"This Zhuge Gui is really a talented person. He is indeed named Zhuge."
At this time, Zhang Chong stretched his waist and said this in the clean room of the Taishan Army Shogunate in Yecheng.
Even after sitting and reading for a whole day, Zhang Chong's face showed no trace of fatigue. His abundant physical strength not only allowed him to fight on the battlefield, but also handled government affairs like a superman.
The land survey provided by Zhuge Gui was very useful and gave Zhang Chong a clear understanding of the land and tax situation of the Han Dynasty.
Only officials within the system like Zhuge Gui have the opportunity to see the whole picture. Even Zhang Chong is unable to achieve this kind of top-level observation. Although he comes from later generations and has a clear understanding of various trends and changes, his original class is too low.
Lack of complete understanding of Dahan.
Zhuge Gui's field investigation made up for Zhang Chong's work.
First, let’s talk about whether this land is public or private. In the earliest days, there was no such thing as private ownership of land. All land belonged to clans and communes and was produced according to well fields.
Afterwards, the productivity developed and the mine fields collapsed. Since the Warring States Reform, all countries have gradually begun to move towards the land grant system. This is an important change in the transformation of the public land ownership system into private ownership. From then on, households were established to equalize the people, and land was granted to each household. Each household was granted a hundred acres of land.
.
Although the people began to own their own land, they also had corresponding economic obligations. Just like when the Emperor of Zhou granted land to the princes, the princes had the same obligations to the emperor.
This type of obligation includes three shi of cuo and two shi of millet, which means that each household must pay three shi of cuo and two shi of millet. Of course, this is a payment standard, and not every household must pay this fixed amount.
Zhang Chong knew all of this, but there was one thing Zhuge Gui wrote in the report that Zhang Chong took seriously.
One of them is that the land that was granted land actually belonged to the state. At that time, there were mainly two types of people who were granted land, one was those with military industry, and the other was clans. In other words, whether they were tenants or tenants, they actually
The country has never received land from the state.
Once the land is granted, it is never returned. Therefore, once the military merits and powerful men obtain the land and occupy it for a long time, it will inevitably become privately owned. After that, it will be passed down from father to son and passed down from generation to generation.
As for the regular redistribution of communes that were strictly enforced as in the Spring and Autumn Period, it never happened again.
Seeing this record, Zhang Chong immediately thought of the previous discussion between him and Ji Sun, which was whether the land that had been allocated in the Taishan area should be redistributed after a period of time.
From here, it turns out that during the Spring and Autumn Period, when land belonged to the commune, there was regular redistribution.
But why did this policy end later? Zhang Chong left a question mark in his heart, and then continued reading.
The land policy changed again during the period of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty. That is, whoever can reclaim the wasteland and grassland into cultivated land will have the ownership of the cultivated land. This is because of the chaos of Qin and Han Dynasties, the world was exhausted, and in order to encourage production and restore taxation, the country had to do something
A compromise.
In addition, in order to reassure the people, they also made great efforts to name the land and enacted laws to protect the ownership of these reclaimed farmland and homesteads. They tried every means to allow the people to pass on the land. It even happened that even if the family became extinct, the wife of the head of the family would become the daughter-in-law.
Son-in-law and slaves all have the right to inherit.
Since then, land privatization has taken a big step forward.
But it must be pointed out that this still has nothing to do with the original poor people. Because it is impossible for these people to reclaim wasteland. Only wealthy families can have the resources to reclaim wasteland and make it their own.
And once this wheel starts turning, it can never stop. More and more land is being cultivated, but it increasingly belongs to a small number of people. A large number of Guizhou heads can only work hard to become powerful because they are unable to cultivate their own land.
The family became a tenant.
Seeing this, Zhang Chong finally understood why the Han Dynasty experienced two major chaos within only four hundred years, and it was this policy that caused it.
From the understanding of Zhang Chong's later generations, this is the powerful leveraging the resources at hand. They only need to provide the resources to be cultivated in the first year, and then they can occupy the land for generations, and all the work in this process is done by mediocrity.
The tenants bear the responsibility, while the powerful enjoy their achievements.
This kind of leverage can be transferred, and those who are bold can open up wasteland every year, as long as the basic flow of resources is maintained until there is no more wasteland to open up.
Good guy, isn’t this the full-rental housing that became available in Korea later? It’s amazing.
According to Zhang Chong's understanding, this policy was effective at the beginning. After all, in the early Han Dynasty, there was basically no conflict between people and land. However, those who owned land were always some powerful people, and the vast majority of Guizhou could only be reduced to farming. However, there were still people at that time.
Many were self-cultivated farmers under the land grant system, but later during Emperor Wen's reign, they began not to suppress mergers and allowed the free sale of land.
As a result, land annexation was like a wave, one after another, until it reached its climax. Later, until the Xinmang period, the country tried to take the land back into state ownership, but the struggle failed. In this dynasty, it would still be the same, if not for the civil war between the two Han Dynasties.
Too many deaths have left the land barren, and this dynasty may not be able to survive until now.
From Zhang Chong's perspective, the current powerful people are comparable to the princes. Judging from the land of the Shen family he inspected in Yecheng, it accounts for nearly a thousand hectares, which is richer than the princes, while the poor really don't even have a place to stand.
Seeing these materials, Zhang Chong was once again wary of the transfer of land and the rise and fall of the times. This land must be taken back to the state. It is not that Wang Mang failed back then, as if it was natural for the powerful to occupy the land. But this matter cannot be done now.
Dry.
Now he wants to distribute the land owned by the powerful to the poor first, and then wait until he conquers the world before establishing cooperatives and taking the land back to the state. This seems not very authentic.
But this does protect most people and allows them to always have the opportunity to settle down and live a life. As long as they work hard, they can harvest from the land. In addition to paying it to the country, the rest is theirs.
At that time, land has become a tool, and everyone can get their own food through blood and sweat. Of course, those who want to become bigger and stronger through mergers and become superiors may have no chance.
After all, in the world planned by Zhang Chong, those who do not work cannot eat.
In the light, Zhang Chong was still watching, and his future path became clearer and clearer.
A candle lights up the sky.
…
In the new year, the first year of Guanghe, the Luoyang court will naturally take some action.
At the initiative of General He Jin, the Three Dukes' Court Meeting, and all ministers' orders, the Luoyang Court in the east decided to launch a western expedition to completely defeat the puppet emperor.
It is said that every army must be famous, so before launching the Western Expedition, the Luoyang court wrote a letter of appeal, which was also an ultimatum.
Except for the honorific title used at the beginning, the whole article is harsh, criticizing the pseudo-emperor Liu Hong for holding the country for twenty years. The people of the world are in dire straits, the country cannot be settled at the top, and the people at the bottom cannot be settled. This is what God hates. So there are these people like them.
Heroes and righteous men stand up to punish cruelty and follow the right path.
In addition to these, they also specifically pointed out one thing, that is, you, Liu Hong, as the leader of the Han Dynasty, have surrendered to the barbarian Xizhou and have lost your prestige as the Lord of the World.
The Luoyang court's accusations against Liu Hong were actually very sharp. That was the Chinese Huayi orthodoxy, which said that if you enter China, you will be the ruler of China, and if you retreat to the barbarians, you will be the rulers of the barbarians. And Luoyang is in the middle of China, where the king is.
And the Xizhou where you, Liu Hong, live is a barbarian land, so you are also a barbarian.
The Xizhou that Luoyang accuses here is a word with strong moral contempt.
The ancient Chinese concept of territory is a concept of the world, that is, there is a world within it, and then it continuously radiates outward.
Such as the four directions and the center during the Shang Dynasty. The center was the middle land of merchants, where the royal family lived. The outer periphery was the foreign tribes, including the east land, the north land, the west land, and the south land, all of which were the territories of the merchant princes. Further outside, there were the foreign tribes in the four directions.
The princes, like the Zhou people in those days, were the princes of the West.
In this structure of the world, the further outside you go, the lower the level of civilization, and the less you are regarded as one of your own. This is also the so-called world model of "the capital is within and the Xia is outside, and the Xia is within and the barbarians are outside".
Although the Han Dynasty was a unified dynasty, this internal and external structure still inherited the Shang and Zhou models. The most important ones were Sanfu and Sanhe. The outer ones were Dongzhou, Xizhou, Beizhou, and Nanzhou, where the county system was implemented.
, the central control power is strong, and it protects the capital. It is the world of "Zhu Xia" and belongs to the land of Hua Nei.
The Xizhou here is Yongliangyi, also known as Guanxi. Now that Liu Hong, as the lord of the world, has abandoned his country and gone to Xizhou, he is no longer the lord of the world, but a barbarian.
Why did you become a barbarian when you went to Xizhou? Isn’t Xizhou also a county of the Han Dynasty?
Speaking of this, the world-famous people in the east are actually talking about a major event that spanned the past hundred years of this dynasty. This is also the reason why the Kanto people regard Kansai as barbarians.
That is the Qiang chaos in Xizhou.
The Qiang people are also a member of the ancient ethnic group and had a close relationship with the ancestors of China. Although many ethnic groups entered the Central Plains with the Zhou people and became members of China, the majority of them still live in the vast area of Xizhou.
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Among them, they are mainly distributed in the Hehuang Valley. They are both pastoral and farming. They have many crops and are not affiliated with each other. They often plunder, attack and kill each other, and there are many hatreds.
Originally, it was good for the Qiang people to live in this area, but the Han people gave birth to a talented and strategic Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In order to conquer the Huns in the north, he sent troops westward to cut off the connection between the Qiang and Huns. By the way, he found the Yueshi further west and invited them to join him.
Attack the Huns.
At this point, the Han people began to officially enter the Qiangzhong area of Xizhou.
There are three main gathering areas of Qiang people in the Qiang, namely Hehuang Valley, Xihai Yanchi, and the Xiaoyu Valley area in the upper reaches of the river.
These areas, with herds of cattle and horses, are indeed rare and fertile places.
But that's not what the Han people came here for. They came here to prevent the Qiang and Xiongnu from uniting.
At that time, the Huns in the north wanted to contact the Qiang people in the west. One way was to cross the river from Henan to Lingju, and then follow the river westward into the Huangshui River Basin.
One is to enter the Hexi Corridor and enter the Qiang area through several mountain passes and canyons in the Qilian Mountains.
Therefore, after Emperor Wu captured Henan, he built the Lingju Fortress to cut off the first channel of Qiang and Hu transportation. Then he moved to Hexi and built the Juyan Fortress to cut off the second channel.
After that, the Han people settled in Xizhou.
But as invaders, the Han people were bound to be attacked by the indigenous Qiang people. After that, they attacked the Han people in Xizhou several times. However, after several major defeats, they began to accept the jurisdiction of the Han people, defended the Han people, and even obeyed the orders of the Han Dynasty.
Recruit and participate in counterinsurgency in other areas.
However, the Han people are self-centered and do not care about the life and death of the Qiang people. The officials and people stationed in Xizhou are often greedy and violent, stealing the livestock and wives of the Qiang people.
It is said that wherever there is oppression, there is resistance. Therefore, in the former Han Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Xuan, the Qiang people rebelled again on a large scale, and this rebellion was suppressed without exception. The general who countered the rebellion at that time was Zhao Chongguo of the Han Dynasty.
Zhao Chongguo used farming to pacify the Qiang and continued to use coercive means to control the Qiang problem. But in fact, the large-scale immigration of Han people in the Hehuang area once again encroached on the living space of the Qiang people, so the contradictions did not become smaller but became more serious.
enlarged.
Later, during the Yuan Dynasty, the Qiang people rebelled again. Although they were suppressed again, it also showed the seriousness of the problem.
However, the Qiang problem during the Pre-Han Dynasty was still controllable, because the strength of the Pre-Han Dynasty was still there at this time, so even if the Qiang people rebelled several times, they could still subdue the barbarian people and there would be no problems at the border fortress.
Since the military struggle was unsuccessful, the fate of the Qiang people was naturally not much better. From then until the early years of this dynasty, there were countless Qiang people who worked as slaves, and it was common for them to work in vain and sell their blood.
The bottom line here is the world’s view of Yi and Di.
The Han people compared the Yi people to beasts, and as the Han people became more powerful, this sense of superiority became stronger. The more the Yi people moved inland, the worse their living conditions became.
At that time, the Southern Xiongnu and Qiang people were also included, but because the Han Dynasty needed the Southern Xiongnu to guard the northern border, the tribes of the Southern Xiongnu were generally retained. Therefore, even though they were still monitored and recruited by the Han Dynasty, their living conditions were undoubtedly much better.
But what about the Qiang people? Firstly, they did not have this kind of organizational ability, and secondly, they were not worth utilizing, so they were stripped of their skins and marrows, and their resentment filled Xizhou.
This hatred lasted until the founding of this dynasty.
From the founding of Guangwu to the following Ming, Zhang, and He periods, the external threats to the Han Dynasty were the Northern Xiongnu, and then the rebellion in the Western Regions. In short, there were continuous wars.
During this process, the Qiang people were naturally particularly exploited. Not only were they heavily taxed, but they also had to sell their blood on the battlefield. So forget it, the Han people still didn't regard these people as human beings.
During the Ming Dynasty, someone committed a crime by burning the Heqiang people. The local Han official directly killed six or seven hundred people of this tribe, which was very brutal. Later, a county captain held a banquet and ambushed hundreds of people, and because of other things
Hundreds more Qiang people were killed.
In short, this kind of thing happens one after another, and the Qiang people are simply treated as animals for slaughter at will.
But who knows, even if it is an animal, it will resist, let alone a person with hands and feet.
The consequences will come soon.
During the period of Emperor Zhang, a county official in Xizhou robbed Qiang women. This was already the norm for officials in Xizhou, but this time the county official encountered serious trouble. He robbed someone's wife and was killed by her husband when he turned around.
Already.
If the Qiang people killed Han people and also killed Han officials, what's the point? They must retaliate!
So the local governor led troops to his tribe, planning to kill hundreds of people for burial. But that tribe felt that instead of sitting back and waiting for death, it was better to fight. This rebellion was the fuse that ignited the Qiang people's centuries-old war.
rebellion.
But is all this because the Qiang people can fight? What does this have to do with the Kanto people's hatred of the Kansai people?