From the moment humans look up at the sky, they have never stopped imagining the sky, the universe, the stars...
The sun, moon, stars... everything looks so beautiful and mysterious.
After entering modern society, scientists began to use various instruments and equipment to observe and study the stars in the universe.
It took a long time for them to discover that there may be a huge problem in the universe we live in.
That is, all the materials we are familiar with every day, such as trees, rocks, atoms, planets, stars, and galaxies, together account for less than 5% of the weight of the entire universe.
What the remaining ninety-five percent is, neither can be seen nor is known.
In subsequent studies, scientists conducted extensive tracking and analysis of 95% of the substances.
Finally, it was determined through various physical formulas and observational data that there is an invisible substance in our universe that accounts for more than 95% of the entire mass.
At that time, Professor Fritz Zwicky, the first astronomer who speculated to discover this kind of matter, named it ‘dark matter’. This is the origin of dark matter.
In subsequent research, scientists discovered that dark matter is actually divided into two types, one is the dark matter originally proposed, and the other is dark energy.
Among them, dark matter accounts for 25% of the entire universe, and dark energy accounts for more than 70% of the entire universe.
Adding the two together, the total mass reaches more than 95% of the entire universe.
Less than 5% of the matter is left to form everything we can observe today.
However, so far, we still cannot specifically observe 95% of dark matter and dark energy.
The study of them is still based on various speculations and observations of abnormal cosmic phenomena.
For example, the movement of celestial bodies, the phenomenon of Newtonian gravity, the gravitational lens effect, the formation of the large-scale structure of the universe, microwave background radiation and other observational results, etc.
These cosmic phenomena indicate that dark matter and dark energy may exist in large amounts in galaxies, star clusters and the universe, and their mass is much greater than the sum of the masses of all visible celestial objects in the universe.
Combined with the observation of microwave background radiation anisotropy in the universe and the standard cosmological model (Λcdm model), it can be determined that dark matter in the universe accounts for 85% of the total mass of all matter and 26.8% of the total mass and energy of the universe.
For the study of dark matter, a widely accepted theory holds that dark matter is composed of "weakly interacting massive particles" (weakly iiicle, wimp), whose mass and interaction strength are near the electroweak scale. During the expansion of the universe,
The observed residual abundance is obtained through the thermal decoupling process.
In addition, there are also hypotheses that dark matter is composed of other types of particles, such as axions, sterile rino and other hypothetical particles.
In his previous life, Xu Chuan observed two kinds of matter, axions and sterile neutrinos, indirectly proving the existence of dark matter.
If it were not for the Nobel Prize regulations, he would have directly won the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery in 2018 in his previous life.
According to the awarding principles of the Nobel Prize, the medal will not be awarded to the discoverer of particles or some unknown phenomenon that has been theorized, nor will it be awarded to researchers who operate the hadron collider.
Even if the results are sensational in the world, they will only be awarded to the proposer or perfecter of this theory.
Because in the general view of the academic community, although the work of the first two is important, it is not that decisively important.
It is the latter's work that is decisive.
For example, in 2012, the Higgs particle was detected, and in 2013, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Peter Higgs and Franco Waengler, the proposers of the Higgs boson theory.
As for the researchers who participated in the experiment, although they all deserve credit, unfortunately, the Nobel Prize has nothing to do with them.
His mentor, Edward Witten, was actually a famous scholar of this type.
He proposed m-theory and a series of complete theories. If these theories are verified to be true, then he will undoubtedly win the Nobel Prize.
But it is also quite a pity that it is not known how long it will take to verify his theory.
Just like the Higgs boson was a theory proposed in the 1960s, it was not until 2013 that Higgs and Franco Waengler, who proposed the theory, won the Nobel Prize.
ten years.
If Witten wants to win the Nobel Prize for his M-theory, he may have to wait until he, like Higgs, becomes a bad old man in his nineties.
Therefore, it is impossible for Xu Chuan to win the Nobel Prize for discovering axon particles and sterile neutrinos.
However, if he improves the method he used to calculate the "optimal search decay channel for the Yukawa coupling of the Higgs particle and the third-generation heavy quark" and spreads it to most particles, he might have a chance.
Win another Nobel Prize in Physics.
A mathematical model or method that can greatly save scientific research funds, save a lot of manpower and material resources, accelerate the search for new particles, and replace old methods at night. It is as important to high-energy physics and particle physics as the expanded application of xu-weyl-berry theorem is to
The world of astronomy is as important as the world of astrophysics.
But I'm afraid he hasn't had time to do this recently.
On the one hand, he has a project in hand, and on the other hand, he has to get the discovery of sterile neutrinos first this year.
After all, this is his own scientific research result, and there is no reason for others to take it away.
Although the Nobel Prize is the highest honor, it is not that he has never won it.
Sterile neutrinos are related to the discovery of dark matter, which in Xu Chuan's opinion is more important than the Nobel Prize.
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! But currently he cannot go abroad, so he can only find a way to see if he can get experimental data from there and analyze and process it at home.
Originally, it was a good opportunity for China to join and become a member state, but unfortunately, the personnel currently arranged by China are mainly concentrated on the two major detectors, LHCB and Atlas.
As for ATlce, no personnel have been arranged to go there.
This made it a lot of trouble for him to find the data.
Fortunately, his mentor is Witten, and his current status is completely different from before. His reputation as a Nobel Prize winner in physics can help a lot.
After all, even in this holy land of physics, there are not many Nobel Prize winners, only a handful.
If a Nobel Prize winner takes the initiative to participate in the analysis of experimental data, both the team responsible for the ATLCE detector will welcome it.
Even if he didn't go there in person.
...
After chatting with Lin Feng about the physics world and cutting-edge information, Xu Chuan returned to his villa.
The annual person of the year event here at NTU has been completed, and he has nothing to do with the rest.
Picking up the phone, Xu Chuan called Edward Witten.
"Hello, Xu Chuan." Edward Witten's voice came over from the other end.
"Teacher, did you participate in the high-energy collision experiment of the ATLCE detector some time ago? Or did any acquaintances participate?" Xu Chuan asked.
Witten thought for a while and then replied: "ATLCE detector? Let me think about it, I am not processing the data there. The high-energy collision experiment some time ago seems to be processing the experimental data from the California Institute of Technology and the University of St. Andrews."
The team is handling it."
"Why, are you interested in ATLCE's experimental data?"
Xu Chuan nodded and said: "Well, I heard that the LHC set a collision experiment at the 13tev energy level some time ago. I am quite interested in the experimental data at this energy level."
Witten smiled and said: "Then you can come to Geneva. You are an official researcher anyway, and you will be welcome at any time."
After a pause, he continued: "I believe that the teams at Caltech and St. Andrews University will not refuse the addition of a Nobel Prize winner."
Xu Chuan shook his head and sighed: "It's a pity that I have something to do now and can't go there. If possible, I would like to have a copy of the original data of the collision experiment."
Witten pondered for a moment and then said: "Okay, let me ask for you and see if I can get a copy of the experimental data."
Shrugging, he continued: "Although the time for making it public has not come yet, the teams at Caltech and St. Andrews University don't seem to have analyzed anything useful yet."
"Maybe I can make new discoveries in your hands?"
"After all, no one is better at analyzing these collision data through mathematics than you."
Xu Chuan smiled and said: "Then I'll trouble the instructor."
Witten waved his hand indifferently and said: "It's a small matter, I hope I can find something new."
"After all, nothing new has been discovered in today's physics world for a long time."
.......
After entrusting the acquisition of high-energy collision experiment data to his mentor Edward Witten, Xu Chuan returned to the Institute of Nuclear Energy and continued the second phase of semiconductor material research and development.
Less than two days later, Witten returned the phone call.
"Hey, Xu Chuan, I have obtained the collision experiment data you requested, and the analysis teams from the California Institute of Technology and the University of St. Andrews also agreed."
"The experimental data is being packaged and processed at this moment. It will take about two or three days. How will it be sent to you after it is processed?"
Edward Witten's voice came through the phone. Xu Chuan thought for a while and said, "Please pass it on to my alma mater, Nanjing University. I will go and talk to them and arrange for a connection then."
"Okay, I happen to be having a meeting here these two days, so I'll keep an eye on you first."
Xu Chuan said with shame: "It's too troublesome for you, mentor. It's not a big deal. Just find someone to connect with me."
Isn't it a waste of talent for a Fields Medal-level boss to help him monitor and transmit data? For such a trivial matter, just find an intern or staff member.
Witten smiled and said: "It's okay. I hope you can find something new in the data of this collision experiment."
.....
After hanging up the call, Xu Chuan turned around and went to Nantah University to borrow the supercomputing center of Nantah University.
NTU also has a supercomputer and a supercomputing center, which were established just a few years ago.
NTU's high-performance computing project was officially launched in 2009 and officially established in March 2010.
NTU’s more than ten departments, including the School of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Physics, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, are all serviced by the High Performance Computing Center.
The theoretical calculation peak reaches 34 trillion floating-point operations per second, ranking seventh among the top 100 computers in the country and 203rd among the top 500 computers in the world.
In 2018, NTU's supercomputing center was not out of date, and its performance was pretty good.
There is no problem in at least processing the experimental data sent from there.
Nanda agreed to his request without any hesitation, and most of the less urgent tasks of the supercomputing center were postponed for a whole month.
Although the NTU High-Performance Computing Center is always performing high-speed calculations at full capacity, the tasks every day are very heavy. Postponing most tasks for half a month means that many people's affairs will be damaged.
But whether it’s a request from a Nobel Prize winner or borrowing data from NTU’s supercomputing center, it’s all very meaningful to NTU.
The physics department of NTU is very strong, ranking at least among the top three in the country. It has always been a cooperative partner of NTU, and a large number of students are sent there every year.
Whether it was brought here by the professor or applied by oneself.
It's great to be able to participate in this holy land of physics to process experimental data, even if it's just hard work, and feel the atmosphere.
There are so many great people there. If you are really interested in academics, I believe you will not miss this opportunity.
Xu Chuan will definitely need the help of a group of professors and students to get the experimental data and process it at NTU's supercomputing center. For NTU, this will help cultivate more talents and apply for more exchanges next year.
........
"Then teacher, I will trouble you with the preliminary experimental data analysis."
In Chen Zhengping's office, Xu Chuan said with an embarrassed look.
After the docking was completed at NTU, Witten arranged for someone to send over the experimental data of the ATLCE detector.
The data is raw data that has not been analyzed and needs to be processed.
But it's obvious that he doesn't have time now. The second phase of semiconductor material research and development of the nuclear energy project has entered a critical stage, and he can't spare time to do other things.
So we can only ask Chen Zhengping and Nanjing University to send a group of doctoral students to help process the early experimental data.
Although the California Institute of Technology and the University of St. Andrews have analyzed these data for a long time, it is obvious that they cannot give him the data they analyzed.
It would be nice to have additional consent to allow him to obtain a copy of the original data for use. After all, this is the project they applied for, and it will still be a long time before it is fully disclosed.
In the office, Chen Zhengping said with a smile: "This is nothing. It is a good thing for NTU students. After all, not everyone has the opportunity to practice."
"Your complete raw data is enough for them to understand their work experience in China."