Sure enough, when Fang Xiaoru brought the armistice agreement that "lost power and humiliated the country" back to the court, the civil and military officials who had been suppressing it for a long time finally found a target to vent their anger. Ji's impeachment memorial directly piled up the Long Case of Emperor Jianwen, and the words were relatively consistent. He scolded Fang Xiaoru for betraying the country, and angrily accused him of being as evil as Qin Hui of the Song Dynasty.
In fact, all the ministers also knew that Fang Xiaoru could not be blamed for such a result. However, someone had to take the blame for such a big blame. It was Fang Xiaoru who was responsible for negotiating peace. Who else should he take the blame for? For a time, Fang Xiaoru became a street rat. Everyone shouted for beating, and even Emperor Jianwen had to issue an edict to angrily rebuke him.
After all, losing all the territory in Jiangbei would definitely leave a bad reputation in the history books. Emperor Jianwen knew that this was mainly because he was not a good emperor, but in order to protect his own face, he had to blame Fang Xiaoru for this bad reputation, and finally put it on Fang Xiaoru. Fang Xiaoru resigned from his post to serve the people and appease the anger of hundreds of officials.
Of course, although Fang Xiaoru was demoted and became a civilian, he could not return to his hometown because his hometown in Shandong had long been captured by the Peking Army, and most of his tribesmen had surrendered to the Peking Army. Some tribesmen even wrote letters to persuade him to surrender. Although Fang Xiaoru He was loyal to Emperor Jianwen, but Emperor Jianwen was still worried about him. Not only did he put him under house arrest in Jinling City, he also restricted his disciples from approaching him.
Emperor Jianwen could blame Fang Xiaoru for his bad reputation, but he did not dare to deny the armistice agreement signed by Fang Xiaoru, because his ancestral graves were still on the ground of the Peking Army, and hundreds of clan members were even held in the hands of the Peking Army. In addition, the Peiping Army was stationed in the north of the Yangtze River. Emperor Jianwen knew that if he did not admit his defeat, the Peiping Army would definitely march southward.
In order to maintain peace and gain some breathing time, Emperor Jianwen took the initiative to order all the remaining Ming troops in the north of the Yangtze River to withdraw southward, and ordered all prefectures and counties in the south of the Yangtze River to close all ferries to prevent people from crossing north. In the shortest time, two things were achieved. A situation in which the "state" divides the Yangtze River and governs it.
Now that the situation has been stabilized for the time being, Wan Lei arranged the follow-up work and returned north on the Xia-01 battleship with Liu Wenxiu. At the same time, the three frontier commanders Zhou Tianshou, Zhao Quanjie and Li Guobao also handed over the work of appeasing the people. Give it to the general, and then quickly return to Beijing. The reason why they are so anxious is mainly to come back for a meeting.
The Peiping Army wiped out Jiangbei in one fell swoop and occupied most of the country. Naturally, the country was about to be established. However, this country was not established immediately. There was a lot of preliminary preparations to be made. This time Wan Lei returned to Beijing to meet with the elders and important ministers. Together they discussed the founding of the People's Republic of China. To put it bluntly, they agreed on the "Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China".
In fact, the establishment of a democratic country generally goes through three stages: the military and political period - the political training period - and the constitutional government period.
During the military administration period, all systems were under military administration. On the one hand, the government sent troops to remove all domestic obstacles and ensure the security of the country and its people; on the other hand, it promoted enlightenment, civilized the people, and promoted unification until the country was completely settled, then it entered the period of political training.
During the tutelage period, the central government sent commissioners to various provinces, prefectures and counties to guide local governments in establishing autonomous organizations, achieving popular elections, and electing a specified number of members to prepare for the convening of the Constituent Assembly. Once the Constituent Assembly deliberates and approves the constitution, it will During the constitutional period, a democratic country was formally established.
Now, it is basically decided that in various places in the south of the Yangtze River, although there are still a few desperadoes causing chaos, they will no longer affect the overall situation. Military control can be ended in a short period of time and directly enter the period of political discipline. The "Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China" is a guide on how to implement political discipline.
The program is also the program that determines the actual form of the country's political system.
The "Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China" is not just a programmatic document. It not only defines the emerging country, but also "divides" the fruits of victory. Its importance is no less than conquering thousands of miles of mountains and rivers. And Wan Lei is not just a one-word speaker.
This outline can only be decided upon with the consensus of all party leaders and elders.
On the first day of May, Wan Lei and other party leaders and elders returned to Peiping one after another. On the second day of May, more than 40 military and political elders held a closed-door meeting in the Huayuan Council Hall. The meeting lasted for a full day and finally voted to pass an order.
The "Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China" that everyone is very satisfied with.
According to this "Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China", the state system is determined to be a democratic republic, where the country is for the people, by the people and for the people; the government system is a presidential system, with the president indirectly elected by the parliament, who is both the head of state and the head of the government, and also serves as the commander-in-chief of the army and navy.
, possesses the highest power.
Determining the national system, government name, national flag, and national emblem are all trivial matters. What really caused disputes among the party leaders was the composition of the parliament and the composition of the central government. This is the highlight of the division of power. After disputes and compromises between all parties, the parliament was finally
It is designated as the House of Representatives and the Senate, and the form of the central government is designated as the prime ministerial system.
The so-called House of Representatives and Senate are a division of parliament, with different powers. The House of Representatives can also be called the People's House. All members are elected locally. There are more than a thousand counties in Jiangxi Province, and each county elects members.
Five people, about 6,000 people, make up the House of Representatives.
The Senate can also be called an elite chamber. There are 300 senators, all of whom are elites in governing the country. They have either made great achievements or hold important military and political positions. Unlike the House of Representatives, which has term limits, senators have a lifelong tenure.
If elected, you can work until you retire at the age of seventy, and you can enjoy various preferential treatment after retirement.
Senators have a very high status. They can hold important central or local positions, can nominate or be nominated as presidential candidates, and can even propose various bills for the parliament to vote on together. It can be said that the Senate is the leader of the parliament.
Of course, it is not easy to be a senator. All senators must have made great contributions to the country, and must be voted by the entire parliament before they can be elected. Serious violations of laws and disciplines will lead to removal. Moreover, there are high and low levels within the Senate. Senators are divided according to their
The ranking is based on contribution and qualifications. The higher the ranking, the greater the chance of being selected for presidential nomination.
In addition, the Senate can be called a House of Nobles in a sense, because after the senator's contribution reaches a certain level, he can be granted a title. For example, if he reaches the level of commander, he can be promoted to a marquis. This kind of title
It cannot be inherited. On the surface it is an honorary title, but in fact it is a symbol of identity and status.
This is because there is an absolute hierarchy within the Senate. The highest rank is overwhelming. Anyone who is elected president can be directly promoted to the title of Duke. He is a senior figure in the Senate. He has an absolutely high position and has the right to nominate.
They also decide on senatorial candidates and presidential candidates, and they can even directly impeach the current president.
One of the reasons why Wan Lei divided the House of Representatives into the House of Representatives and the Senate and gave the Senate enough power was to give preferential treatment to the elders. After all, these people have been born and died for so many years, and now it is time to share the fruits of victory. And more importantly, it is time to share the fruits of victory. The purpose is to select elite talents and encourage officials to be enterprising and enterprising to ensure that the government is "capable".
You should know that parliamentary democracy seems to be better than the monarchy, but it also has shortcomings. One of them is that it is prone to wrangling, which leads to the inefficiency and inefficiency of the government. In order to reduce this unnecessary wrangling and internal friction, we need to have a strong Organizations to ensure the long-term stability of national policies, the Senate is such an organization.
However, whether they are senators or representatives, most of these people have another identity, that is, they are members of the Zulong Party. Before the parliament is convened every year, a party meeting must be held behind closed doors. Many important bills are discussed within the party meeting. When the Parliament actually convenes, it is actually a meeting of unity and victory.
Parliament is the legislative body. As for the government as the administrative organ, it is led by the President, and the actual work is handled by the Executive Yuan. Several large departments, such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Science and Education, are responsible for administrative matters.
Administrative officials are also divided into grades. Similar to the Ming Dynasty, there are nine grades and eighteen grades. Each grade has corresponding treatment. The prime minister is the first grade, the deputy prime minister is the first grade, the minister is the second grade, and so on. Among them, officials above the second grade are all They are nominated by the president and voted by the parliament. Those with grades above the fifth grade are nominated by the Minister of Personnel and selected by the president; those with grades below the fifth grade are selected and appointed by the Ministry of Personnel.
In addition, the judicial power has also been separated from the administrative power. In addition to the Executive Yuan, there are the Judicial Yuan and the Supervisory Yuan, which are at the same level as the Executive Yuan. The Judicial Yuan and its courts at all levels located in various provinces, prefectures and counties are responsible for hearing various cases. Criminal and civil cases, and the Supervisory Yuan, as the public prosecutor in criminal cases, is also responsible for supervising officials.
In addition to judicial power, military power has also been stripped away from administrative power. The military is still directly led by the Military Commission. The president also serves as the chairman of the Military Commission, and the members of the Military Commission generally also serve as commanders of military regions. They are absolutely powerful. Of course, Wan Lei There is no need to worry about the separation of military powers leading to warlord separatism, because there are party and political commissars within the army and various complete military regulations, which are enough to ensure the nationalization of the army.
The central power structure is basically completed. As for the structure of local government, which corresponds to the Executive Yuan, take the provincial level as an example. There is the provincial governor as the chief executive, with official ranks ranging from second grade to deputy provincial governors in charge of administrative affairs such as personnel, civil affairs, finance, science and education. As long as it grows, there are also subordinate agencies of the central ministries such as the Personnel Bureau, the Civil Affairs Bureau, and the Finance Bureau. The same is true for prefectures and counties, but the scale and number of people are decreasing.
Officials at the county level (seventh grade) and above are directly appointed by the central government, while ordinary officials are selected through examinations and assessed by the Ministry of Personnel, thus achieving "seamlessness" with the imperial examination system that has been implemented for hundreds of years. Connect and absorb more outstanding talents to join politics, thereby expanding the basis of governance.
As for the grassroots organizations below the county level, such as townships, these organizations are based on clan autonomy. Wan Lei does not want to break this form of autonomy. As long as the law is used to improve the personal rights of citizens, and at the same time relax household registration management and allow people to move freely, this can eliminate the clan system. The power of the clan leader is limited to prevent the clan power from expanding indefinitely.
"Everyone, the "Outline of the Founding of the Republic of China" has been drafted. Next, we must establish a national parliament in accordance with the requirements of the outline, revise the "Peking Parallel Provincial Charter" into the "Constitution", elect the president, form a government, and the Republic of China will be officially established. ." At the end of the closed-door meeting, Wan Lei's excited voice echoed in the venue.
Everyone at the meeting stood up excitedly, and the warm applause lasted for a long time. Once the country is established, everyone present will be the founding fathers, and their success and fame will be passed down through the ages. There is nothing more exciting than this.