Chapter 293: Lu Buwei's Reform
Zhao Kuo himself did not expect that Lu Buwei would actually convince him.
He convinced Zhao Kuo through his three systems, the first one was the righteous soldier, the second one was the benevolent government, and the third one was the wise men... The first and second ones were easy to understand, and the third one was actually not difficult. After Lu Buwei saw the imperial examination system in the horse uniform book, he combined with the school office system implemented by the Qin State, and the new system was created. The Qin State's school office was still different from the imperial examination system.
The Qin State set up school rooms in various counties. If their descendants want to be officials, they have to enter the school room to study, and then after a simple legal examination, they can become officials after graduation. Because to be an official, it not only requires military merit, but also requires education and understanding of the law. Otherwise, they cannot become officials by just fighting. Titles and officials are separated. Although there are no detailed regulations, the corresponding official positions also require certain titles.
Lu Buwei wanted to expand the influence of the university office to no longer restrict the law, but to cultivate officials' talents in other aspects, expand the scope of the examination, and cultivate more talents. After cultivating these talents, he could no longer directly give official positions as usual, but to conduct assessments for different official positions again. These disciples who graduated from the school office can participate in these examinations, and those who pass can take the position.
The local school system of Qin State plus the imperial examinations and later civil service examinations formed such a set of things.
Zhao Kuo is still very interested in this.
The deal proposed by Lu Buwei was that Zhao Kuo supported Lu Buwei to stabilize his position, and Lu Buwei would implement the policies he proposed to avoid massacre and give kindness to the people. In this regard, Zhao Kuo can be said to have been studying for a long time. During these days, Zhao Kuo was thinking about how to improve the Qin system and how to avoid another civil strife after the unification. During the second civil strife, there were many people who died.
In such a chaotic world, many heroes are pursuing. Only in such an era can they establish fame and achieve great achievements. However, Zhao Kuo doesn't see it this way. All he sees is a group of people who have just walked out of the war and took a breath, and are thrown into the stove of war again and suffer again. He is not a hero, and probably not a hero.
He just hopes that the good people who live in this land can survive and live as a person.
Zhao Kuo talked a lot about Lu Buwei. They started talking about the military merit system. The military merit system was the foundation of Qin's strength and a way for the people to climb up. However, this system was a double-edged sword. It shaped the powerful army of Qin and allowed Qin to have a large number of talents crawled out of the bottom, allowing Qin to defeat its opponents. However, such a system, due to excessive pursuit of killing, all countries hated Qin extremely.
After losing the goal of war, Qin had no way to continue to maintain such a system, and probably could only seek expansion again. However, expansion could only be towards those barren lands. Qin could not find land to reward these soldiers, but could only use the conquered barren land as a reward. By that time... Qin would be over. If you want to change the disadvantages of this empire and avoid civil strife, you must improve the Qin system.
When Shang Yang reformed, Qin was not a strong country. His goal was to survive and defeat the enemy. Therefore, his system was state service and war. No matter what profession it was, it had to serve and war. This made Qin look like an army disguised as a country. However, at present, Qin's goal was to unify and the goals were no longer the same, so Qin could not continue to use the previous system.
Scholars such as Zhao Kuo, Xunzi, Gongsun Long have come up with four ways to change.
Xunzi believed that the Qin State's system was very good, and the only thing that was lacking was benevolent government. As long as it could be carried out on the basis of today, it was to treat the people well, increase the relief system, reduce taxes and other things, it would be enough. Gongsun Long believed that the Qin State's system needed to be completely changed, and it would be best to abolish the beheading system, reduce the differences in titles, and change the way to improve titles from focusing on the head level to focusing on production activities such as agriculture and sericulture and textiles.
Han Fei came up with two methods. The first method is to completely retain the current military merit system and change the land you want to reward in the future into other ways of honor. For example, you can exempt taxes and get more salary, so as not to cause any inability to reward. The second method is to completely abolish the military merit system and allow the people to have enough land through reclaiming methods, and then use the imperial examination system mentioned by the teacher to replace promotion.
Zhao Kuo thought for a long time, but did not speak easily. He did not express his thoughts. In his opinion, this is a major event related to the survival of the country. No matter how it is changed, he must be very cautious and should not lose the future unification...
No matter what they say, they are just an idea. I don’t know whether they can apply the theories in practice. But Lu Buwei now wants to start practicing directly. Lu Buwei cannot be considered a scholar, but you can’t say he is not. He is like a combination of businessmen and scholars. A simple egoist, as long as it is something useful to him, he can absorb it and become a part of his system.
Zhao Kuo talked to Lu Buwei about the thoughts of everyone at the beginning. Lu Buwei was very happy. He hurriedly picked up the paper and pen and began to record what Zhao Kuo explained. Lu Buwei believed that all these things could help him. The two talked until the evening and arrived at the curfew. As the prime minister, Lu Buwei certainly could not violate the law. He could only stay in Zhao Kuo's mansion for one night.
In the early morning of the next day, Lu Buwei said goodbye to Zhao Kuo and left here.
After walking out of Zhao Kuo's mansion, Lu Buwei suddenly felt a sense of ease. With Zhao Kuo's support, no one could shake his position in Qin. To him, Zhao Kuo was not a threat. If Zhao Kuo intended to be in charge, then this position would not fall on him at all. You must know that when King Zhaoxiang rewarded him, the reason was that he tried to bring Zhao Kuo back to Qin.
Lu Buwei was worried about his position, which was true. He wanted to do something that was beneficial to Qin, which was true.
After Lu Buwei returned to his mansion, he began to reconceive. After talking to Wu Chengjun, he realized many shortcomings in his policies. The ideas of Xunzi and others mentioned by Zhao Kuo also became materials that Lu Buwei could learn from. So, after more than two months, Lu Buwei came to the palace and told the idea that he had improved once to the King of Qin.
Ying Yiren really didn't expect that Lu Buwei could come up with such a set of things.
When he heard Lu Buwei say that he would correct the current drawbacks of Qin, he didn't care. He just simply believed that Lu Buwei wanted to increase his prestige through some simple measures. Most of the prime ministers would do this. He was also ready to accept Lu Buwei's proposal, but when Lu Buwei proposed to directly attack military merits, the King of Qin was still scared and sweated.
The King of Qin widened his eyes and said, "Before the reform of Qin, it was an insignificant country, with weak military strength and insufficient food, and was always deceived and bullied... After the reform, because of the military merit system, Qin became the most powerful country. You want to change this now. Wouldn't such behavior make Qin return to the past again?"
"Please call on the ministers, I want to explain my thoughts in front of them."
The King of Qin had no choice but to ask Meng Ao, Wang He, Han Fei, Li Si, Zhang Tang, Hu Yang and others to discuss major events. These people came to the palace one after another and sat around the King of Qin. After everyone arrived, Lu Buwei stood up and told his four major reforms. The first point was what he and Zhao Kuo said, a war of benevolence and righteousness. Of course, after the "Ma Fu Book" became popular, the original beheading system of Qin changed.
King Zhaoxiang had already begun to ban innocent massacres and kill prisoners.
Lu Buwei's benevolent and righteous army seemed to be more thorough. What Lu Buwei said that he had to issue a manifesto to start a war was actually emphasized that Qin was fighting for benevolence and righteousness, not a war of invasion. Therefore, the soldiers of Qin could not massacre the people, kill prisoners, rob materials, or burn buildings... Every time Lu Buwei said something, the faces of the soldiers present became more and more serious.
"You are murdering soldiers of Qin." Wang shook his head and said, "As you said, let the prisoners go and forgive the people. After these people return to their own country, they will come to resist Qin again, which will cause more Qin people to die in the war. Ying Hou said: If you want to conquer the world, you will not only occupy the land, but also kill the young and strong on the land, so that they can truly lose the power of resistance."
"You are wrong. When Yan State attacked Zhao State, my teacher released all the prisoners after defeating the enemy. After these prisoners returned, they began to promote my teacher's benevolence and righteous behavior. When Yan State attacked Zhao State again, the Yan State army was about to collapse. This is because the soldiers of Yan State knew that they would not be killed if they surrendered. They hated the generals who summoned themselves, and did not hate the Zhao people."
"Wu'anjun of Qin attacked Chu, fought for several months, slaughtered many cities, but could not capture too many places. However, later, he implemented a strategy of attacking the people, no longer slaughtering the people of the people, appeased the Chu people from all over the world, distributed arable land, and released prisoners. This directly disintegrated the fighting spirit of the Chu people, and in less than a month he attacked the capital of Chu... This is what Xunzi said: the benevolent and righteous army has no enemies!"
Han Fei stood up, but he stood on the side of Lu Buwei.
Lu Buwei nodded and said, "That's right, this is the theory proposed by Wu Chengjun. I am just preparing to implement his theory."
As soon as this sentence came out, Wang Feng couldn't speak.
King Zhaoxiang once had an order that opposing Zhao Kuo means opposing Qin... And opposing Qin is to be killed in the clan.
Meng Ao laughed, and said, "I agree with the Prime Minister's plan. I have gone to the state of Chu many times, but none of them were as smooth as before... Because we did not massacre the city, release the prisoners, open warehouses and release grain along the road, Chu people in many areas killed their generals and opened the city gate to welcome the Qin army. This is something I have never seen before, and I agree with your opinion."
Lu Buwei smiled and hurriedly said his second policy, benevolent politics. However, the benevolent politics mentioned by Lu Buwei was mixed with a lot of content, such as focusing on the production of the people, so that the improvement of titles could be more inclined toward this kind of production, rather than cutting his head. In addition, it was to reduce taxes and not launch corvee labor indiscriminately. He mixed with many remarks from Confucianism and Mohism, and even some of them were Han Fei... Han Fei frowned and hesitated for a long time, but nodded and expressed his support.
When the generals heard that Lu Buwei seemed to want to take action against military merit, they were a little dissatisfied. The Qin people were used to reform, but the military merit system was the foundation of Qin and could not be changed at will. Lu Buwei's righteous soldiers reduced killing and awarded titles through the occupied land. In his benevolent government, he also attached importance to production and improved the content of those who had made meritorious production, which was already shaking the military merit system.
Later, Lu Buwei talked about his reclamation system...
The more Han Fei listened, the more he became confused. Why do these sound so familiar?
The King of Qin saw that some of the ministers supported Lu Buwei and some opposed him, and he knew in his heart that Lu Buwei was not doing anything randomly. He really wanted to change, and his approach seemed to have been approved by Wu Chengjun, which made the King of Qin become serious. Lu Buwei successively proposed his own brand new school system, official assessment system, and a series of policies that are conducive to farming and reducing harsh laws.
Among the ministers, many people opposed the reform.
Lu Buwei sneered, and he said, "Mr. Shang said: The system of rituals and laws must be formulated according to actual conditions. The system of rituals and orders must conform to social affairs at that time, and the manufacturing of weapons, armor, utensils, and equipment must be convenient for use. It is not necessary to govern the country in one way. As long as it is beneficial to the country, it is not necessary to follow the ancient times. Shang Tang and King Wu of Zhou proclaimed kings to the world, not because they prospered because they followed the ancient laws, and the demise of the Yin and Xia dynasties, nor because they changed the old system of rituals."
"People who violate the old laws should not necessarily be criticized; those who follow the old etiquette may not be worthy of recognition."
"Now, Shangjun's system can no longer adapt to Qin, so why can't his system be changed?"
"You all have read Shang Jun's books. Shang Jun scolds those who abide by the existing system but refuses to change. What is the difference between these people who abide by his system but refuses to change now and those who he scolded at the beginning??"
"Do you want to be ministers like Gan Long and Du Zhi?"
When everyone heard Lu Buwei's questioning, they did not refute it again.
The King of Qin thought for a moment before saying, "Just do as the Prime Minister said, please don't object anymore."
Chapter completed!