The Second Anglo-Dutch War was not limited to Europe, but also had separate battlefields in America and Africa.
A British naval expedition... Well, it was actually a group of pirates. They had long been entrenched in the Caribbean Islands. After receiving the order from Charles II, the pirates immediately attacked New Amsterdam. After occupying it, they changed its name to New York!
At the same time, the British Royal African Company began to attack the West African colonies in an attempt to seize the ivory, slave and gold trade from the Dutch.
On the main battlefield in Europe, Britain dispatched more than a hundred warships, 4,200 large and small artillery pieces, and a troop strength of 22,000 men.
This was the result of Charles II selling iron and steel, as well as the wealth saved by Cromwell, and of course the enthusiastic investment of Dutch businessmen.
The Port of Amsterdam was blockaded by the British navy for half a month. The Dutch industry and commerce were already in decline, and the port was blocked. Prices in the capital soared to the point of starvation.
Then, the British withdrew their troops...
All decent British ships were converted into warships for fighting. As a result, there were not enough grain transport ships. The navy ran out of grain and had to return home for supplies.
The Netherlands took the opportunity to recover, and the big businessmen negotiated urgently and decided to grit their teeth and raise military expenses. They first solved the Dutch navy's salary problem, and then assembled the fleet to start a counterattack. In the end, a battle broke out between the two sides in the waters of Lowestoft.
In the history of human naval warfare, battle line tactics were used in actual combat for the first time.
This thing has been proposed before, but the British Navy was the first to adopt it, but the first performance was not perfect.
The British navy had the upper hand and formed a battle line. The Dutch navy responded hastily and the formation collapsed. The two sides passed each other side by side. Because the British were not familiar with tactics, they forgot about the battle line.
Thing about the line.
It eventually turned into a big fight, with each other's warships entangled with each other, but the Dutch were more chaotic than the British.
The battle continued into the afternoon when the Dutch flagship exploded and the British army won a complete victory.
The Netherlands lost 18 warships and more than 5,000 sailors and soldiers, but the main force still managed to escape from the battlefield.
Two months later, fighting broke out again.
This time, the Netherlands issued a wartime mobilization order and summoned a large number of armed merchant ships to participate in the war. The British lost several warships, but the main force retreated safely, and on the way back home, they captured more than a dozen Dutch merchant ships that had escaped the waves.
Two months later, the third battle began.
Historically, the British navy has always had the upper hand. As a result, the Black Death broke out in the country, and more than 100,000 people died in London alone. From then on, the situation reversed, and Britain eventually lost the second Anglo-Dutch War.
The war is now two years ahead of schedule, the Black Death has not broken out in London, and the British navy has been suppressing the Netherlands.
The Netherlands urgently launched diplomatic action and formed an anti-British alliance with Denmark.
Since France was married to Britain, it was inconvenient for Louis XIV to intervene forcefully. However, the Sun King was a bad guy and secretly sent supplies to the Netherlands, instigating the Netherlands to fight the British to the end.
Britain went to Portugal for help, but the young king of Portugal was a paralytic and mentally ill. The king could not make the decision, and a group of nobles argued endlessly. In the end, they agreed to form an alliance with Britain, but they were only willing to cheer for Britain from the side.
More and more Dutch merchants woke up and took the initiative to join the battle with armed merchant ships. The British and the Dutch began a four-year tug of war.
Both sides ran out of food and frantically purchased food from other countries. Merchants took the opportunity to drive up prices, causing food prices to rise sharply in Europe and making people in various countries miserable.
French and Spanish grain merchants took the opportunity to make a fortune selling grain.
Finally, the Black Death broke out in London and Britain's fragile finances completely collapsed.
The Netherlands was not much better. There were many hungry people in the country, overseas trade was severely damaged, and the Dutch East India Company was heavily in debt.
But Charles II was tough, or in other words, the monarchy was more suitable for war. Despite the pressure of the Black Death in London, he continued to send troops to blockade Dutch ports, patrolled key sea areas, and robbed Dutch merchant ships when they saw them.
If it continues to be delayed, Britain will definitely be unable to sustain it first, but the weakness of businessmen affects the war.
The Dutch businessmen do not want to fight anymore. If they continue to fight, the Netherlands may win, but many of them will go bankrupt!
At this time, France and Spain were at war, and the battlefield was in the Spanish Netherlands, which frightened the British and the Dutch to immediately negotiate a truce.
Charles II opened his mouth and the Dutch bargained.
The general content of the armistice treaty is as follows: New York in North America and Suriname in South America, the two Dutch colonies, were all ceded to Britain. At the same time, Britain promised to amend the Navigation Regulations and no longer cause trouble to the Netherlands.
Then, a dramatic scene came.
Britain and the Netherlands fought to the death and suddenly announced an alliance. They also roped in Sweden, and the three countries formed an anti-French alliance, demanding that France return Spanish territory.
However, King Philip IV of Spain died of illness, and Louis XIV claimed that his wife's dowry was not enough. Now that the King of Spain is dead, his wife is a Spanish princess and has the right to inherit the Spanish throne. The wife is willing to give up the throne, along with the lack of her dowry.
If the dowry is enough, Spain can compensate for a piece of land.
That territory was the Spanish Netherlands, which was roughly equivalent to Belgium and Luxembourg later.
France quickly sent troops and took advantage of the new Spanish king's unsteady footing to easily swallow up the Spanish Netherlands.
Before Spain could react, Britain and the Netherlands exploded.
If France annexes that territory, the Netherlands is like a dumpling and may be annexed by France at any time. Even if France does not take action, the Netherlands will live in trepidation.
The British were dissatisfied with France's funding of the Dutch war, and were afraid that France would continue to grow.
It was completely inexplicable that Sweden actually got involved and formed a three-nation anti-French alliance with Britain and the Netherlands.
Louis XIV ignored it and continued to attack Spain, occupying Conté and other areas, and fought until Spain and Portugal negotiated a peace.
What does this have to do with Portugal?
Louis XIV married his cousin to the fool king of Portugal and gave him a large dowry, instigating Portugal to attack Spain. The queen, who was married from France, had an affair with the brother of the fool king and joined forces to control the power of Portugal. She actually made trouble with
Spain goes to war.
When Spain saw something was wrong, it not only chose to negotiate for peace, but also formally recognized Portugal's independence.
Due to the establishment of the anti-French alliance, France also launched peace talks with Spain, giving up the occupied Spanish mainland but retaining control of some cities in the Spanish Netherlands.
France thus stabilized its northern border, but the conflict with the Netherlands completely intensified.
As for Britain, although it is allied with the Netherlands against France, it is secretly preparing for the third Anglo-Dutch War. When the time comes, Britain will pull France to fight the Netherlands. Charles II and Louis XIV are so bad.
In any case, this series of wars severely damaged Spain, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.
In India, the Dutch had no temper when facing China, and even looked down upon the King of Jin.
They were afraid that if they were not careful, China would suddenly start a war and occupy the Dutch colony in Ceylon. After learning about the situation in Europe, China took the opportunity to demand commercial interests and obtained the same commercial privileges of the Netherlands in India and Ceylon.
In the Americas, the Spanish royal family's rule was completely out of control. The Chinese trade fleet sailed past in a swaggering manner, and smuggling was completely open. In addition, the Luzon Navy went to Cebu Island for a tour and fired a few cannons as a warning.
Meeting gift.
The Governor-General Palefo, who was far away in Mexico, was so frightened that he lowered the commission on Chinese merchant ships, and the profits of Li Quan's Sihai Trading Company soared by 5%.
Spain and the Netherlands are completely in decline, the UK is licking its wounds, and France has suddenly become the hegemon of Europe. China can make a little extra money without doing anything, and it can't wait for European countries to fight more.
As for India, the two brothers, the Mughal Emperor and the Bengal Emperor, went on a militaristic and crazy expansion, which eventually led to disastrous consequences.
There were frequent uprisings in their country, and they had nothing to do all year round and were busy leading their troops to quell the rebellion.
Especially in Afghanistan, the chiefs of various tribes fought guerrillas with the Mughals in the mountains, forcing the Mughals to give up their right to rule Afghanistan.
Then, a civil war among the chiefs broke out in Afghanistan, and those chiefs wanted to be king themselves.
After losing the territory of Afghanistan, the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb became more and more angry, so he attacked the Golconda country in the south with all his strength.
The two sides fought back and forth, and the rebel forces on both sides also fought back and forth with the government forces.
In order to obtain war funds and intensify the exploitation of Hindus, the Golconda Kingdom successively had three territories, and the princes of the Hindu princes declared independence. One of the territories, next to the Jin Kingdom, actually chose to be loyal to the Jin king to resist the Golconda Sultan.
counterattack.
The country of Oman on the Arabian Peninsula started a rapid expansion mode. From the Gulf of Aden to Kenya, everything became the territory of Oman. The Portuguese were beaten to the point of panic.
The wise emperor of Persia died, and his son succeeded to the throne. He became an alcoholic and stayed in the palace drinking all day long. The power of the Persian Empire fell into the hands of the eunuchs. The Persian border was constantly invaded by Central Asian tribes, and the land was lost bit by bit.
.
The Ottoman Empire ended the Queen's Era, and the 80-year-old veteran took charge of the overall situation, restored the central power and the combat effectiveness of the troops, and once again expanded wildly towards the surrounding areas. In particular, Venice's overseas territories were occupied by the Ottomans one by one, and the Ottoman Empire was planning to attack Austria.
Russia and the Ottomans fought so hard that they were unable to expand into Siberia.
Nanjing, Forbidden City.
Zhao Han said to Bayinkov, who was on his second mission to China: "Go back and tell Emperor Rakshasa to give up the Yenisei Military District as soon as possible, otherwise there will only be endless war waiting for him. I will fight all the way to the Volga River."
!”
Bayinkov prostrated on the ground: "Your Majesty, the great Emperor, if China claims the Lake Baikal area, I will return to Moscow to convey it to His Majesty the Tsar, and mediate to promote armistice negotiations. But it is impossible for Russia to give up the Yenisei River Basin.
, the Russians will definitely fight to the bitter end!"
"Lake Baikal?" Zhao Han sneered. "That's already China's North Sea. There's Osinsk not far to the west. Only by occupying there can China completely control the North Sea. Counting the time, the Beihai Protectorate should have already sent troops.
Well, maybe when you go back, Osinsk has already changed its Chinese name. Take Osinsk, then Verkhnylusk, and Ust-Kut. These names are too hard to pronounce. It is best to change them to Chinese names in the future.
"
Bayinkov lay on the ground, his face almost desperate.
The damn Ottomans are expanding like mad dogs, dragging all the Russian troops at the border. It is impossible to mobilize them to fight in the Yenisey region.
Ottoman is a mad dog, and China is also a mad dog. Russia has to face two mad dogs at the same time.
Zhao Han smiled and said: "I have sent an envoy to visit the Ottomans. I heard that the Ottoman prime minister is an almost 90-year-old veteran. I really admire him for his efforts to turn the tide and eradicate the bad government. With such a wise veteran, I am willing
Ally with the Ottomans."
Bayinkov was stunned when he heard this. If the Ottomans and China form an alliance, will Russia still have a way to survive?
