There is a Huihui Observatory here, and the traditional Chinese Observatory is built on Jiming Mountain.
For more than two hundred years of the Ming Dynasty, in terms of astronomical calendars, the Han calendar and the Hui Hui calendar were parallel. Although the Hui Hui Qin Tianjian was cancelled, the relevant personnel remained, and the Hui Hui Ke was always present in the Onmyoji system.
Back in front of the stargazing platform, Liu Rushi was flipping through a volume of "Chongzhen Almanac", while Zhao Han was flipping through another volume in his hand.
During the Chongzhen period, the Qintian Prison was divided into four.
One is the Taun calendar system, the second is the Hijri calendar system, the third is the Western Bureau system, and the fourth is the Eastern Bureau system.
The Western Game and the Eastern Game competed eight times before and after, and the victory or defeat was determined by measuring the eclipses of the sun and the moon.
The Western Bureau won, so European astronomical knowledge was introduced into the Ming Dynasty's Grand Unification Calendar system. Although it was incompatible, a new calendar was compiled and important parts were selected and engraved into the "Chongzhen Almanac".
The circle is divided into 360 degrees, a day is divided into 96 quarters, and time is divided into 60 steps. These were all introduced into China through the "Chongzhen Almanac".
The set of "Chongzhen Almanac" in Zhao Han's hand was brought to the south from Shandong by missionary Long Huamin.
This book has not been published nationwide at all. It was only printed in small quantities by the Qin Tian Jian in Beijing. It is not available in private book markets.
Zhao Han closed the "Chongzhen Almanac" and asked: "The earth is the center of the universe, the sun and stars revolve around the earth, and the five major planets revolve around the sun. Who is this smart person who proposed this statement and even included it in the Chongzhen Almanac?
"?"
In front of Zhao Han and Liu Rushi, there were more than thirty Chinese and foreign astronomers sitting.
Long Huamin participated in the compilation of this book. He stood up and explained: "Your Majesty, in the Qintian Prison of the former Ming Dynasty, the conflict between the east and the west factions was very fierce. Moreover, the officers of the Qintian Prison were often jealous of talents, self-willed, and reckless.
Interfering with the work of the almanac. Heliocentric theory cannot be incorporated into the almanac at all, and the only option is to adopt geocentric theory."
"I am not Chongzhen, so it is what it should be. The Chongzhen Almanac must be filled with gaps and re-edited," Zhao Han said.
Long Huamin asked: "Your Majesty, when re-editing the almanac, should you directly adopt the Western calendar, or should you introduce Western astronomical knowledge into the T&T calendar?"
Zhao Han smiled and asked: "Which one do you think is suitable?"
Long Huamin replied: "Both are suitable."
Haha, he is really a clever little kid. He probably made many mistakes in the Qintian Prison in Beijing.
Cao Xuequan suddenly stood up and said: "Your Majesty, it is difficult to balance the Western calendar and the Tatong calendar in many aspects. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages."
Cao Xuequan is the originator of Fujian opera. He may not be very famous himself, but his couplets are well known to everyone. It is the sentence: For every man who slaughters dogs for justice, he will be a scholar for those who are unfaithful.
Historically, after the death of Chongzhen, this emperor committed suicide by diving and was rescued. Later, he became an official in the small court of the Southern Ming Dynasty. After Zheng Zhilong surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, he hanged himself to die for his country, leaving behind a dying couplet: A single pen during life, a rope after death.
"I'm asking you, which calendar should you use?" Zhao Han repeated again.
Cao Xuequan said: "Abandon the Ming Dynasty's Datong Calendar, introduce Western astronomical algorithms, and remake Shen Mengxi's Twelve Qi Calendar."
"I second the proposal!" Zeng Yizhuan immediately stood up and agreed. He came from Fujian with Cao Xuequan, and it was obvious that they had already communicated with each other on the way.
Zeng Yishuan was a posthumous son and was taught by his mother to read. After passing the examination to become a scholar, he made a living as a private school teacher, supported his old mother with a meager income, and refused to accept any assistance from anyone. Moreover, he refused to be recommended as an official, and usually taught and studied knowledge.
Write a letter to the local magistrate to discuss matters.
Yang Mano, Archbishop of the Chinese Diocese of the Jesuits, immediately stood up at the same time as Ajulius: "Your Majesty, you can use the Western calendar!"
Zhao Han ignored the two missionaries and only asked Cao Xuequan: "How to calculate the twelve qi calendars?"
Cao Xuequan replied: "Traditional Chinese calendars all use the flat-qi method and are both luni-solar calendars. This will inevitably lead to confusion. Often the season is already spring and the calendar month is still winter. Even if it is reconciled with the leap month method, this contradiction cannot be completely eliminated. .Because the sage Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty created the twelve-qi calendar based on the solar terms."
"Elaborate." Zhao Han still didn't understand.
Cao Xuequan said: "Introducing Western astronomy into the twelve lunar calendar means cutting the ecliptic into 24 equal parts at 360 degrees. Each lunar solar term is at a fixed position in the rotation of the earth, with an angle of 15 degrees from the two neighboring lunar solar terms. .In this way, the Beginning of Spring is January 1st, the Waking of Insects is February 1st, the Qingming Festival is March 1st... The heavy snow is November 1st, and the light cold is December 1st. The big month has 31 days, and the small month has 30 days."
Zhao Han understood clearly that this was a solar calendar that combined Chinese and Western methods, with the moon determined by the twenty-four lunar solar terms. He praised it and said, "This method is very good and will not disrupt the farming season."
In the 20th century, the British came up with a set of Bernard Shaw calendar, which was specially used to calculate agricultural climate. The principle is the same as Shen Kuo's twelve qi calendar. However, the British Shaw calendar set the beginning of winter in the Chinese lunar calendar as January 1 every year. January 1st.
Long Huamin said: "Your Majesty, the compilation of the calendar requires long-term planning."
"Do you think I don't understand?" Zhao Han stood up with a smile, squatted down and picked up a stone to draw a pattern, "This is the earth, this is the sun, this circle is the ecliptic of the earth rotating around the sun. The ecliptic is divided into 360 degrees , divided equally into 24 parts, each part is 15 degrees. Each dividing point is a lunar solar term. The earth rotates 15 degrees, which is a lunar solar term. The earth rotates 1 degree, which is approximately equal to one day, and if the earth rotates 30 degrees, it is approximately equal to one day. One month.”
Long Huamin was speechless. China's new emperor seemed hard to fool.
The term "earth" is a professional term that was officially born when the "Chongzhen Almanac" was compiled. Zhao Han actually even knows about the earth.
Of course Cao Xuequan and others also knew that they were friends with Ai Julius and often discussed astronomical knowledge together.
Fang Yizhi also came to discuss the calendar today. He asked: "Your Majesty, if the new calendar sets the beginning of spring as January 1, will the New Year's Day and Lantern Festival in the old calendar change?"
"It's inconvenient, the New Calendar and the Old Calendar run in parallel," Zhao Han said. "The New Calendar is used to count days, and the Old Calendar is used to count festivals. New Year's Day is still the first day of the Lunar New Year, and festivals such as Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, and Double Ninth Festival will also be retained. From now on, the calendar will be published every year , the new calendar and the old calendar are combined into one. A certain day in the new calendar and a certain day in the old calendar must be printed one by one."
New calendar, solar calendar.
Old calendar, lunisolar calendar.
They are all lunar calendars, and the twenty-four solar terms are consistent.
Zhao Han also said: "The "Chongzhen Almanac" needs to check for errors and fill in the gaps, and it is renamed "The Almanac of the Republic of China". The methods in the almanac are used in compiling the old and new calendars."
"Chongzhen Almanac" is not just a calendar, but a set of astronomy books with five categories of content: astronomical theory, astronomical mathematical tables, astronomical mathematical methods, astronomical instruments, and conversion tables for Eastern and Western astronomical time units.
These include how to calculate the positions of the sun, moon and stars, the movement patterns of the five planets, etc.
Zhao Han continued: "In appointing Cao Xuequan as the director of the Qintianyuan Planetarium, in addition to compiling the old and new calendars and correcting the "Chongzhen Almanac", he will also study more astronomical knowledge in the future. Don't be afraid of offending the emperor with the heliocentric theory. In my opinion, the sun is not
At the center of the universe, the universe may be very big. Maybe there are other earths in the universe, and there are people living on those earths, and the stars in the sky are the suns of those earths."
As soon as this statement came out, many astronomers were stunned.
Zhao Han's statement seems... somewhat reasonable, although it is hard to accept.
Zhao Han asked the missionaries: "In the Western calendar, does the birth of Jesus be the first year?"
"Of course," Yang Mano from Macau, who is the general person in charge of Christianity in China, replied, "Sixty years ago, the Pope approved the promulgation of the Gregorian Calendar and began to use the birthday of the Son as the calendar.
Year."
Zhao Han said with a smile: "In the Western calendar, the saint is the first year. In China, the saint is the first year. In this way, it will be easier to remember the date even if the emperor changes."
Fang Yizhi suggested: "How about taking Confucius's birthday as the first year?"
The scholars present all agreed.
Zhao Han asked, "Can Emperor Xuanyuan's birthday be calculated?"
"It should be okay." Cao Xuequan said.
Zhao Han decided: "Then the birthday of Huangdi Xuanyuan will be the first year."
After saying this, Zhao Han took Liu Rushi's hand and left Yuhuatai surrounded by guards.
Chinese scholars bowed to Cao Xuequan one after another: "Congratulations to Director Cao!"
Cao Xuequan, on the other hand, couldn't laugh or cry. He was a serious Jinshi. He was a scholar at the age of eighteen, a scholar at the age of nineteen, and a Jinshi at the age of twenty-three.
Before Chongzhen became emperor, Cao Xuequan was already the chief envoy. After being dismissed by Wei Zhongxian, he refused Chongzhen's restoration and kept studying at home. Unexpectedly, he was appointed as an astronomical official in his later years.
Astronomical officials are not popular among traditional scholars!
Cao Xuequan said: "Since His Majesty asked me to compile the calendar, I will do my best. As for the director of the astronomy, I will resign and return to my hometown after the calendar is compiled. The two observatories in Nanjing have been abandoned for many years, and many instruments have to be rebuilt.
From now on, my colleagues will have to worry about the preparation."
The Beijing Observatory is equipped with a complete set of instruments and combines Chinese and Western astronomical telescopes, making it one of the top observatories in the world.
Here in Nanjing, we must start from scratch.
The Chinese colleagues left chatting and laughing, but the European missionaries frowned.
Yang Manuo said: "This emperor understands astronomy."
Ajulius said: "His knowledge of Confucianism and mathematics is also very profound. When I communicated with him, I tried to instill theological ideas. Although he did not get angry, he interrupted me many times. This emperor had his own firm beliefs. I
I suggest that you study the Datong Collection carefully to see if you can integrate theology with the Datong Collection."
"Yes, you must do what you want." Yangmano said.
Long Huamin was very unhappy: "If you do this, you will arouse the wrath of the Pope!"
Yangmano said: "The truth must be concealed from the Pope, otherwise it will definitely anger the Chinese emperor and probably ban all preaching."
"The observers are already on the ship heading to Rome, how could they keep it a secret?" Long Huamin shook his head.
Observers are like envoys sent by the Pope to inspect the situation in various parishes.
Even though Zhao Han's burning of missionary books was very radical, they were all books that contained words about God and God. Normally translated as God, that is allowed.
The Pope of Rome is very outrageous and has not allowed Chinese believers to worship their ancestors or worship Confucius.
In particular, the ban on believers worshiping their ancestors caused many riots in China. This was also the case with the Nanjing religious incident, which led Emperor Wanli to order a complete ban on religion.
The missionaries who came to China could be described as suffering from a dilemma. They were facing the pressure of the Pope and the Chinese Emperor.
The next time the observers return to China, they are likely to bring papal orders, which will create a mess again.
It really offended Zhao Han, and all the churches in various places had to be demolished.
