coalition forces intercepted the Boer army's gold transport troops, wasn't the Boer army's scattered carrying gold and absconded?
As a result, a considerable amount of gold that the British and Chinese troops finally plundered was not found.
For this reason, the British commander believed that there must be a large amount of gold hidden among the people of Bour, so he searched the people on a large scale and imprisoned them near the concentration camp.
This is something that Zhang Yun did not expect! Could it be that the original history was the concentration camp incident that occurred because of this reason?
I have to say that the huge habits of history are quite strong!
The high death rate in the concentration camp seriously shook the morale of the Boer soldiers and also made the British image plummet in front of the whole world. British woman Emily Hobhouse was shocked by the situation of the concentration camp and submitted a 15-page report to the country, describing the tragic situation in the concentration camp.
Of course, these are the result of the struggle between political factions within the UK. In order to continue to implement the glorious isolation policy of Britain, the British conservatives and opposition parties were willing to reveal the South African affairs to the silly woman Emily Hobho, who was a gun to criticize the policy of the Salisbury cabinet that tended to be close to the European Big 6.
The tall British nobles naturally did not want people like Prince Edward to be too close to the six major European countries, and they would rather maintain a European balance of power.
Finally, Miss Bouches was declared "the enemy of the motherland" by the British government and was immediately arrested and deported. However, the effect of being used as a gun did come out. After she left Britain and Europe, she insisted on fighting and received widespread support. The opposition Liberal Party used the young Welsh nationalist Lloyd George to criticize the barbaric policies of the Conservatives and the 6th Army. Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, France, and the United States sent inspectors, and European and American countries donated a large amount of supplies to civilians in the concentration camps. Under the strong pressure of international and domestic public opinion, the National Congress had to send investigation teams to South Africa. After severe criticism of Kitchener and concentration camp officials, the ration and medical conditions of the concentration camps were improved and the death rate dropped to 2%.
In this way, the British were even more excluded by European countries: the countries, and the relationship with the six European countries had just established good relations, but were disrupted by the opposition parties, and returned to the previous situation.
After the United Kingdom and Washington formed an alliance military group, Russia was the most dissatisfied with Russia. France, an allies of Russia's Allied Powers, no longer likes Britain.
To be continued...