During the holiday, there were only a few officials on duty in the Hanlin Academy.
Zhu Minghao took the outline of the paper he wrote last night and went to the Hanlin Academy library to search for information.
As soon as he entered the library, he bumped into Zhu Cizhao and said, "Mr. Zhaoqi, we have a five-day holiday last year, so we will come here to study in just three days." "Isn't Zhu Yushi here too?" Zhu Minghao said with a smile.
Yushi is an honorific title and is the ancient official name of a librarian, just like calling a prefect a prefect.
Zhu Cizhao's biological mother and sister were both adopted as concubines by the emperor. Although the final score was a bit chaotic, it did not hinder Zhu Cizhao's rise in status. Of course, the emperor was stingy and did not award any titles. He only promoted Zhu Ciyi from an ordinary official to As the junior official in charge of the library, Zhu Ciyi was about to speak when he saw Song Yingxing coming in with a cane. "Greetings to Shou Kui!" The two of them bowed quickly.
Song Yingxing waved his hand and said: "I have retired and am no longer the chief minister. I came here today just to find a few books." Zhu Ciyi asked hurriedly, "What books does the chief minister want to read? I will go find it immediately." "No need." Song Yingxing waved his hand.
Zhu Ciyi and Zhu Mingjin helped Song Yingxing walk in. Not long after, cabinet minister Wu Yingji also came.
Zhu Ciyi found it very strange that a retired chief minister and a current cabinet minister actually came to the library to gather together today.
Song Yingxing was actually in good health, but his rheumatism broke out and he was in so much pain that he couldn't get out of bed. After spring, his symptoms eased and he was able to walk around on crutches. After he resigned, he did not return to Jiangxi immediately, but stayed in Nanjing to plan for Buddhist scriptures. Say it immediately.
Wu Yingji sat down next to Song Yingxing, and Zhu Cizhao personally made some good tea, and then stood by and listened to what they were saying. Wu Yingji said: "Yesterday, Shou Kui's words made me suddenly enlightened. The core of this economics seems to be "money two" The word "economy" has been around since ancient times. It is the abbreviation of "economics for the country and the people" and "economics for the people". However, Zhao Han often used it in other ways, and the ministers gradually got used to it, and the meaning of the word gradually changed to the economy of later generations. .
Song Yingxing said: "Since ancient times, when it comes to economic theory, "Guanzi" must be the best. Guan Zhong talked about economic contingency, which is called the three powers. When I was young, I inspected all kinds of industries. In my prime, I made money for the court by minting coins. In my later years, I assisted Your Majesty in sorting it out. State affairs. I usually talk to His Majesty and gain a lot of insights. Now that I am retired at home, I have a new understanding when I read "Zengzi" again. "Please give me some advice." Wu Yingji handed over his hand.
Song Yingxing said, "Zeng Zhong's Tianquan refers to the weather. Floods, droughts, locusts, and snow epidemics will all affect a country's economy. Land rights refer to products, including cultivated land, mines, woods, and lakes. Human rights have their own explanation, and this is also economics. Core.
Wu Yingji said: "The human rights I understand are adjustments and switches."
Adjustment means that the country stores grain in good years and provides relief in bad years. To put it bluntly, it means that the government controls commodities and prices to achieve the goals of governing the country, weakening enemies, cracking down on profiteers, and stabilizing society.
Opening and closing can be understood as macro-control, encouraging or restricting certain business activities, and guiding the market to develop in accordance with the government's vision. These contents are explained very clearly by Guangqiu.
Song Yingxing said: "Times have changed, and some of the economic methods of "Zengzi" are now outdated, and some of them are incomplete. Compared with the pre-Qin Dynasty, today's industries are prosperous, and even in remote villages, the people are also prosperous. Use money to buy goods. There is also the advantage of land rights. From there, Spain transported countless silver to China. The geographical advantages of Spain can also be used by China through commercial trade."…
Wu Yingji nodded and said: "Indeed."
Song Yingxing also said, "Guan Zhong managed finances and governed the country, advocating frugal use to enrich the people. This is naturally correct, but he used frugality with etiquette and enriched the people with government. The principle is generally correct, but it needs to be slightly modified.
"It needs to be changed," Wu Yingji said.
Guan Zhong's "Effective People and Government" content is: light agricultural taxes, level commercial taxes, limit the number of merchants, carefully recruit corvees, and ensure agricultural production. Zhao Han's philosophy of governing the country is roughly the same as this set of methods. But there are no restrictions.
The number of merchants actually encourages the development of industry and commerce.
Guan Zhong's "Search for etiquette". On the surface, it talks about what clothes the emperor, princes, and officials should wear, but in fact it talks about the administrative expenses of the country. Don't set up inactive official positions, and don't randomly grant unnecessary titles. Song and Ming Dynasties
The two dynasties obviously violated Guan Zhong's thoughts. There were a lot of redundant officials in the Song Dynasty, and a large family of clans in the Ming Dynasty. But some of Guan Zhong's methods were obviously outdated.
For example, Guan Zhong said that if the government can do business in person, the market will inevitably become deserted. When the market is deserted, there will be fewer merchants and there will be sufficient agricultural labor. If agriculture is prosperous, there will be no shortage of national tax revenue.
This was obviously because productivity was low at that time, so the agricultural labor force had to be ensured and the number of businessmen had to be suppressed. Suddenly, Song Yingxing said to Zhu Cizhao: "I once read a "Xujiang Collected Works", and I don't know if it is available here. You go
Looking for someone. Zhu Ciyi asked, "Which dynasty is this "Collected Works of Xujiang" from? "Song Dynasty." Song Yingxing said.
Zhu Ciyi acted immediately and found it quickly, but it was already badly infested. Song Yingxing said to Wu Yingji, "This book contains "The Policy of Enriching the Country." Wu Yingji flipped through it out of curiosity and started reading it on the spot.
The first article talks about the need for money to govern the country, and officials should not be shy about talking about profit. The second article restrains land annexation. The fifth article restrains the number of borrowed roads. The seventh article discusses the establishment of seals for free warehouses. The third and eighth articles discuss currency.
.The fourth, sixth, ninth and tenth chapters discuss industry and commerce.
When discussing the land issue, the author Li Liang, from the perspective of labor force and means of production, believes that land beauty destroys the close integration of labor force (farmers) and means of production (land). Therefore, it will definitely hinder agricultural production.
When discussing currency, we also talked about the issues of inflation and deflation, and believed that prices that are too high or too low are detrimental to the people. In addition, cheap grain will hurt farmers, and expensive grain will hurt farmers. When discussing industry and commerce, industrial and commercial practitioners are divided into
There are three types of wealthy businessmen, rich industrial and commercial people, small handicraftsmen and small traders. (Li Kai believes that the industrial and commercial people engaged in the production and circulation of Tang luxury goods are "vagrants", and they should be cracked down on and let them do their business.)" This is
What a great Confucian!" Wu Yingji sighed after reading it.
Li Liang was of course Dawu of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zeng Gong was his student, and Wang Anshi was his friend. Fan Zhongyan recommended him to teach at Taixue many times.
Fan Zhongyan's New Deal and Wang Anshi's reform were more or less influenced by some of Li Liang's economic thoughts. Song Yingxing said: "Since ancient times, our country has established Bodhisattvas and proponents, but I heard that Qintianyuan adopted the ideas of European scholars.
The idea is to do the opposite. Break down a big thing until it can no longer be divided, and study these small details. When we study economics, can we do the same?"...
After the envoys returned from Europe, they brought back Descartes' ideas, which the Qintian Academy unanimously agreed with, and now the epistemology and methodology of scientific research have been established.
Song Yingcheng was the person who wrote "Tiangong Kaiwu". He originally liked to explore details and processes. After being reminded by the situation of Qintianyuan, he came up with the idea of re-study economics. "How to subdivide" Wu Yingji felt
No idea where to start. "Currency!"
Song Yingxing said, "The state's needs for people's livelihood, soil, agriculture, industry and commerce are nothing more than goods and currency. The goods are real and yang, and the currency is virtual and yin. If the virtual and real are consistent, and the yin and yang balance, then a complete economy can be achieved."
Wu Yingji thought carefully and subconsciously nodded in agreement.
"Is it possible to define these economic terms just like studying physics and mathematics?" Song Yingxing said, "goods" goods are goods, and things are things. First define things, sun, moon, mountains and rivers, black animals, fish and insects, flowers, trees, grass and rocks.
, things can be seen everywhere. Wu Yingji said: "Things used for exchange are goods!"
Song Yingxing said, "It's not enough. Things are dead and need to be exchanged by people. Fish are in the water and can only be sold after being caught. Iron is in the mountains and must be mined and condensed before it can be sold. To turn things into goods, people need to work."
Just labor is not enough. If you catch the fish and eat it yourself, if you don't sell it, it's not called goods. Therefore, the definition of goods is labor animals that appear for trading.
"How good!" Wu Yingji clapped his hands and praised.
Suddenly, Wu Yingji said to Zhu Ciyi: "Please bring me the pen."
Zhu Cizhao ran very fast, poured water to grind the ink himself, and said diligently: "Two gentlemen, continue, I will record it."
Wu Yingxiao murmured to himself: "What elements should that coin have? It is used to exchange goods. As long as it can be exchanged for goods, it doesn't have to be gold, silver and copper coins. In the early years, some places in Yunnan were still using shell coins.
Song Yingxing said, "Coin is also a kind of goods because it contains the elements of all goods. But it is different from ordinary goods. It is a kind of currency and can be exchanged for any goods."
Wu Yingmei said, "Goods have a price, and coins have value. When goods and coins are exchanged, they must be of equal value, at least both buyers and sellers think they are of equal value. Therefore, coins are an equivalent commodity and an equivalent currency specifically used for transactions.
"It can be defined like this," Song Yingxing turned around and said, "write it down." Zhu Ciyi quickly wrote and recorded the content quickly.
Song Yingxing said: "Currency and currency have been defined. Now let's define a few requirements for goods. How do goods come from?"
"You need people, no, you need workers, or producers," the Ouija Book said. "Having producers is not enough. You cannot create goods out of thin air. You must rely on certain resources. For example, mining requires a mine."
, and like farming, you need land. What are these things called? Song Yingxing said: "Production materials."
"Yes," Wu Yingxiao said, "Producers use production materials and turn them into goods through labor. Is this land considered goods? Land could be bought and sold in the previous dynasty, and in the new dynasty it could also be leased and sold by the court to merchants to set up factories.
, then is it production materials or goods?"
Song Yingxing said, "When it is used for trading, land is a commodity; when it is used for production, it is a production material." The two of them were sitting in the living room of the library, talking to each other about each other.
Zhu Cihui sat next to him, listening and taking notes. Although he could understand some of them and not others, he was very interested in them. What was the point of writing novels? Studying economics was more interesting.
