Chapter 139 Rebuilding the Imperial Academy and opening an official college
In the early Western Han Dynasty, the Huang-Lao School was very popular, and there was no official official place to teach academics. There were only private schools opened by private individuals. It was not until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed the Hundred Schools of Confucianism and adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion that he began to establish Taixue in Chang'an.
That is, an officially established school.
At first, there were only Doctors of the Five Classics in Taixue, and there were fifty disciples of the doctorate. From Emperor Wu to Xinmang, the number of subjects and the number of subjects in Taixue gradually increased, and the "Book of Changes", "Book of Songs", "Book of Songs", "Book of Rites" and "Book of Rites" were gradually opened.
”, “Gongyang Zhuan”, “Gu Liang Zhuan”, “Zuo Zhuan”, “Zhou Guan”, “Erya” and other courses.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu said in his book The Countermeasures of Virtue: "The Imperial Scholars are the gates of the wise men and the origin of education."
During the reign of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhu Fu sent a letter to Dr. Guangxuan and said: "Fu Tai scholars are the palace of etiquette and the source of education."
The famous scholar Cai Yong at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, also known as Cai Yan's father, pointed out more clearly: "Tai Xue is a place where doctoral students are taught."
All the above illustrate that the rise and fall of Taixue is directly related to the success or failure of national education.
Moreover, Taixue not only teaches theoretical knowledge, but also consciously adds social practice links for students.
During the Eastern Han and Western Jin dynasties, when the emperor held a commune ceremony, the ceremonial students, namely Du Yitai students, were recruited as students. The study adopted a single-course completion method. After each classic was completed, a doctor would preside over the defense. Strictly follow the requirements of each classic family, and pay attention to the inheritance from master to master.
.The defense consists of fifty debate questions, those with more explanations will be ranked higher, and those who introduce civilization will be ranked higher. If you do not follow the teacher and have conflicting opinions, you will be considered wrong. This is a bit restrictive for individual students, but
As far as the entire academic education is concerned, it is also a guarantee for promoting debates between different schools of thought and improving the academic status of different schools of thought.
So why do Chinese people attach so much importance to education that the involution of education is so serious? Perhaps the seeds were planted more than a thousand years ago...
At that time, because Taixue students supported Chen Fan, Li Ying and others opposed the eunuchs in power, they were labeled as "party members". Thousands of Taixue students were arrested, imprisoned, and even executed. Taixue began to gradually decline.
Later, Luoyang was reduced to ashes by Dong Zhuo's fire, and Chang'an also suffered from Dong Zhuo, Li Jue, Guo Si and others. The emperor's ministers themselves were in danger, and the Imperial Academy naturally could not be maintained. It closed early until it completely disappeared.
Now that the Han Dynasty was reborn in Xuchang, what was there before must be what it is now. Taiyuan University began to rebuild under the leadership of Lao Cao.
After having an in-depth conversation with Cai Yan that day, Cao Cao seemed to have had a second spring, becoming more energetic and full of energy!
After returning to Xuchang, the first thing Cao Cao did was to pay close attention to culture and education. It seems that during the conversation with Cai Yan, the other party mentioned some things in this regard.
This is what Cao Cao will do in the future, but now it's a little ahead of schedule.
Reopening the Imperial Academy was a good thing on the surface to restore the dignity of the emperor and enhance the status of the Han court in the minds of scholars, but in fact it was also the first step in Cao Cao and Lu Yan's conspiracy to dismantle the family's knowledge monopoly.
There are two sources of Tai students at first: one is directly selected by Tai Chang "those who are over eighteen years old and have good manners"; the other is those recommended by the local government who are "good at literature, respect their elders, respect politics and education, follow the countryside, and do not go out of their way to go out"
"Those who have heard it", its target is the children of the people.
It was not until the end of the Western Han Dynasty that the children of bureaucrats and nobles were required to study in Imperial College.
However, these people have been pampered since childhood, and they have become officials through the "shadow" path given by privileges, and they often lack enthusiasm for school studies.
When private students enter Taixue, they can not only be exempted from corvee taxes, but also use it as a promotion step, and are highly motivated to study. However, although Taixue did not charge tuition fees in the past, they still had to take care of their own living expenses, and some were from poor families.
Students have to rely on labor to make a living to maintain their studies.
Cao Cao used examinations to replace the old selection and local recommendation methods, which greatly increased fairness. Gu Lin
However, he can currently only carry out and organize examinations under his own rule, that is, to select students to enter Taixue through examinations in Yanzhou, Yingchuan and Xuzhou.
Not only will there be major changes in the way of admission, but the content of Taixue professors will also undergo huge changes. In addition to still teaching classics such as the "Book of Changes" and "The Book of Songs", more courses on military affairs, internal affairs, etc. will also be conducted.
Education must start from childhood. Although private schools have long existed among the people, they are not very good in terms of scale and stability.
Therefore, when Taixue was rebuilt, official academies would be opened in various places under Cao Cao's rule at the same time. Starting from children, it is necessary to find corresponding courses for each stage, so that children from teenagers to young adults can have books to read and have knowledge.
The road can be found.
Due to the emergence of new paper and the affordable bookstores opened by chambers of commerce, various books have already begun to appear in large numbers among the public.
The common people finally had the opportunity to read and write, and they naturally cherished it very much.
At most three to five years after the opening of academies and imperial schools, Cao Cao will start the imperial examination as planned. Once the imperial examination system is officially implemented, the imperial examination system that has been implemented for hundreds of years since Emperor Wen will usher in its end. The gentry and the
There will also be a break in the local monopoly, and the pattern that the poor scribes, represented by Xi Zhicai, most want to see, will truly appear in front of them!
As mentioned earlier, the Taipei University recruits civilian children. Although tuition fees are waived, it does not take into account their livelihood.
The newly opened Taixue or local colleges will actively provide them with job opportunities, and will also open libraries to provide free borrowed books, allowing them to fulfill their dream of studying on a part-time basis.
The establishment and reform of Taixue and local colleges will definitely encounter great resistance.
But now that Cao Cao has become prime minister ahead of schedule, he can now arbitrarily reopen the Imperial Academy and open local colleges.
Educating the people is a good thing, and the great Confucian scholars both in the court and in the opposition support it.
However, they were dissatisfied because of the introduction of military, mathematics, and engineering courses.
Even among the ministers who personally promoted Cao Cao to the position of prime minister in court, many people opposed him privately.
After all, in the eyes of these Confucian scholars, Taixue should be a place where Confucian classics are purely taught.
What kind of decency do you have to teach military, arithmetic or even engineering subjects now? It is simply an insult to politeness!
Faced with fierce opposition from the ministers of the DPRK, Cao Cao used the authority of the prime minister and began to act arbitrarily. No matter how your ministers lamented, Cao Cao still went his own way.
Finally, at Cao Cao's insistence, the emperor and the officials had nothing to do with him. In the end, they had to try their best to obtain an increase in the proportion of Confucian teaching and agreed to reopen this somewhat nondescript Imperial College.
Chenliu Gongfang, under the operation of Cao Cao, became an affiliated institution of Taixue, and finally received the long-awaited "regularization". In the future, it will also be a place where arithmetic and engineering students can practice and even start their formal working careers.