255 [Rural Covenant and Industrial Technology Revolution] (for the penguin boss
Three months ago, Ji'an Prefecture.
The army had been dispersed, and Zhao Han stayed in Ji'an, taking care of military and political affairs.
Zhang Bingwen, the chief envoy of Jiangxi Province, was officially promoted to one of the three chief secretaries, responsible for assisting Zhao Han in handling government affairs. It is a bit like the cabinet ministers of the Ming Dynasty, but there are fundamental differences. Zhao Han's chief secretary does not have the power to draft votes, and
If you do it for a long time, you need to put it outside.
"Headquarters, here is a memorial for the title of magistrate of Anfu County. I'm afraid we need to pay special attention to it." Zhang Bingwen handed over an official document.
Zhao Han took it and took a look. It was a little funny at first, but soon he frowned.
It was originally just a small case, and it happened at the end of last year.
A soldier was rewarded for his meritorious service. When he returned home during the Chinese New Year, he brought back a copper bun for his wife. This was a piece of jewelry worn around the bun. It was also decorated with necklaces, pearls or other decorations. Generally, only ladies were qualified to wear it.
The soldier's wife used to be a maid in the landlord's family.
She went out wearing jewelry during the Chinese New Year and showed off that it was made of gold. She happened to run into her former hostess. The hostess made some sarcastic remarks, and the two sides immediately had a quarrel, with each other pulling each other's hair.
The two went to the village chief crying, and the village chief asked them to explain the reason, asked them to apologize to each other, and promised not to argue over this matter in the future.
As a result, both women were not convinced, so they took their families and went to the mayor.
One said that the other party insulted him first, and the other reported that the other party was wearing gold jewelry, which must have been stolen by her husband while fighting outside.
The mayor did not dare to neglect, and immediately asked someone to inspect the goods, and found that it was copper.
The matter should have ended here. The woman who was a landowner suddenly made a fuss about abiding by the village covenant. Then, the group of people began to seriously discuss whether the soldier's wife was qualified to wear a bun if the village covenant was followed.
.
Finally, the trouble went to the magistrate of Anfu County.
The county magistrate believes that the highest legal principle in Jiangxi should be based on the articles in the "Datong Collection". Even if the "Da Ming Code" conflicts with the "Datong Collection", the "Da Ming Code" should be set aside, not to mention that it is just a township agreement.
According to the article in "Datong Collection", since all people are equal in personality, ordinary women can also wear buns.
The letter written by Anfu County Magistrate to Zhao Han was not about the case itself, but about how to standardize and guide township covenants.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, in China's vast rural areas, there were no laws, only township covenants.
Unless someone is killed, the government won't care at all.
Zhao Han put down the letter and asked, "Do you know when Xiangyue appeared?"
Zhang Bingwen handed over his hand and said: "The principle comes from "Zhou Rites", and the real written document is "Lantian Lu Family Covenant". Zhu Xi highly praised this and personally wrote it and changed it to "Increase and Loss Lu Family Covenant". In the early years of the Guo Dynasty, Emperor Taizu
The village drinking ceremony was carried out, and the village elders with good reputations were allowed to educate the people and handle disputes in villages and towns. The village elders educated the people and resolved disputes, which could also be regarded as a kind of village covenant. Chengzu also listed the "Lu Family Covenant"
It was included in the "Complete Collection of Nature and Principles" and spread throughout the world. As for its true implementation, it was actually through Yangming's Xinxue."
"What does this have to do with Duke Yangming?" Zhao Hanzhen didn't know.
Zhang Bingwen explained: "During the Zhengde period, the customs deteriorated. Taizu's village drinking ceremony had ceased to exist in name only. Those village elders were no longer virtuous, but took the lead in oppressing the people."
To put it more clearly, Zhu Yuanzhang used village elders, grain chiefs, and village chiefs to rule the countryside. With the development of social economy, by the mid-Ming Dynasty, these grassroots ruling forces were completely destroyed.
Zhang Bingwen continued: "When Duke Yangming was suppressing bandits in southern Jiangxi, in addition to lightening corvees and degrading taxes, resettling refugees, and exterminating bandits, he also had to educate the people of southern Jiangxi. Therefore, Duke Yangming formulated the Baojia system, based on the "Lu Family Covenant"
》 was the original method, and each Baojia was asked to make a township covenant. Southern Gansu was greatly prospered. Later, when Yangminggong's disciples became officials, this method was imitated in various places. However, instead of using Baojia, local nobles were summoned to make an oath together.
Township agreement."
"This method has good results. During the Jiajing period, the imperial court ordered it to be promoted throughout the world."
Wang Yangming's influence was not limited to the creation of spiritual studies and the suppression of bandits. His Baojia and rural covenant laws continued into the Republic of China, building China's rural political ecology for hundreds of years.
After the establishment of the rural covenant, although the gentry and wealthy families still messed around, most of them had to abide by the rural covenant.
In other words, when the gentry and wealthy families return to their hometowns to fight, the basic rules must still be followed. If you break the bottom line, you will be poked in the back by the villagers.
In addition, Wang Yangming's rural covenant also influenced the formulation of family rules for hundreds of years in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Township covenants can be understood as an enlarged version of family rules, which are compulsorily observed under the Baojia system. Or, they can be voluntarily joined by local large households and they all vow to abide by their agreements.
The specific contents include: do good deeds when you see them, correct mistakes when you do wrong, respect the old and care for the young, encourage each other, help each other, standardize words and deeds, standardize etiquette. Promote trustworthiness, not associate with gangsters, work diligently... and so on.
Under each item, there are detailed regulations. If anyone violates it, we will discuss and deal with it together.
Why did Zhang Bingwen remind Zhao Han that he must pay attention?
Because according to the letter from the magistrate of Anfu, many local gentry are quietly promoting the township agreement. Maybe some people have good intentions, but more people probably want to seize the right to speak at the grassroots level!
Many village chiefs saw that the contents of the township agreement were very good, and in order to facilitate the management of the countryside, they even took the initiative to cooperate with the gentry in trouble.
This is shaking Zhao Han's foundation!
Zhang Bingwen not only mastered mathematics, but was also proficient in "Datong Collection". He suggested: "The general town and township covenants can be promoted. After all, they are all meant to encourage people to do good. But two points must be paid attention to. First, those who violate the covenant will be punished.
It cannot be mediated and handled by the gentry; secondly, a few items in the Township Agreement are in conflict with the "Datong Collection", and these contents must be deleted!"
"That's a very good statement," Zhao Han nodded and said, "Let each village and town submit the contents of their township agreement. You can bring a few people with you to look for inadequacies, delete them and give them to me for review."
"Yes!" Zhang Bingwen immediately took the order and left.
Zhao Han wrote another note, stamped it, and asked his secretary to forward it to each department.
This note is for paying the village chief's salary.
The village chief does not deal with any major matters, but mainly resolves trivial disputes in the village, so he must be a person from the village. If an outsider is allowed to serve as the village chief, unless he is extremely capable, he will not be able to accomplish many things.
In the past, village chiefs used their love to generate electricity without being paid. After the novelty wore off, they inevitably developed a mentality of slacking off, so they helped the gentry promote the rural covenant, because it would be easier to make a rural covenant.
The village chiefs must be paid wages. Power generated by love will not last long, and there may be people who will use their power for personal gain in the future.
They will think in their hearts, I have paid so much and got no salary, so it is normal to get some benefits.
Paying wages will definitely not prevent this phenomenon, but it can reduce it. Because in ancient agricultural society, if the village chief did not have the power to collect grain and collect corvees, then there would be no money at all. With wages, you will have face and dignity.
, which will make the village chiefs feel much more secure.
What needs to be vigilant most is not the corruption of the village chief, but the village chief bullying men and dominating women and taking advantage of others!
In the next month, Zhao Han's administration focused on two major events: standardizing township covenants and paying wages to the village chief.
Zhang Bingwen took a few scholars to collect the township covenants from various places, and submitted them with deletions, revisions and revisions. Zhao Han personally revised a few more articles.
Then, it is divided into two types.
A vulgar version was sent to every village and town.
The elegantly written version is compiled into the new edition of "Datong Collection".
The name of the article is "Datong Township Covenant", which can be understood as "Datong World Values". Respect the elderly and love the young, make good friends, be diligent in running the house, abide by the law and work hard, and so on.
Don't think it is useless, hundreds of years later, it will become the consensus of all people.
The reason why the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation are deeply rooted in the hearts of the people is largely due to the subtle influence of rural covenants. Even if the people are illiterate, they will gradually understand the truth through word of mouth, and use it to educate their descendants, thus forming a national tradition.
Good quality.
Just when Li Zheng was besieging Changsha, Chen Xisong from the Agricultural Encouragement Office suddenly asked for an audience.
"What improved varieties have been cultivated, or what new agricultural tools have been developed?" Zhao Han asked with a smile.
Chen Xisong was the one who presented the "Agriculture Book" and was thrown into charge of the Agricultural Encouragement Office. He took out a mechanical blueprint and said excitedly: "In the main town, the water can turn the big spinning wheel, and you can spin cotton yarn."
Zhao Han was stunned for a moment, then became ecstatic.
A water-powered spinning machine with more than thirty spindles, this damn thing was incredible in the seventeenth century!
Zhao Han quickly checked the drawings, but was confused and asked: "How can it be improved?"
Chen Xisong was afraid that Zhao Han would not understand, so he explained in detail: "The reason why cotton yarn cannot be spun when a large spinning wheel is turned with water is because the tension of the cotton sliver is not enough. When spinning a large spinning wheel with water, the yarn will often break." Chen Xisong pointed out.
Looking at the drawing, he said, "Please take a look at the main town. I have added a carriage and a pressure plate here, and also added three gears. The large water-spun spinning wheel drives the rotating shaft, and the rotating shaft passes through the three gears. By slowing down the rotation speed, the cotton sliver can be lightened.
The force is exerted. Pass through the pressure plate of the small carriage and hook the spindle rod, the yarn is held, and the carriage also holds the yarn. The rotating shaft rotates the spindle rod through the rope sleeve, and the yarn can be twisted.
.”
Zhao Han understood. The main thing was to add three gears and assemble more sophisticated carriages, pressure plates and spindle bars.
However, this thing definitely has flaws. The cotton sliver must be rolled by hand first. Secondly, the cotton yarn spun is very thick and cannot be used to weave fine cotton cloth, but can only be used to weave some coarse cotton cloth.
In a word, it is positioned as a low-end market and can produce thick cotton yarn in large quantities!
Zhao Han was very satisfied and said to Chen Xisong: "Continue to improve in the future, and I will reward you with ten taels of silver this time. In addition, within five years, if other merchants use this spinning machine, they must give you a sum of silver every year, otherwise
It will be confiscated by the government!"
"Thank you, Chief!" Chen Xisong was overjoyed. The Chen family is going to get rich.
In ancient times, there was no concept of patents. If it were an ordinary spinning machine, it would be really difficult for Zhao Han to manage it.
But the water conservancy spinning machine is different. That thing is too big, so you can check it accurately.
Granting Chen Xisong the right to patent his invention would firstly stimulate craftsmen to invent, and secondly, help promote the large spinning wheel. For the sake of profit, the Chen family would take the initiative to promote it, hoping that the whole of Jiangxi would use this machine.
Zhao Han was very happy that the industrial technology revolution seemed to have begun.
