Chapter 124 The influence of companion stars on Betelgeuse (Part 1)
The laboratory fell into silence for a while, and then Xu Chuan said, "Suppose that there really is a companion star in Betelgeuse's hydrogen envelope. If we simply want to confirm its existence, is there any way?"
Hearing this, Liu Xuan raised his head and said: "This may be possible, but it depends on how far it is from the core."
"You know, from an astronomical point of view, the spectrum of every star is different. Even the same star has different spectra in different periods."
"Today's Betelgeuse is a red supergiant with a spectrum of M1-M2Ia-Iab type. If there is a companion star in its hydrogen envelope, and the companion star is close to the outer edge of the hydrogen envelope, then the light of the companion star will
And radiation can be transmitted to the earth through Betelgeuse's outer hydrogen envelope. Although it may be very weak, it can still be distinguished and confirmed based on this."
"In addition, things like temperature and luminosity can also be used as auxiliary judgment methods."
"There must be differences in the surface temperature and luminosity of Betelgeuse and the temperature and luminosity of the companion star. Maybe we can search for previous data. There may be anomalies in the previous observation data, but no one has considered this aspect."
"If the companion star really exists, then it must be orbiting around the core of Betelgeuse and have a periodic time."
"If we keep observing it, we should be able to find some clues, but I'm not sure how long it will take."
After a pause, Liu Xuan suddenly remembered something, and then asked: "By the way, junior brother, you can calculate the diameter of this companion star, but what about the mass? If the mass can be calculated, perhaps we can roughly infer the companion star.
How far is it from the inner core of Betelgeuse?"
"Knowing the mass and distance, we can calculate how long its revolution period is."
Xu Chuan: "I don't know yet. I have only calculated the diameter of Betelgeuse. I am not sure whether the first set of data will also produce two sets of answers when calculating the mass."
"Well, find me a quieter room and I'll try."
Liu Xuan nodded, looked at a middle-aged man who was not one of the researchers from the Department of Astronomy at NTU, and said, "Director Zhang, do you think I can borrow a room temporarily?"
When asked, the middle-aged man surnamed Zhang grinned and said, "It's okay. We may not have much food and drink here, but there are many free rooms."
"This must be Xu Chuan who proved the Weyl-Berry conjecture. I heard that NTU has produced a mathematical genius that is rare to see in a hundred years. When I saw it today, it turned out to be well-deserved. He can even calculate the volume and mass of distant stars.
If this is really a breakthrough, it will be a revolutionary change for the astronomical world. Let alone a room, you can live here for a year and a half without any problem."
Xu Chuan stood up, smiled, and said, "Sorry, Director Zhang."
"It's okay, it's okay. Do you need it now?"
Xu Chuan nodded and said: "Well, this matter should be done sooner rather than later."
To be honest, he didn't expect that using the Xu-Weyl-Berry theorem to calculate Betelgeuse's information would lead to such a thing.
He thought that as long as the observation information was collected completely, he would be able to successfully complete the calculation.
Who would have thought that there might be a companion star hidden inside Betelgeuse's hydrogen envelope?
This matter is serious even if it is said to be serious, and it is not serious even if it is not said to be serious.
The serious problem is that Betelgeuse is a late-life massive star and may undergo a supernova explosion at any time in the future.
Although the current astronomical community has calculated that there is an angular difference between Betelgeuse's magnetic pole and the solar system, even if a supernova explosion does not pose a threat to the solar system, gamma ray bursts will not be aimed at the earth.
But if there is an additional companion star, it will be a mystery again what changes will occur when the supernova explodes. No one knows at what angle the gamma ray burst will sweep across the universe.
It's not serious, but based on current calculations for Betelgeuse, it may take several thousand or tens of thousands of years before it explodes as a supernova, or even hundreds of thousands of years.
When this time passes, it's unclear whether humans will still be on the earth, and even if they are still around, what does humans have to do with them at that time?
After all, "I won't care about the flood after I die."
Xu Chuan didn't have this idea. He found a problem and must find a way to solve it.
Even if you can't solve it, you should try your best to understand the situation of the problem.
.......
Following Director Zhang in front of him, Xu Chuan came to a small room on the third floor of the research institute.
"Is this okay? This is a laboratory next to the observatory. Usually no one comes here. It's very quiet and easy to think."
Director Zhang asked Xu Chuan, turning on the incandescent light in the room and turning on the air conditioner.
Xu Chuan glanced at the room. There were tables and chairs, then nodded and said, "Okay, please, Director Zhang."
"Hey, what's the point? Your research is of great significance to our astronomical community. It is a brand-new method of calculating star information. With it, we can explore the universe and the sea of stars more accurately in the future."
Director Zhang smiled and shook his head, then said: "Then I won't disturb you for now. If you need anything, you can come to me in Office 106 on the first floor."
Just as he walked out of the room, Director Zhang remembered something again, turned around and came back to add: "Oh, by the way, there is one more thing."
"Don't forget the time when you are doing research. Dinner here should be different from that at your school. It is only served between 5:30 and 7:00 in the evening. It is in the cafeteria next to the first floor. If you miss the time, it will be gone."
"Besides, you can't even order takeout in this deserted mountain. The time is between 5:30 and 7:00, so remember it, don't miss it."
Xu Chuan nodded and said, "Well, I understand, thank you, Director Zhang."
"You're welcome."
...
When the people from the observatory left, Xu Chuan touched the table in the laboratory and found that there was a layer of dust on it.
It seems that Director Zhang is right. No one comes here usually and it is very quiet.
He took some toilet paper from his backpack and wiped the tables and chairs. Xu Chuan turned on the computer and called up the observation data of parameter four.
Although the calculation of Betelgeuse's diameter and mass is also carried out using the Xu-Weyl-Berry theorem, some of the details involved are different.
He needs to integrate the mass calculation formula, the law of circular motion, Newton's law of universal gravitation, and luminosity into the Xu-Weyl-Berry theorem, and then deform it again based on the previous ones to transform it from the Sobolev space fluctuation calculation method.
Calculation of blackbody radiation light cone.
Then use the brightness of the star to approximate the boundary value, and then add it to the formula to get the mass.
If you need to perform a large number of calculations, the best way is to establish a mathematical model.
However, if you study it alone, there is no need to expend that effort. It will not be much slower if you just use a pen to calculate.
After taking out the manuscript paper from his backpack, Xu Chuan pondered for a while, and then started to reverse the Xu-Weyl-Berry theorem directly from the Sobolev space fluctuation calculation method.
As for the previous process, there was no need for him to write it down again. Those things were all in his mind, very clear and impossible to forget.
"....When k→ ∞, the asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalue λk. For λ 0, define
N(λ)= N(λ,?4,Ω)=]{j |λj 6λ}..."
"Introducing Kepler's third law, when the range of action is λ ~ 1013cm, |a|10?9..."
"...."
"...When the luminosity is 90000 ~ 1.5x 10^5 L⊙, it corresponds to..."
"Then the asymptotic behavior of λk is equivalent to studying the counting function, giving N(λ)=(2π)?nwn|Ω|nλn/2 o(λn/2)...."
........
In the laboratory of the Southern Yunnan Observatory, Xu Chuan concentrated on calculating the data in his hands.
This should have been completed a few days ago, but unexpected circumstances have delayed it until now.
However, with the previous preparation and experience, it is easy to twist the Xu-Weyl-Berry theorem this time.
In fact, the twisted Xu-Weyl-Berry theorem can be said to be a new calculation formula.
The volume previously used to calculate Betelgeuse was, and the mass now used to calculate parameter four is also.
Of course, to be precise, it should be a branch of the Xu-Weyl-Berry theorem formula.
But now, he is the only one who can reverse the Xu-Weyl-Berry theorem so easily.
Even though he had publicly reported the proof process of the Weyl-Berry conjecture at Princeton, it was not easy for others to fully digest and accept it, even for Fields Medal winners.
If a world-class conjecture was so easy to understand, it would not require six different reviewers to review it simultaneously.
Although it is to ensure the rigor of the review, it is also to speed up the progress of some reviews. After all, everyone can understand the part they are best at much faster than one person can understand the entire argument process.
...
In the laboratory, Xu Chuan was kneeling in front of the table, still writing on the manuscript paper with the black pen in his hand.
Suddenly, the mobile phone placed aside vibrated, startling him.
If you are suddenly interrupted when you are concentrating, even if it is a familiar cell phone ringtone, you will be easily frightened.
After coming back to his senses, Xu Chuan breathed a sigh of relief, picked up his phone and turned off the alarm clock.
This was set before he started working. The set time was six o'clock in the afternoon, which was the time for dinner at the observatory.
After all, Director Zhang said before that the time for eating here is fixed, and if you miss it, you will lose it.
Unlike Nanda, even if he works until one or two in the morning, he can still order takeout or something.
Over here at the Observatory, ordering takeout?
Don't make trouble, the nearest town from here is more than thirty kilometers away, and there is a woolen takeaway.
So to be on the safe side, he set an alarm clock so that he wouldn't miss dinner.
People are like iron, and food is like steel. If you don't eat one meal, you will feel hungry.
Especially his kind of work consumes energy very quickly. If you don't eat dinner, you will be so hungry that your stomach hurts at night.
Turning off the alarm clock, Xu Chuan looked at the manuscript paper on the table. He did not expect that the reversal of the Xu-Weyl-Berry theorem would be so troublesome this time.
The calculation of mass is much more troublesome than the calculation of diameter. Even with previous experience, he took many detours this time and scrapped more than a dozen sheets of manuscript paper on the table.
I thought that about four hours would be enough time, but I didn’t expect that it was only from 2 p.m. to now that I could incorporate the calculation of the blackbody radiation cone into the formula. I guess I would have to work on it for another two or three hours.
If it was him before his rebirth, he might not be able to handle this.
After all, he was not very good at mathematics before his rebirth, especially in areas such as spectral theory and fractals, which he had not studied specifically.
Fortunately, after his rebirth, he focused all his energy on mathematics. Otherwise, even if he knew that the Xu-Weyl-Berry theorem could be used to calculate the fluctuations of three-dimensional stars, he would not be able to do this now.
In one and a half years, he once again refreshed his understanding of the importance of mathematics, a basic tool, in other subjects.
It can be said that without mathematics, other subjects would not be able to develop.