The new book "Redemption on the Bloody Road" has been uploaded, ISBN: 3472638..@Friends, please continue to support and encourage me, and wish you all the best and happiness to your family.
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Time flies like an arrow, and the sun and the moon fly by. In the long river of history, decades and hundreds of years seem to be just a blink of an eye. But in the history of China, every major event has been recorded with thick pen and ink.
Come down and let future generations remember the steps leading to glory.
In the second year of Zhaowu (1665), Emperor Zhaowu promulgated the "Constitutional Regulations of the Ming Empire", which clearly proposed the concepts of "virtual king" and "emperor under the law". With this as a symbol, judicial independence was formally determined, and the amount of taxes levied was officially determined.
It can only be implemented with the approval of the majority of the cabinet... For the first time in thousands of years, the supreme imperial power has been restricted by law.
In October of the same year, Emperor Zhaowu appointed Li Sixing, the crown prince of the Jin Dynasty, as the general to conquer the barbarians. He led 50,000 land and sea troops and set off from Taiwan to conquer Luzon. By the end of December, the Ming army had achieved decisive victories at sea and on land, and besieged Manila.
In October, they attacked the city and slaughtered all the Spanish adults. The captured women and children were redeemed by the Spanish government for money. Subsequently, the Ming court stationed civil servants in Luzon to rule.
In the third year of Zhaowu (1666), Xia Guoxiang, the commander-in-chief of the Kunming Military Region, worshiped General Zhengman and launched a crusade against Myanmar. Tens of thousands of troops were overwhelming, and the Shan people responded and assisted. The coalition forces reached the capital of Myanmar, Awa City. The Myanmar royal family fled south, and Awa City was captured.
It was easily captured. Later, Myanmar ceded territory to pay compensation, and the Ming army stopped, exchanged land with the Shan people, and stationed troops in northwest Myanmar. They took Myitkyina without fighting.
In September of the same year, the 1st Mixed Brigade of the Northeast Military Region, led by Heilongjiang General Yu Qi, entered Yaksa from its station in Ningguta (now Aihui). After siege, they began to attack the city fiercely. Although the Tsarist Russian invaders resisted desperately, they could not withstand the fierce artillery fire of the Ming army.
, heavy casualties. Neither a truce nor begging for surrender was accepted. Two days later, the Ming army broke through Yaksa and killed more than 300 Rakshasa people. Afterwards, the Ming army crossed Heilongjiang and continued to build forts at a rate of one hundred miles per year.
Expanding northward.
In the fifth year of Zhaowu (1668), the commander-in-chief of the Lanzhou Military Region, Jin Wang Li Dingguo, sent his troops Gao Dejie and Wang Fuchen to respectively lead troops to Guihua City and Jiayu Pass. By now, the Ming army had the strength to launch large-scale military operations in the northwest
.
In the ninth year of Zhaowu (1671), the comprehensive management of the Huang and Huaihe Rivers was completed. The excavation of the Zhonghe River channel was also completed. Emperor Zhaowu personally went to the mouth of the Zhonghe River to preside over this unprecedented and great event. Later, Zha Rulong entered the cabinet.
Deputy Prime Minister Chen Huang took over as Minister of Water Resources, while Zong Shouyi took over as Prime Minister from Zhang Huangyan who retired from office in old age.
In the same year, the Central Bank of the Ming Empire used 10 million taels of silver coins as reserves and issued 20 million yuan in banknotes. The abolition of the two yuan reforms was implemented on a large scale across the country.
In the tenth year of Zhaowu (1672), the Ming Empire promulgated the "Five-Year Compulsory Education Law", "Universal Military Service Law", and "Educational Science and Technology Appropriation Law". Among them, the Compulsory Education Law stipulates that people who have reached the age of seven from this year must
They must receive five years of education, otherwise their families will be severely punished; and the general military service law stipulates that Ming-age male subjects are divided into three service periods according to their physical health, and must serve in the military for two to half a year; and the withdrawal law will be every year
Five percent of the fiscal revenue is used as a fixed investment in educational science and technology, which will only increase but not decrease. It may be considered as a permanent example.
In the same year, Li Shi, Queen of Annam, abdicated and declared that the Ming Dynasty was included in the territory. The Ming Dynasty court divided the area into three provinces and appointed officials to exercise their powers.
In the same year, the powerful Ming Empire began a large-scale "return to native land". After crushing and suppressing the armed resistance of several native officials, this policy was successfully implemented.
In the twelfth year of Zhaowu (1674), Shu King Liu Zhen led 50,000 elite cavalry out of Zhangjiakou and marched northward. In Duolun County, the Xilin Gol League twice defeated the ambitious Chahar tribes. Burni was injured by artillery fire and died.
On the way to the west, the Ming army stationed troops there and allied with the Mongolian tribes.
In the 14th year of Zhaowu (1676), the Ming Dynasty opened up the land route to India. The first brigade of the Ming Army from the Kunming Military Region invaded the Indian state of Naranga and forced its lords to surrender.
In the fifteenth year of Zhaowu (1677), Shuizhenla was included, and three more provinces were added to the territory of the Ming Dynasty.
In the 19th year of Zhaowu (1681), Zheng Jing and Chen Yonghua died one after another. The important minister Feng Xifan joined forces with Zheng Jing's younger brother and others to launch a coup and assassinated the supervisor Zheng Kezang, triggering civil strife in Taiwan. The Guangzhou Military Region and the Taipei garrison of the Ming Dynasty immediately took action, and Liu Guoxuan of Penghu
Surrendered without a fight, the Ming army arrived in Tainan.
At that time, natural floods and droughts had occurred in Taiwan for three consecutive years. The grain harvest was poor, rice prices soared, and people were worried about returning home. Zheng Dexiao from Zhongshushe, Huang Liangji from Jianwei Town, Xiao Wu from Navy Town, and Hong Gong from Zhongzhen
Zhu and others conspired to return to the Ming Dynasty, kill Feng Xifan, sacrifice Zheng Keshuang, and return Taiwan to Taiwan.
In the 20th year of Zhaowu (1684), the Ming Empire implemented village and town-level elections, and the government handed over administrative rights to elected officials, but the supervision system was strict.
In the 21st year of Zhaowu (1685), the Luzon Navy of the Ming Dynasty landed on New Guinea Island and opened a route from Luzon to New Guinea Island.
In the 22nd year of Zhaowu (1686), all the inland provinces of the Ming Empire had implemented the "Regulations on the Legalization of Civilian Firearms." At the same time, the government issued policies to support and encourage private individuals to form mercenary groups to go to overseas expeditions. The government's attitude changed.
It is clear that the wealthy and powerful merchants will take active action immediately, and the popular targets are Borneo and India.
In the twenty-fifth year of Zhaowu (1686), after continuous operations and expansion, the Ming army finally advanced along the Lena River to Yakutsk. After a three-day siege, the city was broken and massacred, and more than 800 people in Tsarist Russia were not spared. So far,
The Ming Dynasty destroyed the base of Tsarist Russia's eastern invasion and expanded its power to the Arctic Circle. In the northeast, the Ming army had the advantage of home ground; while Tsarist Russia's Moscow was thousands of miles away, making it difficult to effectively reinforce it.
In the 29th year of Zhaowu (1690), the total population of the Ming Dynasty exceeded 100 million. In the same year, the Luzon Navy ships of the Ming Dynasty sailed to Australia and opened up routes, making it a new place of exile for the Ming Dynasty.
In the 30th year of Zhaowu (1691), the Ming Empire upgraded elections to counties and prefectures, and issued a notice that the imperial examination would be canceled ten years later and replaced by civil servant recruitment.
In the 31st year of Zhaowu (1692), Galdan was in full swing and attacked the Khalkha Mongols from the north and the south. He also threatened that the Russian troops he borrowed were coming. The Khalkha Mongolian tribes suffered unprecedented disasters and moved inward.
At that time, Tuxietu Khan sent his younger brother Xi Dishili to lead nearly ten thousand people to confront the Russian army in Selengesk. The soldiers around him were weak and there were few generals, so they were defeated and fled south.
In the 32nd year of Zhaowu (1693), Emperor Zhaowu personally went to Dolonnore (now Dolon, Xilingrad League, Inner Mongolia) and convened the left and right wings of the Khalkha Mongolia and the Forty-nine Banners of Inner Mongolia to meet the princes and nobles. Khalkha and others
The Mongolian tribes completely surrendered and became a strong force to defend the northern border, blocking and counterattacking Tsarist Russia's central route invasion along the Yenisei River.
In the thirty-third year of Zhaowu (1694), Galdan continued to implement his "Eastward Policy" with the support of Tsarist Russia and marched into Qinghai. The reason was that Heshuote was a part of Oirat Mongolia and should be under his control. Emperor Zhaowu was furious and
He worshiped the seventy-three-year-old Jin King Li Dingguo as the General King and led an army of 100,000 people out of Yangguan westward.
Thirty years later, the Ming army has become staggeringly powerful. There are hot-air balloon observation posts high in the sky, thousands of large and small artillery pieces, thousands of cavalry on tall horses, and tens of thousands of brightly-colored helmets.
The hussars were enough to frighten the barbarians. After being defeated by Galdan and fleeing to Qinghai, the Chechen Khan of Oqirtu and Chagatai, who were at the border with Gansu, all sent troops to help.
In early June, the Ming army arrived at the ancient city (today's Qitai). On the 8th, they marched into Fukang and attacked fiercely in two days. The Ming army collapsed the city wall and broke into the city, wiping out thousands of defenders. The next morning, the Ming army attacked with cavalry.
As Urumqi advanced rapidly, Galdan's allies Huibu and Zoydayatulela abandoned the city and fled. After that, the coalition forces continued to advance westward. They even defeated Changji, Hutubi, and Kermanas at the end of September. It was winter.
, Jin King Li Dingguo suspended his offensive, stocked up grain and reorganized his army, preparing to march into southern Xinjiang next year.
At the end of the year, after learning that Galdan received arms support from Tsarist Russia, and that Tsarist Russia promised to Galdan that it would launch attacks from Selengesk, Udinsk, Nerchinsk and other cities according to the situation, Emperor Zhaowu decided to send troops again
All the way, and marched in person.
In the spring of the thirty-fourth year of Zhaowu (1695), Emperor Zhaowu led an assembled army of 60,000 people out of Xifengkou and Gubeikou. He summoned 30,000 surrendered allied troops from Mongolia and arrived at Baicha River (Gaoliang River) first.
, Tuli Gengke (Sidao River), Keshiketeng Banner area, the military front is directed towards Ulan Butong.
On June 3, the Ming army and tens of thousands of Galdan's troops started a fierce battle in Ulan Butong (now in the Keshiketeng Banner of Inner Mongolia). The two sides started with artillery and artillery bombardment, and the fierce battle lasted for half a day. In the end, the Ming army's firepower
Taking the advantage, direct-fire artillery and curved-fire artillery were overwhelming, blasting away the "Camel City" built by Galdan. The coalition then launched a fierce attack, and the battle continued until dusk. The Jungar army was defeated, and Galdan led a thousand cavalry to flee north and return to Khovd.
(Today's Gilgelangtu, Mongolia).
On June 13, Emperor Zhaowu learned that Galdan was still ambitious and threatened to gather troops in Kobdo for the winter. Next year, he would borrow 60,000 Russian musketeers. After another large-scale internal invasion, he once again mobilized his troops and generals, preparing to destroy them once and for all.
Eat this morning.
On the 7th, General Heilongjiang was ordered to unite the cavalry brigade. The mixed brigade consisted of more than 10,000 men, and the Horqin soldiers who surrendered, left the Xing'an Mountains and marched westward along the Kulun River to block Galdan's eastward path. On the west road, King Li Dingguo of the Jin Dynasty divided his troops into one unit.
, headed north from Ningxia (today's Yinchuan) to cut off the enemy's return route; Emperor Zhaowu's pro-government army advanced towards Khovd, and the three armies made an appointment to attack together, preparing to annihilate Galdan in one fell swoop and defeat the Tsarist Russian troops who might come for reinforcements.
On August 16, Emperor Zhaowu led the Middle Route Army and Chang Guogong Gao Wengui led the West Route Army to join forces in Tula (southwest of present-day Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) and attack Galdan. Galdan relied on the natural barrier of the desert.
The Ming army was helpless against him. They never expected that the Ming army would actually travel a long distance across the desert to attack, nor did they expect that Emperor Zhaowu would lead an army to attack in person. They were not mentally and materially prepared. In a hasty battle, they were defeated.
Escape. Thousands of Ming army's elite cavalry pursued and killed him continuously. Galdan escaped with only a few cavalry, and his wife Anu was also captured.
Just before July 18th, King Li Dingguo of the Jin Dynasty personally led the main force to attack Dabancheng from Urumqi; Gao Dejie and Wang Fuchen divided their troops from Hami and Barkol, joined forces in Yanchi and jointly attacked Turpan. After successive fierce battles, by the seventh day of August , Dabancheng, Toksun, and Turpan were all captured. At this point, the Ming army opened the door to southern Xinjiang and became militarily overwhelming.
After the victory in Kobudo, Emperor Zhaowu took central control in Kobudo, while the remaining armies continued to march northward under the leadership of the prince Zhu Chongye and Chang Guogong, passing through Ulaanbaatar and arriving at Selengesk (now Ulan-Ude region of Russia). ) launched a series of fierce battles with the Cossack Don River Army, the vanguard of Tsarist Russia's invasion and expansion.
The Cossacks, who are as good as they are, have no country, no political beliefs, and are not even an independent nation. They are both brave warriors and cold-blooded butchers. But in this war, the Ming army, which is famous for its firepower, also With brave cavalry, the Mongolian tribes and the Cossacks were mortal enemies. The coalition forces fought bravely. Relying on their superiority in firepower and numbers, they paid a heavy price and finally defeated the Don Cossacks army that Tsarist Russia used to invade and defend the border. The whole army was almost wiped out.
What followed was a bloody massacre of Cossack civilians by the Mongolian tribes. The Ming army neither stopped nor participated. They had achieved their goal. They used iron and fire to prove their bravery and fighting power. The Mongolian tribes wanted to continue to resist Tsarist Russia and The invasion of his accomplices could only rely on the Ming army and the Ming court. The unyielding Mongolian coalition forces continued to pursue and kill them, and they entered the Russian territory.
In August, King Li Dingguo of the Jin Dynasty continued to advance his troops in southern Xinjiang, including Karashaar, Kuqa, Aksu, Wush and other cities, and guarded Kashgar. Anyway, by the end of October, all cities in southern Xinjiang were recovered. The Ming army Deployments began to march into Ili. Under the strong military pressure of the Ming army, the Zhungar tribe split. Galdan's nephew Cewang Arabtan's tribe of more than 5,000 people fled to the winter camp - Bortala, and went to The Ming army asked for peace and withdrew.
After the Zhaomodo War, Galdan was in a very difficult situation, which was called "extremely poor". "There was no food and tents, and there was no way out in all directions. He was in a miserable state and was digging grass roots for food." But he was stubborn. . Unwilling to give in, he finally committed suicide by taking medicine. The last generation of prairie wolf king was finally defeated by Zhu Yongxing, the emperor of the ages.
In the thirty-fifth year of Zhaowu (1696), Tsarist Russia sent an envoy to Kobdo to protest against the Ming army's invasion of its territory and demanded that the Ming army withdraw. Emperor Zhaowu personally explained the reality of Tsarist Russia's repeated invasions and his support for the rebellion of the cowardly Jungar tribe. He severely condemned his envoys and clamored to completely defeat Tsarist Russia through war. Even if this war lasted for a hundred years, he would never give up.
In the same year, Heilongjiang General Yu Qi led the Han-Mongolian coalition and another Cossack army to have another fierce battle in Aliburyat. In the cold weapon era, the Cossack cavalry was known for its fast speed, strong maneuverability, high lethality, and bravery. The successive attacks were frightening. However, they had poor discipline and were unwilling to dismount to fight. Moreover, they had to face a powerful army with fierce weapons and modern characteristics. Failure was inevitable. After this battle, Tsarist Russia invaded from the middle. It stopped abruptly.
In the autumn of the thirty-fifth year of Zhaowu (1696), Emperor Zhaowu returned to the dynasty. What he left behind in the Mongolian prairie were 20,000 troops scattered and stationed in the Mongolian prairie, as well as assistance agreements with various Mongolian tribes such as building roads, setting up post stations, and building shopping malls. In the same year, Jin King Li Dingguo led an army to regain Ili and completed the feat of unifying the northwest. Cewang Alabutan became the new master of the Zhungeer tribe. Forced by the strength of the Ming army, he changed his tactics, accumulated strength, and prepared to attack. Develop from west to north and attack Kazakhstan.
In the same year, Emperor Zhaowu used Diba Sangjiejia to investigate the secret of the death of the fifth emperor and his collusion with Galdan.
Lu (now Kangding) marched into Lhasa, and sent Chen Zhong, the Minister of Rites, to Tibet to assist the Tibetan Khan in handling government affairs. At the same time, the fifth Panchen Lama Rosang Yeshi was named "Panchen Erdeni". From then on, all Panchen Lamas were canonized by the central government and became
A system.
In the thirty-ninth year of Zhaowu (1700), provincial assemblies were established one after another, and members of Congress were elected again to form the Congress. The first Congress was held in Beijing in the autumn of that year.
In the 40th year of Zhaowu, the Ming Empire united with Britain and France to send troops to attack the Dutch occupied territories in Asia. The primary target was Malacca.
During the Anglo-Dutch maritime hegemony war that lasted for more than 20 years, although the Netherlands did not completely lose to the British militarily, on the whole, the Dutch maritime strength was greatly weakened. The Dutch strength in economy, trade, and shipping was greatly reduced.
declined, and the peak of the Golden Age came to an abrupt end in the Catastrophic Year of 1672.
A series of struggles initiated by France in 1687 (including land threats, tariff wars and maritime plunder) wore away the patriotism of the Dutch. So much so that the Netherlands was forced to give up its only remaining maritime military status.
became a second-rate country in Europe, and Britain began to become a maritime hegemon (some historians regard the Glorious Revolution of 1688 as the turning point in the transfer of Dutch hegemony to Britain).
But in Asia, the Ming Empire is the well-deserved overlord. Not only is its army invincible, but its navy has also begun to use thousand-ton battleships as its main battleships. In Asia, Britain and France also have to keep a low profile to cater to them in order to maintain their presence in Asia.
There is a place to stand. More importantly, the Ming Empire has the advantage of its home field, that is, its population advantage. It can occupy and hold it firmly.
Faced with the aggressive three-nation coalition, the Dutch gave up Malacca with a little resistance. China, Britain and France thus controlled the Strait of Malacca and signed an agreement to form a joint fleet to combat piracy and maintain navigation safety in the Strait of Malacca. Of course, the three countries paid for tolls
The situation is equally divided, and everyone benefits.
In the forty-first year of Zhaowu (1702), the Third National Congress was held in Beijing. Under the promotion of Emperor Zhaowu, the Congress passed the "New Constitution of the Ming Empire" drafted by Emperor Zhaowu. According to the provisions of the constitution, the emperor was still
The head of state of the Ming Empire, but his power was extremely limited. Moreover, the Great Council could impeach the emperor with the support of a three-quarters majority.
After forty years of indoctrination and guidance, the translation and distribution of a large number of foreign science and technology, culture, and history books, and targeted education in new schools, the ideological concepts of the two generations have been constantly changing and updated, and they have a very deep understanding of the meaning of Xujun.
Even so, most people in China expressed their preference to live under the rule of the emperor, Emperor Zhaowu.
"The best time to reform a political system is when the country is politically stable. Why wait until the revolution comes before thinking of reform?" In response, Emperor Zhaowu Zhu Yongxing published an affectionate speech in the newspaper, "Fate has pushed me into this.
Position. I have been working hard to protect you like your father, care about you like your brother, and serve you like your son. This is what a praiseworthy emperor should do. So far, I have done
It's pretty unsatisfactory. But in the future, people may make mistakes. Instead of believing that I won't become an old fool, it's better to believe in the political system I established. Democracy is the last and best thing I leave to you.
A gift, I hope you will always maintain it, make it grow and improve, and bring you long-lasting happiness..."
In the forty-fourth year of Zhaowu (1705), Emperor Zhaowu announced his abdication. After a vote by the cabinet and the Grand Council, and in accordance with the "Act on Succession of the Throne", the prince Zhu Chongye, who was ranked first in line of succession, ascended to the throne, with the reign title Yongjin.
At that time, Emperor Zhaowu was seventy years old.
………………(To be continued, please search Piaotian Literature, the novel will be better and updated faster!