After visiting the construction of Baotou Industrial Base, Wu Aihua and his party headed south without stopping to visit Shanxi Coal Energy Group.
Shanxi is a major coal-producing province in my country, and its output has always ranked first among all provinces. During the Republic of China, Shanxi's coal output was unparalleled, and other places could not catch up.
In the 34th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1908), Shanxi businessman Qu Benqiao (who had studied in Japan and was appointed as an official as Sanpin Jingtang after returning to China) and others collected 1.62 million taels of silver and founded Shanxi Baojin Mining Co., Ltd. in a semi-mechanical manner.
Mining coal. This is the beginning of Shanxi's modern coal industry. Baojin Mining Co., Ltd. has four divisions: Pingding, Datong, Shouyang, and Jincheng. It was the largest coal enterprise in Shanxi at the time.
After entering the Republic of China, Fenyang Coal Mine, "Tiancheng Coal Mine", "Shendi Coal Mine", "Jinfeng Coal Mine", Qingfeng Coal Mine, Gaojiahe Coal Mine, Zifangou Coal Mine, Xigou Coal Mine and Dishuiyan Coal Mine emerged successively in Shanxi.
There are dozens of coal mines such as Sidagou, Dayaopo, Zaolong Xuancheng, Daheping, Xiaoheping, Sandaogou, Dagou, Wanjiazui, etc. The most influential ones are Jincheng Nancun Coal Mine and Changzhi Zhiyu Coal Mine.
and Lucheng Shigejie Machine Coal Kiln.
The annual output of these modern coal mines ranges from several thousand tons to hundreds of thousands of tons, and most of them are small and medium-sized coal mining enterprises. Wu Aihua entrusted Yan Xishan to establish the "Shanxi Coal Energy Group", not to consolidate these enterprises scattered throughout Shanxi.
To be integrated into one company, it is necessary to formulate a reasonable and sustainable development of the coal industry pattern and provide financial, technical and management support to Shanxi's existing coal industry.
Shanxi Coal Energy Group, in principle, does not participate in the mining of small and medium-sized coal mines, and is mainly committed to the construction of large coal mines, extra large coal mines, thermal power generation and other large companies.
Taiyuan Electric Power Company's first 50,000-kilowatt generating unit, with a total installed capacity of 1.2 million kilowatts, had already started generating electricity when Wu Aihua inspected it. This generating unit is also a thermal power generating unit independently developed by China.
At the same time, coal mining machinery such as drum shearers, plows, tunnel boring machines, scraper conveyors, hydraulic supports, ventilators, and drainage machines produced by Taiyuan Mining Machinery Factory began to be put on the market to help various large and small coal mines improve their coal production capacity.
.Most of these mechanical equipment are technologies from the 1960s onwards. The appearance in this era is completely a miracle!
In addition to the coal industry, Shanxi's industrial foundation in other aspects is also quite good.
For example, the machinery manufacturing industry can produce simple machinery, tools and accessories such as dough cutting machines, cotton gins, gears, farm tools, cotton embossing machines, water absorbing machines, and looms. The scale of machinery manufacturing factories is not large, such as Taiyuan Youyiju,
Wanshun, Yicheng and other iron works, Pingyao has Juxing Iron Works, and Linfen has Jinxing Machinery Works.
In addition, there are textile industry, non-ferrous metal mining and smelting, steel smelting, matches, flour, paper making, hardware and other industries.
In Shanxi, there is only one well-known enterprise in the country, the Taiyuan Arsenal. This modern arsenal developed from the Shanxi Machinery Bureau in the late Qing Dynasty, all using German equipment, and its scale and degree of modernization exceed the most famous Hanyang Arsenal and Shenyang Arsenal in the Republic of China.
The arsenal has 3,800 sets (sets) of various types of processing equipment, 15,000 employees, and more than 5,000 staff, totaling more than 20,000 people. Even in later generations, it was still a large-scale factory.
In terms of the layout of the military industry, Wu Aihua adopted one system for the three major ordnance industry groups, Longyan, Hanyang, and Chongqing, while Taiyuan Ordnance Industry Group used another system. The former is controlled by the state and is owned by the government and privately owned companies; the latter
It is jointly operated by multiple parties and shareholders. As for the Taiyuan Arsenal, the original major shareholder was mainly the Shanxi local government, and the Yan Xishan family naturally also had shares. After Wu Aihua took over the central government, he decided to make additional investments in the Taiyuan Arsenal. Among them, the central government used the latest
Military technology invested in the company, accounting for 25% of the shares; the former local government of Shanxi Province accounted for 28% of the shares; the Yan Shi family and other families accounted for 12% of the shares; in addition, 500 million Chinese yuan was raised from all walks of life, accounting for 35% of the shares.
The Huaxia Yuan, originally the currency issued by the South China Bank, had a ratio of 10:1 to the U.S. dollar, that is, 10 Huaxia Yuan was equivalent to 1 U.S. dollar. Compared with the previous legal tender of the National Government, it was 2:1, that is, 2 Huaxia Yuan was equivalent to 1 legal tender.
However, with the staged victory of the Anti-Japanese War and the reunification of the country, the Chinese Yuan has appreciated by about 10%.
Therefore, this 500 million Huaxia Yuan is equivalent to 56 million U.S. dollars, and the total assets of the entire Shanxi Ordnance Industry Group will reach 150 million U.S. dollars, undoubtedly becoming a giant in this era.
It turned out that Yan Xishan himself also served as the general manager of Shanxi Arsenal. When reorganizing Shanxi Industry, Wu Aihua had a good talk with Yan Xishan and explained to him the concepts of board of directors, board of supervisors, chairman, and general manager.
I gave a lecture, especially the concept of "professional manager" was explained in detail.
Although Yan Xishan is 57 years old, he is a man of good deeds. He understood Wu Aihua's meaning as soon as he heard it, and also understood his own shortcomings. Therefore, under An Xin as the governor of Shanxi Province, Yan Xishan had a great deal of responsibility for "Shanxi Coal"
The two major group companies, "Energy Group" and "Shanxi Ordnance Industry Group", have all given up management rights, but only served as the "chairman of the supervisory board" of the two major companies.
After leaving Shanxi, Wu Aihua and his party headed for the most important place on this trip, the Baocheng-Chengdu Railway construction site.
China's transportation problems are relatively easy to deal with in Northeast, North, East, Central and South China, but it is very difficult to deal with in the northwest and southwest. The northwest is vast and sparsely populated, so construction is lagging behind and no one will say anything; but in the southwest
But it is extremely different. During the Anti-Japanese War, the population of Sichuan alone reached 40 million, accounting for about one-tenth of China's total population. If Yunnan and Guizhou are added to the two provinces, the total population was nearly 70 million, which was larger than Germany's 56 million population.
More than 10 million more.
However, transportation in the southwest is limited by the terrain. "The road to Shu is difficult, and it is difficult to reach the sky." Li Bai, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, lamented that this sentiment did not fundamentally change for a long time until later generations.
Therefore, the construction of a railway connecting the northwest and southwest, and then directly to north and east China, became a key project in the infrastructure construction of the new Republic of China.
Regarding the construction of the Baocheng-Chengdu Railway, China has made a lot of preparations before. After 1913, geological exploration was carried out on the Tong (Datong)-Chengdu (Chengdu) Railway, but at that time it did not have the strength to carry out construction; in 1936, the Baocheng-Chengdu Railway was once again carried out.
Exploration was carried out along the line, and exploration continued until 1948. The Tianshui-Chengdu project was even chosen, but due to one or another reason, construction was not started.
It was not until 1952 that later dynasties officially started the construction of the Baoji-Chengdu Railway. Construction started in Chengdu on July 1 of that year, and in January 1954 on the Baoji section; on July 12, 1956, the northern and southern sections were completed in Huangshan, Hui County, Gansu.
It took 4 years for Shahe to be connected to traffic.
The Baocheng-Chengdu Railway was one of the most difficult construction projects in China at that time. It has a total length of 669 kilometers, including 84 kilometers of tunnels (a total of 304 tunnels) and 28 kilometers of bridges (1,001 large, medium and small bridges).
17% of the total mileage. During the most difficult period of the project, China gathered 50% of the national railway system construction personnel and 80% of all construction machinery to participate in the battle, and finally solved the construction problem.
However, due to problems in design and construction technology at the time, the Baocheng Railway began electrification from the day it was built, and became the first electrified railway in later generations.
The reason for this situation is not that the Baocheng Railway is so important and it is the most important railway in China; it is because the slope of the Baocheng Railway is too steep. It would take at least 4-6 ordinary steam locomotives to pull one train forward and push it back.
A train was pushed and pulled up. Even if electrification was later implemented, it still required three electric locomotives to push forward and push back to maintain the normal speed of a train.
According to the information provided by the "Meritorious Service System", the straight-line distance from Yangjiawan Station to Qinling Tunnel on the Baocheng-Chengdu Railway is 6 kilometers, but the elevation is 680 meters. In order to overcome the terrain height difference, after passing Yangjiawan Station, it is
It rises with a circuitous expansion line of 3 horseshoe shapes and 1 spiral shape ("8" shape). The lines are stacked on three levels with a height difference of 817 meters. This is the famous Guanyin Mountain expansion line, which also extends the 6-kilometer straight line distance into
27 kilometers of railway, and the line between Guanyin Mountain and Qingshiyan climbs rapidly at a steep slope of 33‰; then it passes through the 2364-meter Qinling Tunnel to Qinling Station, and at Qinling Station, the Baocheng Railway
The 12‰ downhill slope goes along the Jialing River to Guangyuan, Sichuan Province.
The Baocheng Railway design plan in parallel time and space abandoned the "Guanyin Mountain Extension Line" and instead directly built a 9,218-meter ultra-long-distance tunnel "Qinling Tunnel" from Yangjiawan Station to Qinling Station. In addition,
In other sections, try not to use the method of "saving work and material". Tunnels must be built where tunnels should be built, bridges should be built directly, and this railway should be built into a "fast railway" as much as possible.
Can such a long tunnel be built? In fact, there are already several railway tunnels in the world that have already exceeded this number.
The Sennis Tunnel, built in 1857-1871, connects France and Italy, with a total length of 12,900 meters; the Gotthard Tunnel, built in 1872-1882, in Switzerland, with a total length of 15,000 meters; the Simplon Tunnel, completed in 1921
, connecting Switzerland and Italy, with a total length of 19,800 meters; in later generations of China, there are also some railway tunnels that are famous in the world, such as the Taihang Mountain Tunnel with a total length of 27,848 meters, the Luliang Mountain Tunnel with a total length of 20,785 meters, and the Wuliang Mountain Tunnel with a total length of 20,050 meters.
Sheoling Tunnel.
However, never forget that Wu Aihua has a "merit system".
On the one hand, Wu Aihua asked the Ministry of Transportation to send experts to Switzerland, Italy and other countries to learn from experience, and on the other hand, he asked the "meritorious system" for productivity. A completely new tunnel construction method based on the 1960s will emerge in this era.
In terms of excavation, a "combined boring machine" is used. This combined boring machine replaces several processes such as drilling, blasting, and ballast loading. It can load rock ballast into large-capacity mine trucks or dump trucks at once.
.In terms of full-section lining construction, there is a formwork trolley that mixes concrete from a concrete mixing building or mixing station and delivers it to the lining working surface through a concrete conveyor truck or concrete conveying pump. In addition, the exported shotcrete anchor technology, New Austrian Method
Technology, tunnel lighting, ventilation, pumping, cooling technology and other construction techniques have all been revolutionized.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the average annual excavation speed of railway tunnels in the United States was 4.4 kilometers. However, due to the adoption of new machinery and new construction methods on the Baocheng Railway, the tunnel excavation speed will reach an astonishing 12 kilometers per year.