One New Year's Day, Xu Chuan stayed at home until the Lantern Festival. Xu Xiao's girl had started school, but he hadn't set off yet.
Originally, he was planning to return to Jinling on the eighth day of the first lunar month, but the analysis of sterile neutrinos reached a critical point after the New Year.
For him, as long as the computer's performance is available, there is not much difference between processing these data at home and processing these things in Jinling.
So he stayed at home and continued to complete the analysis work.
.......
Relying on his knowledge of sterile neutrinos in his previous life, Xu Chuan could easily find what he needed from the data analyzed by NTU.
This process is like panning for gold in a small river containing gold sand. The most primitive tools are used to wash out the tiny gold particles hidden in the numerous gravels bit by bit, and then gather them together to finally smelt them into gold bricks.
.
Of course, sifting out useful data from massive collision data is much more difficult than panning for gold in river sand, especially when looking for a brand-new particle.
Although theoretical physics sometimes makes certain analyzes and speculations about the characteristics of targets, in fact, no one knows what the characteristics and information displayed by such target particles are like in high-energy collisions.
This is like the process of gold panning. The gold that was originally golden may now be black, or it may be khaki, or it may be similar in shape to sand...
In this case, to accurately distinguish it is as difficult as letting people fly into the sky without even giving them wings.
Fortunately, he has enough sterile neutrino information data in his mind, and he is quite familiar with every known form of it.
........
In the study room, Xu Chuan held the mouse in his hand and controlled the Adobe Illustrator drawing software to pull up the last pixel on the Dalitz diagram.
Click, save, and when a new picture was generated in the folder named 'Stairy Neutrino Dalitz Diagram', he sat up straight and breathed a long sigh of relief.
This is a very common particle resonance Dalitz diagram. It shows the mutual interference of the resonance states of the final particles in the particle collider collected by the ATLCEC detector, the angular distribution of the final particles, and the matrix element structure of the physical process.
and other parameters.
Judging from the energy level data, there is nothing worthy of analysis or attention.
But on the key curve showing the resonance state, it has a concave point that is not very noticeable.
If you open all the other Dalitz diagrams in this folder, you will be surprised to see that these concave points will connect into a ︺-shaped arc.
This is exactly the resonance state performance information of sterile neutrinos.
Of course, strictly speaking, the Dalitz diagram cannot fully express the characteristics of sterile neutrinos. After all, its original design is a two-dimensional diagram describing the density distribution of physical events.
In addition to the constant mass, kinetic energy and other information that the Dalitz diagram can show, sterile neutrinos also have some other information that cannot be described.
Of course, this has something to do with the LHC detector. The current technological means used by the detector cannot observe dark matter at all, and naturally it is impossible to display all the information completely.
But it is enough to convince the public, or to convince the public that this is a brand-new particle that has never been discovered and found in the physics world.
With the current amount of data, coupled with his analysis and theory, the confidence level in the existence of sterile neutrinos has reached above 3sigma.
Sigma is a standard used by statistics to express the standard deviation, that is, the degree of dispersion of data. It is represented by σ in the Greek letter.
If you have studied probability theory, you will definitely be familiar with this thing.
In statistics or probability theory or other courses, a very common saying is called the 3sigma principle, which means that the confidence level above 3sigma is already very high, and it can be considered basically correct.
3sigma, also known as the "three times standard deviation method", is a statistical criterion used to measure the normal range of a specific sample combination for a specific test item.
The principle of the 3σ calculation formula is that if the standard deviation of the results of a test is s, then 99.7% of the results will be within the mean±3s range.
Therefore, if the standard deviation of a test is equal to 1, then 99.7% of the test results will fall between the mean ± 3.
If you don’t quite understand these things, the simplest thing you can understand is that 3sigma means that the probability of this happening is more than 99.73%.
Of course, in the field of physics, especially in the fields of high-energy physics and particle physics, the confidence level must be at least 5sigma to determine whether a new particle exists.
The 5-sigma confidence level can be understood as 99.% of the observed results are true results, but there is a 0.00006% possibility that the result is actually just an experimental error.
Just like the Higgs particle.
In fact, the Higgs particle had been observed many times before it was officially announced in 2013, but the confidence level was lower than 5sigma.
If the confidence level is lower than 5sigm, then this phenomenon is called a "sign" in high-energy physics or academia and cannot be determined as a "discovery".
Until 2013, the preliminary experimental results released by the Superconducting Ring Field Detector Experiment (hereinafter referred to as "atlas") and the Compact Particle Coil Experiment (hereinafter referred to as "cms") team of the Large Hadron Collider showed that at 125 to 126gev
There is a new particle in the mass interval, and the confidence level reaches 5.1 sigma.
Only then was it completely confirmed that the Higgs particle had been discovered.
In particle physics, 5 sigma is considered the threshold for a discovery, which almost means there is more than 99.9999% certainty.
Only when we can achieve this can we confirm that this is a new type of particle and not an experimental error or interference.
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! For Xu Chuan, the things he made clearly did not meet the 5sigma confidence level.
But he is confident that with the help of this data, in subsequent collision experiments, the observation of sterile neutrinos will be included in the collision arrangements.
As long as he has more data, he can make more confidence and find the sterile neutrino from the hidden void!
........
With a smile, Xu Chuan checked all the Dalitz diagrams and data drawn. After confirming that there were no problems, he said goodbye to his family and set off back to Jinling.
The Dalitz chart and the required data have been created. All that is left is to compile these things into a report file and then communicate with them.
But before he could start working, a call came to his mobile phone.
"Hello, hello." Xu Chuan answered the phone and asked.
"Hey, Professor Xu, I didn't disturb your research." A smiling voice came from the other end of the phone. Upon hearing this voice, Xu Chuan immediately knew who the other party was.
"No, no, Minister Qin, do you have anything to do with me?" Xu Chuan said quickly.
"It's like this. Regarding the letter you wrote years ago and the scientific and technological achievements of nuclear waste research, there are still some things that the Ministry of Science and Technology may not understand. I wonder if Professor Xu has any time recently.
I would like to arrange for someone to come over and have a chat with you."
After a pause, Qin Anguo added: "Of course, if you don't have time, we can talk about it later."
Xu Chuan thought for a moment and said, "How long will it take?"
Qin Anguo smiled and said: "It won't be very long, about two or three days. After all, we can't delay your research. The main thing is that there are some things about radiation energy conversion that I don't understand that I need you to explain."
Xu Chuan nodded and said, "Okay, when will the person you arranged come over?"
Hearing this, Qin Anguo said quickly: "If it's convenient for you, how about I arrange to go see you tomorrow?"
"Okay, then I'll wait at home." Xu Chuan responded.
"Excuse me, Professor Xu. I won't bother you any more."
.......
After hanging up the phone, Xu Chuan looked at the phone with a black screen and smiled.
Unsurprisingly, some things in the letter he sent to the above attracted attention.
Think about it, how could you not be tempted by a technology that can absorb radiation energy?
Not to mention its economic value, the value brought by its application in certain aspects is enough to make people salivate.
Shaking his head, Xu Chuan began to compile report materials on 'sterile neutrinos'.
With all the materials well prepared, one day was enough for him to perfect these things.
After processing the sterile neutrino report materials, the next day, people arranged by the Ministry of Science and Technology also arrived.
.......
"Minister Qin, Academician Peng... welcome."
In the courtyard, Xu Chuan smiled and greeted the personnel arranged by the Ministry of Science and Technology. What he did not expect was that Qin Anguo, the leader of the Ministry of Science and Technology, actually came over in person.
"Hahahaha, Professor Xu, long time no see. What a wonderful New Year." Qin Anguo walked up quickly, enthusiastically held Xu Chuan's hand and greeted him with a smile.
Xu Chuan smiled and said: "It's pretty good."
Qin Anguo laughed, turned around and introduced to the people behind him: "This is Professor Xu."
"This is Academician Peng Hongxi, whom you have known for a long time; this is Academician Wang Yangang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, who mainly studies the field of electromagnetics; this is Academician Jia Lin of the Academy of Engineering, who mainly studies materials science and optoelectronic technology; this is Academician of Aeronautics
Academician Fan Pingbo from the institute......"
Xu Chuan smiled and came up to say hello one by one: "Academician Peng, Academician Wang, Academician Jia..."
For this exchange, Qin Anguo only brought four people, but all four of them can be said to be the top of the pyramid in their respective fields. The so-called skill is not too much.
After greeting a few people and exchanging pleasantries, Xu Chuan led the group into the villa.
........
In the villa, the group of people chatted for a while and then got down to business.
Qin Anguo cleared his mind, straightened his posture and asked, "I'm here to bother you this time because I have a technical and theoretical question about the use of radiation that I want to consult."
Xu Chuan nodded and said, "You say."
Qin Anguo said cautiously: "In the "Nuclear Energy Beta Radiation Energy Concentration Conversion Mechanism Project", Professor Xu, you developed a 'radiation gap' technology specifically for beta rays and gamma rays, which can absorb and utilize
radiant energy and convert it into electrical energy."
"We want to know whether this technology can be applied to traditional electromagnetic waves, extremely short radio waves, infrared and other fields?"
"If so, what should we do?"
...
As soon as he finished speaking, several people in the living room turned their attention to him.
Regarding the technology of radiant energy absorption and conversion, that kind of 'radiation gap', several people here have the authority and have some information.
However, due to the fact that this technology is the latest cutting-edge technology, Xu Chuan is the only one who currently masters it. Even though everyone has read some of the information, they don't understand it in detail enough.
At least they couldn't figure out what to do in a short time to apply it in the needed direction.
If given enough time, we might be able to think of ways to study it.
But the authorities cannot wait that long. After all, this is related to the performance of the stealth fighter. The sooner it can be developed, the better.
】
Originally, the senior management planned to consult Xu Chuan as soon as possible after the New Year, but when they contacted Zheng Hai, they received feedback that he was doing his own research, so they waited patiently until he returned to Jinling.
Just called to communicate.
...
Hearing Qin Anguo's question, Xu Chuan smiled and said: "We are all our own people and it is safe enough here, so I just clicked on it. They want to apply this technology to stealth coating materials, right?
"
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! Qin Anguo nodded, but the person who replied was the academician of the Aviation Research Institute named Fan Pingbo.
"Yes, we need this new material very much. Years ago, you provided a radiation gap material. We tested it and found that its absorption and utilization rate of beta rays and gamma rays is quite high, reaching an astonishing level.
More than 40 percent."
"If it can be converted into the absorption of traditional electromagnetic waves, extremely short radio waves, infrared and other radiation, this will be a huge change in the stealth materials industry."
"As you know, stealth is the iconic feature of fifth-generation fighter jets, and it is also a key factor in determining whether a fighter jet can take the initiative in modern air combat."
"The higher the stealth capability, the better a fighter jet can evade detection and locking by enemy radars, thereby gaining opportunities and advantages."
"Stealth paint can usually contribute about 10% to the stealth effect of stealth fighters. This is already a very important component for the meticulous stealth effect."
"If it can be increased from 10 percent to more than 40 percent, it will be a qualitative leap."
"so........"
Academician Fan Pingbo explained briefly, and Xu Chuan asked curiously: "Do traditional stealth materials account for such a low proportion of the stealth effect of stealth fighters? Only ten percent?"
He didn't know much about these things, after all, they were not in his own field, but he vaguely knew that the coating on the stealth fighter had a great influence on the stealth effect of the fighter.
When Fan Pingbo said it was only 10%, he was surprised. He originally thought that the stealth effect of fighter planes basically depended on the stealth coating.
Fan Pingbo smiled and explained: "Professor Xu, you may not know much about this aspect. Ten percent, this is an effect that can only be achieved by four generations or more."
"For example, the most famous B-2 in the United States, although it is a second-generation stealth aircraft, its stealth performance has exceeded that of traditional fifth-generation aircraft."
"According to our understanding, it uses a variety of composite stealth materials, but even so, the coating only accounts for about 15% of the overall stealth performance in the stealth effect."
After a pause, he continued: "Even so, the stealth coating used on B2 is still the most advanced in the world."
"In comparison, the current stealth coating materials in our country are indeed quite inferior, so we urgently need a new type of stealth coating material to break the other party's restrictions."
