After Erhan studied the dictionary, he also expressed his opinions on the pronunciation edited by Li Zicheng, and believed that it was quite different from the Guan Ding Yun Shu.
Li Zicheng will make Beijing his capital in the future, so Mandarin will naturally be based on the Beijing pronunciation.
Although Zhu Yuanzhang was the king of Nanjing, Nanjing dialect is not Mandarin. Nanjing Mandarin is the regional variant of the Central Plains calligraphy in the south, and is not the same as Nanjing dialect, and its relationship with Lao Zhu is also limited.
At first, Zhu Yuanzhang was not satisfied with the newly compiled "Hongwu Zhengyun", and he revised it twice but was still not satisfied. So he simply renamed someone else's book "Hongwu Tongyun" and prepared to publish it to replace "Zhengyun". Later, the relevant personnel involved Hu Lan
Party case, the matter will be settled.
It can be seen that the official Mandarin or reading pronunciation prescribed by the Ming Dynasty was inherently inadequate, and no one took it seriously after Lao Zhu died.
By the time Zhu Qizhen, Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty, "Hongwu Yun"...but now it is only based on its strokes in the memorial version. As for composing poems, "Tang Yun" is still used at home and abroad."
A few decades later, when Emperor Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty arrived, "so far, except for one piece of "Hongwu Zhengyun", it is not allowed to include a piece of paper or a single word to cover the line of urgent need to correct the rhyme. Who knows that in the future, poems and poems will be removed?
Scholars no longer know what the correct rhyme is. The poets of the world are still wrong because of this, and they don’t know what the correct rhyme is. They do not pay attention to the correct pronunciation, do not follow the rules of the times, and instead follow the difficult rhyme. I don’t know what it is.
Why."
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Qian Qianyi said, "As for "Hongwu Zhengyun"... now it is just a chapter. The trial court uses the orthographic characters for a while, and the library selects the corresponding rhyme. The scholars and officials put it away in high cabinets and no longer look at it. Those who pay a little attention to it.
Then he said: 'The Holy Patriarch regarded this book as incomplete and unsatisfactory, and it is the basis of this undetermined work.' Well, that's a pity."
In short, Zhu Yuanzhang had almost no influence on the emergence of Nanjing Mandarin.
When Xiao Zhu moved the capital to the north, it was divided into northern and southern Mandarin.
The simple difference is that the northern Mandarin has four upward tones of yin and yang, while the southern Mandarin has five upward tones of yin and yang. (The Beijing reading pronunciation still had the first tone until the end of the Qing Dynasty.)
Although "Xi Ru Er Mu Zi" was finally completed in the north, the pronunciation reflected is more southern Mandarin, similar to Jianghuai. This is because Guilao landed from the south and has lived in the south for a long time. Moreover, the official rhyme book referenced is also more southern pronunciation. (The specific pronunciation
It can be seen that Southwest Mandarin is about 70-80% similar.)
Beijing dialect is a northern Mandarin influenced by southern Mandarin.
Even if the Tatars do not enter the customs, the pronunciation of the Beijing dialect is not much different from that of later generations. It can be said that there is no barrier to communication.
Xu Xiao, a native of Beijing during the Wanli Period, compiled a rhyme table in Beijing dialect. The only difference between it and later generations was that Beijing dialect at that time could still distinguish sharp groups, such as jing zing, jing ging, and certain finals, etc. Moreover, he recorded in the book
It is a Chinese pronunciation of Beijing dialect. If we look at the actual accent of ordinary people, the difference from that of later generations is probably even smaller.
Although there are still some scholars who claim to be "Zhongzhou Zhengyin", the status of Beijing dialect is getting higher and higher.
In the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty, many people who served as officials in Beijing returned to their hometowns, and their whole families, including children and even their servants, "spoke Yanjing accent" and were proud of it.
In general, the standard pronunciation of Mandarin and Dudu pronunciation in the Ming Dynasty only existed on paper. Over the past two hundred years, various places have spontaneously formed characteristic Mandarin and Dudu pronunciation. The most representative ones are Beijing Mandarin, Nanjing Mandarin,
Three categories of Mandarin Chinese in the Central Plains.
Emperor Wanli spoke with a Chinese accent, right? (It was probably taught by Zhang Juzheng, but if he learned it from the eunuchs, he would have spoken Kan dialect. When Shunzhi grew up, he complained that his accent was changed by Cao Huachun and others.)
(Zhongyuan Yayin or Zhongzhou Zhengyin is not a Luoyang Kaifeng dialect, but a reading pronunciation that "combines Confucianism from the north and south, considers the voices of the five directions, and compromises the Central Plains". Wang Duo, a great calligrapher of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, was from near Kaifeng, Luoyang.
, but his Henan accent is often ridiculed for his uneven poetry.)
There are also examples to see the difference in pronunciation between Ming people and later generations. For example, in books written by people in the Ming Dynasty to learn Japanese, the pronunciation "fafa" was written under the character "mother". Later generations pronounced it "haha". ha evolved from pa, which is exactly what Japanese in the Ming Dynasty did
Change to fa between pa and ha.
…
No matter how bad things get, the Lingnan brothers should stop fighting for "Mandarin".
Not to mention the miscellaneous places in Baiyue during the Qin and Han dynasties, in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, "birds living in their nests are talking", "there are still insects chirping and birds chattering"; in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu's maps and artillery "all birds talk about barren faces"; in the Song Dynasty, Su Dongpo's "but bitter talk"
”.
Zhang Juzheng said that when Lingnan officials came to Beijing to report on their duties, he wanted to find an interpreter.
The Mandarin brought by the original Wei of Guangdong Dianbai was "because of the time, it was called Jiushizheng, which was the Zhengyin of the Ming Dynasty." Later it became "Shitzheng".
Leizhou during the Wanli period: "There are three types of thunder language. There is the official language, which is the Zhengyin of Zhongzhou, which can be spoken by scholar-bureaucrats and city dwellers; there is the Oriental language, also known as the Hakka language, which is similar to the Zhangchao language and is connected to the three counties and nine villages.
Talking about this; there is Li language, which is the sound of Qiongya Lingao, but Xu Wenxiang said it, and there is no trace of the foreign land..."
It can be seen that there were still many people who could speak Mandarin in the Ming Dynasty. After the Tatars entered the customs, the Leizhou Peninsula was invaded by the Fujian language at an accelerated pace.
Ming Dynasty Chaozhou opera "The Golden Flower Girl"——
Student: Yi Cheng, where are you from?
Cheng: Xiaoyi Cheng is from Zhangpu County.
Student: Since we are from my neighboring country, let’s stop talking in plain language.
The official was from Chaozhou, Guangdong, and Yi Cheng was from Zhangpu, Fujian. The two places were not far apart. The two began to talk in Mandarin. After learning that they were close neighbors, they began to speak in dialects.
In terms of language evaluation, Hu Jian and the Cantonese people have the same problem - "the chirps are indistinguishable" and "the Hokkien people's language is quite rough".
Huang Tingjian of the Northern Song Dynasty warned his friends and children, "Don't follow the words of Minling for three years, or turn away from the ten thousand sounds of the Central Plains."
Don't learn the local dialect after you go there, otherwise others won't be able to understand you when you return to the Central Plains.
There was an official in the Song Dynasty who was very effective in doing things. Song Taizong wanted to promote him as a close minister. As a result, the officials tried to dissuade him, saying that he was from Hu Jian and you couldn't communicate with him.
Zhao Guangyi said, what are you talking about? I have experienced hundreds of battles and have seen a lot. Which official has I not seen? Isn’t it just Min dialect? How could I not understand it? “I can understand it myself!”
So he summoned the official to have a chat.
As a result, Zhao Guangyi said: "Liu played all the pairs in Nanyin. I can't understand a word of it!"
If you don't understand a word, you will be slapped in the face at the speed of light.
Another Hu Jianren was awarded Jinshi. Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, saw that he was very handsome and planned to promote him to a close servant.
As a result, the other party spoke with a local accent, which Zhu Di disliked, "Old barbarian..."
By the Ming Dynasty, "Today's phonology errors are limited to those in Fujian and Guangdong..."
These two fellow sufferers were immediately given up on treatment.
Zhang Tingyu recorded in "History of the Ming Dynasty": "Since the Fujian people entered the court after Yang Rong and Chen Shan, their language was difficult to understand, and there was no one there for two hundred years..."
If you want to be a high-ranking official, it is very important for southerners to learn Mandarin.
(During the Southern Qi Dynasty, there was a Nanchang native named Hu Xiezhi. Emperor Wu of Qi valued him very much and wanted to introduce him to a marriage. However, the woman thought his accent was too strong and was unwilling. So Emperor Wu of Qi sent several palace officials to go
The old Hu family taught Mandarin. As a result, those palace people learned fluent Nanchang dialect.)
The north is slightly better. Although there are more dialects, the pronunciation is similar and there are fewer communication barriers.
The imperial court Honglu Temple presided over the ceremonial singing, and all the people with loud voices were selected from the four provinces of Henan, Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi.
The dialects recorded in the Ming Dynasty are as follows -
"For example, if Huang Wang in Wu dialect doesn't argue, people from the north will laugh at it, but they don't know that there are many people from the north who have incorrect pronunciation.
For example, people in the capital regard steps as cloth, thanks as unloading, Zheng as righteousness, and Dao as arrival, all of which are wrong;
People in Henan regard Henan as a place to drink, and their wives and brothers as the Seventh Emperor;
People from Shandong in North Zhili regard the house as a crow, the land as a road, and there is no rhyme in the rhyme. In the rhyme, Ji is the wife, leaves are the night, Jia is the Jia, and there is no word for He.
People in Shanxi regard Tong as a village and Cong as a village, and there is no Eastern rhyme;
People in Jiangxi, Huguang, and Sichuan regard love as Qin, sex as trust, and there is no rhyme in the word Qing. People in the three counties of She, Mu, and Wu regard orchid as Lang, heart as star, and the rhyme of the word Wuhan is invasion.
Another example is the word "Qu": Shanxi is for Ku, Shandong is for Qu, Shaanxi is for Qi, Nanjing is for Ke Qu Sheng, and Huguang is for Chu.
In addition, for example, people in Shanxi use sitting as a chop and green as a wife; people in Shaanxi use salt as a year and biting as a collar; people in Taiwen use Zhang Chang as a spear and so on.
Those who are unable to do this are not clever enough, and those who often focus on rhyming calligraphy will not be able to extricate themselves from the popular customs."
"Approximately speaking, the incoming sounds from the north of the Yangtze River are mostly flat tones, often with sounds without words and cannot be conveyed; south of the Yangtze River are often suffering from unclear dental pronunciation, but this is also the local accent in Mandarin. If it is dialect in various places, it is not easy to understand."
"Yanzhao: North is humble, green is worry, six is ​​slippery, color is sieve, rice is put, porridge is Zhou, Huo is fire, silver is sound, and valley is lonely;
Qin and Jin: Red represents soul, country represents return, number represents trees, hundreds represents abandonment, east represents Dun, and middle represents gizzards;
Liang and Song Dynasty: Du is Du, Xi is Xi, Mo is Mo, Shi is Shi, Yu is Yu, and Hu is Gong;
Qilu: The north is that, the country is Gui, or Hui, Di is low, wheat is sold, not Bu;
Western Shu: Wrath is the road, crossbow is the Lu, Lord is the curse, skill is the tree, exit is the place, entry is the Ru;
Wu Yue: Da means Party, Xie means Marry, Superior means Rang, Chen means people, Women means duties, Huang means King, Fan means Wan, County means Yan, Pig means Zhi;
Erchu: It means knowledge, interpretation means change, Yong means permission, you are you, Jie is cover, mountains are three, scholars are four, births are umbrellas, years are fine, ancestors are walking, seeing is fighting, trust is the heart.
To be continued...