After Erhan studied the dictionary, he also expressed his opinions on the pronunciation edited by Li Zicheng, and believed that it was quite different from the Guan Ding Yun Shu.
Li Zicheng will make Beijing his capital in the future, so Mandarin will naturally be based on the Beijing pronunciation.
Although Zhu Yuanzhang was the king of Nanjing, Nanjing dialect is not Mandarin. Nanjing Mandarin is the regional variant of the Central Plains calligraphy in the south, and is not the same as Nanjing dialect, and its relationship with Lao Zhu is also limited.
At first, Zhu Yuanzhang was not satisfied with the newly compiled "Hongwu Zhengyun", and he revised it twice but was still not satisfied. So he simply renamed someone else's book "Hongwu Tongyun" and prepared to publish it to replace "Zhengyun". Later, the relevant personnel involved Hu Lan
Party case, the matter will be settled.
It can be seen that the official Mandarin or reading pronunciation prescribed by the Ming Dynasty was inherently inadequate, and no one took it seriously after Lao Zhu died.
By the time Zhu Qizhen, Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty, "Hongwu Yun"...but now it is only based on its strokes in the memorial version. As for composing poems, "Tang Yun" is still used at home and abroad."
A few decades later, when Emperor Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty arrived, "so far, except for one piece of "Hongwu Zhengyun", it is not allowed to include a piece of paper or a single word to cover the line of urgent need to correct the rhyme. Who knows that in the future, poems and poems will be removed?
Scholars no longer know what the correct rhyme is. The poets of the world are still wrong because of this, and they don’t know what the correct rhyme is. They do not pay attention to the correct pronunciation, do not follow the rules of the times, and instead follow the difficult rhyme. I don’t know what it is.
Why."
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Qian Qianyi said, "As for "Hongwu Zhengyun"... now it is just a chapter. The trial court uses the orthographic characters for a while, and the library selects the corresponding rhyme. The scholars and officials put it away in high cabinets and no longer look at it. Those who pay a little attention to it.
Then he said: 'The Holy Patriarch regarded this book as incomplete and unsatisfactory, and it is the basis of this undetermined work.' Well, that's a pity."
In short, Zhu Yuanzhang had almost no influence on the emergence of Nanjing Mandarin.
When Xiao Zhu moved the capital to the north, it was divided into northern and southern Mandarin.
The simple difference is that the northern Mandarin has four upward tones of yin and yang, while the southern Mandarin has five upward tones of yin and yang. (The Beijing reading pronunciation still had the first tone until the end of the Qing Dynasty.)
Although "Xi Ru Er Mu Zi" was finally completed in the north, the pronunciation reflected is more southern Mandarin, similar to Jianghuai. This is because Guilao landed from the south and has lived in the south for a long time. Moreover, the official rhyme book referenced is also more southern pronunciation. (The specific pronunciation
It can be seen that Southwest Mandarin is about 70-80% similar.)
Beijing dialect is a northern Mandarin influenced by southern Mandarin.
Even if the Tatars do not enter the customs, the pronunciation of the Beijing dialect is not much different from that of later generations. It can be said that there is no barrier to communication.
Xu Xiao, a native of Beijing during the Wanli Period, compiled a rhyme table in Beijing dialect. The only difference between it and later generations was that Beijing dialect at that time could still distinguish sharp groups, such as jing zing, jing ging, and certain finals, etc. Moreover, he recorded in the book
It is a Chinese pronunciation of Beijing dialect. If we look at the actual accent of ordinary people, the difference from that of later generations is probably even smaller.
Although there are still some scholars who claim to be "Zhongzhou Zhengyin", the status of Beijing dialect is getting higher and higher.
In the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty, many people who served as officials in Beijing returned to their hometowns, and their whole families, including children and even their servants, "spoke Yanjing accent" and were proud of it.
In general, the standard pronunciation of Mandarin and Dudu pronunciation in the Ming Dynasty only existed on paper. Over the past two hundred years, various places have spontaneously formed characteristic Mandarin and Dudu pronunciation. The most representative ones are Beijing Mandarin, Nanjing Mandarin,
Three categories of Mandarin Chinese in the Central Plains.
Emperor Wanli spoke with a Chinese accent, right? (It was probably taught by Zhang Juzheng, but if he learned it from the eunuchs, he would have spoken Kan dialect. When Shunzhi grew up, he complained that his accent was changed by Cao Huachun and others.)
(Zhongyuan Yayin or Zhongzhou Zhengyin is not a Luoyang Kaifeng dialect, but a reading pronunciation that "combines Confucianism from the north and south, considers the voices of the five directions, and compromises the Central Plains". Wang Duo, a great calligrapher of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, was from near Kaifeng, Luoyang.
, but his Henan accent is often ridiculed for his uneven poetry.)
There are also examples to see the difference in pronunciation between Ming people and later generations. For example, in books written by people in the Ming Dynasty to learn Japanese, the pronunciation "fafa" was written under the character "mother". Later generations pronounced it "haha". ha evolved from pa, which is exactly what Japanese in the Ming Dynasty did
Change to fa between pa and ha.
…
No matter how bad things get, the Lingnan brothers should stop fighting for "Mandarin".
Not to mention the miscellaneous places in Baiyue during the Qin and Han dynasties, in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, "birds living in their nests are talking", "there are still insects chirping and birds chattering"; in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu's maps and artillery "all birds talk about barren faces"; in the Song Dynasty, Su Dongpo's "but bitter talk"
”.
Zhang Juzheng said that when Lingnan officials came to Beijing to report on their duties, he wanted to find an interpreter.
The Mandarin brought by the original Wei of Guangdong Dianbai was "because of the time, it was called Jiushizheng, which was the Zhengyin of the Ming Dynasty." Later it became "Shitzheng".
Leizhou during the Wanli period: "There are three types of thunder language. There is the official language, which is the Zhengyin of Zhongzhou, which can be spoken by scholar-bureaucrats and city dwellers; there is the Oriental language, also known as the Hakka language, which is similar to the Zhangchao language and is connected to the three counties and nine villages.
Talking about this; there is Li language, which is the sound of Qiongya Lingao, but Xu Wenxiang said it, and there is no trace of the foreign land..."
It can be seen that there were still many people who could speak Mandarin in the Ming Dynasty. After the Tatars entered the customs, the Leizhou Peninsula was invaded by the Fujian language at an accelerated pace.
Ming Dynasty Chaozhou opera "The Golden Flower Girl"——
Student: Yi Cheng, where are you from?
Cheng: Xiaoyi Cheng is from Zhangpu County.
Student: Since we are from my neighboring country, let’s stop talking in plain language.
The official was from Chaozhou, Guangdong, and Yi Cheng was from Zhangpu, Fujian. The two places were not far apart. The two began to talk in Mandarin. After learning that they were close neighbors, they began to speak in dialects.
In terms of language evaluation, Hu Jian and the Cantonese people have the same problem - "the chirps are indistinguishable" and "the Hokkien people's language is quite rough".
Huang Tingjian of the Northern Song Dynasty warned his friends and children, "Don't follow the words of Minling for three years, or turn away from the ten thousand sounds of the Central Plains."
Don't learn the local dialect after you go there, otherwise others won't be able to understand you when you return to the Central Plains.
There was an official in the Song Dynasty who was very effective in doing things. Song Taizong wanted to promote him as a close minister. As a result, the officials tried to dissuade him, saying that he was from Hu Jian and you couldn't communicate with him.
Zhao Guangyi said, what are you talking about? I have experienced hundreds of battles and have seen a lot. Which official has I not seen? Isn’t it just Min dialect? How could I not understand it? “I can understand it myself!”
So he summoned the official to have a chat.
As a result, Zhao Guangyi said: "Liu played all the pairs in Nanyin. I can't understand a word of it!"
If you don't understand a word, you will be slapped in the face at the speed of light.
Another Hu Jianren was awarded Jinshi. Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, saw that he was very handsome and planned to promote him to a close servant.
As a result, the other party spoke with a local accent, which Zhu Di disliked, "Old barbarian..."
By the Ming Dynasty, "Today's phonology errors are limited to those in Fujian and Guangdong..."
These two fellow sufferers were immediately given up on treatment.
Zhang Tingyu recorded in "History of the Ming Dynasty": "Since the Fujian people entered the court after Yang Rong and Chen Shan, their language was difficult to understand, and there was no one there for two hundred years..."
If you want to be a high-ranking official, it is very important for southerners to learn Mandarin.
(During the Southern Qi Dynasty, there was a Nanchang native named Hu Xiezhi. Emperor Wu of Qi valued him very much and wanted to introduce him to a marriage. However, the woman thought his accent was too strong and was unwilling. So Emperor Wu of Qi sent several palace officials to go
The old Hu family taught Mandarin. As a result, those palace people learned fluent Nanchang dialect.)
The north is slightly better. Although there are more dialects, the pronunciation is similar and there are fewer communication barriers.
The imperial court Honglu Temple presided over the ceremonial singing, and all the people with loud voices were selected from the four provinces of Henan, Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi.
The dialects recorded in the Ming Dynasty are as follows -
"For example, if Huang Wang in Wu dialect doesn't argue, people from the north will laugh at it, but they don't know that there are many people from the north who have incorrect pronunciation.
For example, people in the capital regard steps as cloth, thanks as unloading, Zheng as righteousness, and Dao as arrival, all of which are wrong;
People in Henan regard Henan as a place to drink, and their wives and brothers as the Seventh Emperor;
People from Shandong in North Zhili regard the house as a crow, the land as a road, and there is no rhyme in the rhyme. In the rhyme, Ji is the wife, leaves are the night, Jia is the Jia, and there is no word for He.
People in Shanxi regard Tong as a village and Cong as a village, and there is no Eastern rhyme;
People in Jiangxi, Huguang, and Sichuan regard love as Qin, sex as trust, and there is no rhyme in the word Qing. People in the three counties of She, Mu, and Wu regard orchid as Lang, heart as star, and the rhyme of the word Wuhan is invasion.
Another example is the word "Qu": Shanxi is for Ku, Shandong is for Qu, Shaanxi is for Qi, Nanjing is for Ke Qu Sheng, and Huguang is for Chu.
In addition, for example, people in Shanxi use sitting as a chop and green as a wife; people in Shaanxi use salt as a year and biting as a collar; people in Taiwen use Zhang Chang as a spear and so on.
Those who are unable to do this are not clever enough, and those who often focus on rhyming calligraphy will not be able to extricate themselves from the popular customs."
"Approximately speaking, the incoming sounds from the north of the Yangtze River are mostly flat tones, often with sounds without words and cannot be conveyed; south of the Yangtze River are often suffering from unclear dental pronunciation, but this is also the local accent in Mandarin. If it is dialect in various places, it is not easy to understand."
"Yanzhao: North is humble, green is worry, six is slippery, color is sieve, rice is put, porridge is Zhou, Huo is fire, silver is sound, and valley is lonely;
Qin and Jin: Red represents soul, country represents return, number represents trees, hundreds represents abandonment, east represents Dun, and middle represents gizzards;
Liang and Song Dynasty: Du is Du, Xi is Xi, Mo is Mo, Shi is Shi, Yu is Yu, and Hu is Gong;
Qilu: The north is that, the country is Gui, or Hui, Di is low, wheat is sold, not Bu;
Western Shu: Wrath is the road, crossbow is the Lu, Lord is the curse, skill is the tree, exit is the place, entry is the Ru;
Wu Yue: Da means Party, Xie means Marry, Superior means Rang, Chen means people, Women means duties, Huang means King, Fan means Wan, County means Yan, Pig means Zhi;
Erchu: It means knowledge, interpretation means change, Yong means permission, you are you, Jie is cover, mountains are three, scholars are four, births are umbrellas, years are fine, ancestors are walking, seeing is fighting, trust is the heart.
;
Fujian and Guangdong: The government is the tiger, the state is the chirp, the square is the wilderness, the victory is the nature, the constant is the wall, becomes the emotion, the law is the slippery, the knowledge is the zhi, the river is the thin, the river is the quan, the book is the beard, and the fan is the line.
"
"Reading Tang in Huidong is like sandalwood, reading Lang is like orchid, reading Yang is like Yan, reading Gang is like dryness, and the rhyme of Yang is like the rhyme of cold."
"The Wu people did not distinguish between the three rhymes of the new invasion, Songjiang branch Zhuzhi; Jinling Street Gai, born monk; Yangzhou Baibu; Changzhou Zhuozuo, Zhongzong..."
"The vassal vassalage started with subjects, starting from Xinyou...Zhu Tongbao, Yining vassal clan.
The original pronunciation of the word "decoration" means the same thing, but people from Jiangyou mostly call it "bu", so why?" Because most people in Jiangnan have no upturned pronunciation, the pronunciation of shi (decoration) is si (death), so "tongshi" is inappropriate, so
It would rather be mistakenly pronounced as "cloth".
Joking——
Chongzhen: Who is in the hall?
Supervisor: Returning to the emperor, I am a gentleman from Guangdong who came to hiccup, and I got hiccups when I called him a handsome boy.
Chongzhen: Guard! Pull this man down to the palace quickly!
Superintendent: Your Majesty, please don’t use bad language. It’s better to teach the truth first as a human being!
Chongzhen: Ouch, ouch, ouch, I am x! You are really in trouble!
Supervisor: Damn it, pounce on that guy! You are shitting!
Supervisor!
If Hu Jianren comes——
Hu:@#￥%&*
Emperor: Your accent is so awesome!
Hu: The emperor passed away!
Emperor: Damn it! Damn it! Damn you!
The saying "Southern Barbarians and Northern Chariots" has been circulating for hundreds of years, and no one can say anything about it.
…
The Han brothers are both civil and military.
In particular, Han Lin's "Shouyu Complete Book", which was written in the eighth year of Chongzhen's reign, is particularly outstanding.
"It is said that the slaves are at war with each other, the enemy is gathered from the front and the back, the city is not defended, and the territory is in great danger. The world's military books talk about defenders with only a few words, but talk about warriors who are powerful and have few important points. Therefore, we should take in everything, select the best, eliminate the redundant, and guard carefully.
The strategic strategy is divided into eight chapters. All of them are written in his words, so even a mediocre person can avoid any trouble."
In the third year of Shunzhi, Qian Qianyi wrote the first volume of "Shou Yu Quan Shu", saying, "After the Ding Revolution, it is very out of time. Readers should be careful not to show it to others lightly."
In addition to introducing Western firearms, "Shouyu Complete Book" also has a large amount of space describing bastions.
A hundred years ago, the bastion-type defense system, the so-called "Italian fortress", matured. Later, it was generally adopted by Western European countries.
As early as the Wanli year, the Ming army suffered a disastrous defeat in the Battle of Saerhu. Xu Guangqi wrote in a letter that "the danger in Liaozuo and Guan has become far away." He first said, "We urgently need to build an enemy base in the capital for ten thousand years, thinking that we will never be in danger."
It is proposed to build twelve large three-story enemy towers in Zhoucheng, the capital, and transform the old enemy towers into a "triangular three-story hollow style".
In the first year of Tianqi, Cui Jingrong, Minister of the Ministry of War, submitted another memorial to support Xu Guangqi's proposal to establish an enemy platform in accordance with Western law. "It is advisable for the Ministry of Works to discuss it in detail and implement it." The decree was obtained, and "the enemy platform was quickly discussed and reported to the Ministry of Works."
The drawings and models were quickly completed.
A few months later, the plan was slightly modified by the Maintenance Department of the Ministry of Industry, and Li Zhizao approved the budget. The construction of a single enemy platform, materials, freight, labor costs, etc., totaled about 45,000 taels of silver.
It's a pity that there is no funding.
The officials again asked for internal funds, but the emperor was unwilling to pay, so the matter was suspended.
In the second year of Tianqi's reign, Sun Chengzong went to Shanhaiguan to supervise military affairs. Sun Yuanhua joined his command and was ordered to "spread the northern mountains and the southern seas and set up strange troops in the high and deep places" and build platforms in dangerous places.
Sun Yuanhua wanted to transform the old enemy tower into a triangular bastion-style gun platform.
"Therefore, the method should be to use an acute angle. If there is an acute angle, it is still possible to push the enemy out of the angle so that I can strike. Therefore, the blunderbuss will not reach it, and the enemy will not be able to get close."
"To build a city today, the horse-faced platform should have small acute angles; the four corners of the city should have large acute angles; if the platform is not built, then either large acute angles should be made at the four corners; or small acute angles should be formed on each of the four sides.
The city is empty but the sharp angles are all real. The old city is thin but the sharp angles are thick. The platform is both real and thick. The city uses a big blunderbuss at the corners, and the bird blunderbuss and bows and arrows hit the wall; the platform uses a big blunderbuss in the middle, and
Bows, arrows, birds, and blunderbuss are used to help the horns. Where large blunderbuss are used, earthen baskets are set up beside them, one to prevent the blunderbuss, and the other to block them...The sharpness of the horns is also a foreign method."
However, Sun Yuanhua later disagreed with Sun Chengzong, so he resigned and returned to Beijing.
Xu Guangqi and Sun Yuanhua never forgot the plan to build the platform, and in the following years they gave more than 20 pieces to Emperor Shufan.
Later, while Tang Ruowang was building cannons for the Ming Dynasty, he was ordered to make suggestions for fortifications.
Gui Lao proposed to build a triangular fortress on the city wall of the capital, which was approved by the Ministry of War, but was abandoned due to the opposition of "a eunuch and the imperial architectural consultant".
The reason is that triangles in Feng Shui benefit the enemy and harm oneself.
At that time, there were not many people who knew about the fortress. There were messengers from the mainland who introduced it, and many people from Fujian and Guangzhou went to Nanyang to see it.
During the Wanli period, businessman Wu Jicai was in Luzon (Philippine Army). He heard that the "gun city" at the east gate of the trading city (Manila) was so powerful that it had killed tens of thousands of Chinese people, so he tried to get inside for a closer look.
The Wu family then smuggled a Fujianese father and son named Li, who were good at making cannons and cannons, back to China, and went to Beijing to submit a letter to the Ministry of War in an attempt to accomplish extraordinary feats, but to no avail.
In the southern Fujian area where overseas trade was most active in the late Ming Dynasty, a defensive building called "Guangcheng" also appeared.
In the third year of Tianqi, Lieyu Gun City was built in Nan'ao County, Chaozhou Prefecture.
In the early years of Chongzhen, Dani Gun City and Xwei Gun City were built in Haicheng County, Zhangzhou Prefecture.
The word "gun city" may have originally been the name given to the Spanish defensive buildings in the old city of Manila by the overseas Chinese from southern Fujian, and then generally referred to the artillery fortress.
Judging from the descriptions and drawings, the ones that basically conform to the bastion shape in China are the Xiong County of Baoding Prefecture and the two small towns of Zichuan in Shandong that were rebuilt in the 10th and 11th years of Chongzhen's reign.
"The platform shape is sharp-angled, with eyebrows, eyes, nose, and chin, just like the Western system, and it is extremely solid."
"There are three types of enemy towers. They are built at the corners of the city, which is called the main enemy tower. The first is; or it is built in the middle of the city wall, which is called the enemy tower. The second is; or it is built separately outside the city, which is called the only enemy tower. The third is... This Western style
Dharma."
The literati in the late Ming Dynasty liked to talk about military affairs, and most of them talked nonsense, but there were many who had real talents and practical knowledge and practiced them.
Confucius talked about the Six Arts of a Gentleman, the core of which is that you can't fight without pushing, and you can brag after you beat. After entering the Qing Dynasty, his disciples and grandsons completely forgot about it.
Don't stop chatting, let's talk for a while.
The bastion also has a key accessory facility - a relatively gentle slope in front of the moat or trench.
In addition to providing partial cover for the main city wall and resisting direct enemy artillery fire, the gradually rising slope also plays a more important role. It is responsible for changing the enemy's marching route.
As the enemy advanced toward the city wall, they had to climb up a gentle slope, so that they were always within the range of artillery fire from the defenders.
Compared with the tall city walls of the old style, low bastions focus more on using long-range firepower to kill the enemy, rather than purely passive defense. It can be said that the best defense is offense.
If the enemy is very brave and risks his life to attack, they go up the slope, fill up the trench or moat, and come to the bottom of the city wall.
If it is a straight section of city wall, then the artillery on the defensive side will be useless. You can't stand the artillery upside down and shoot down with the muzzle. At the same time, the muskets are useless. You have to roll logs and stones, pour boiling water and pour excrement on it, etc.
The bastion-shaped thing, like stars or gears, that kind of protruding thing is actually the "horse face" on the traditional Chinese city wall, a super enhanced version, which is more scientific and useful.
Their function is to reduce fire blind spots and form crossfire on enemies under the city walls.
Prismatic and sloping walls also help deflect enemy projectiles, much like the bevels on tanks do.
The reason why the bastion shape cannot be exactly like a five-pointed star is because there will be a fire blind spot, so there is a recessed horizontal wall between the two corners.
Sometimes an independent triangular fortress will be set up in front of that section of the wall outside the moat to strengthen defense and offense.
So, what if the soldiers stationed at the Triangular Fort outside the city want to go back to the city to rest, eat, and play with girls?
There is a trestle on the fort connected to the main city.
What if the bridge is interrupted?
Then wait to die or surrender.
The back of the triangular fort, that is, the side facing the main city without raised parapets and crenellations, is unobstructed. In this way, even if the enemy takes over, it cannot be used by them. In turn, the artillery on the main city will sweep across the triangle without any obstacles.
A fort has the same function as an urn city, closing the door and beating the dogs.
However, what should we do if the soldiers stationed in the triangular fort are unwilling to do it? They are almost certain to die. Then change it to a pincer-shaped fort, closer to the city gate, so that they can escape in time.
There are many variations of bastions, so I won’t go into them one by one. Anyway, they are very useful.
Of course, don't let the fortress be boasted to be magical, with one defender against a hundred, indestructible, etc. No matter how strong the fortress is, it is just a dead thing.
For example, in the Battle of Yaksa, the Qing army relied on siege and building a higher fort outside the fort, and used cannon with a longer range to bombard the inside of the city.
Then there is a better way - digging trenches to advance.
…
That night, Li Zicheng stayed at the Han family's house and had a long talk with the two brothers by candlelight.
The next day, Han Yun took Li Zicheng, who was "slightly knowledgeable in medical skills", to visit Xin Quan.
Although Lao Xin was only a tribute student - most of them were students who failed to pass the imperial examination but were sent to study in the Imperial College due to various reasons - he was talented.
When he entered Beijing at the beginning of the year, some officials specially recommended him to the court. Chongzhen issued an edict to give Xin Quan the title of magistrate.
However, Xin Quan hurriedly returned to Jiangzhou because of his mother's death before he could leave his official post.
After the funeral, he fell ill.
Li Zicheng was only good at looking, hearing and asking questions, which was enough.
Xin Quan Su has symptoms of thirst, which can lead to thirst when drinking, hunger when eating, and drowning, with more than one and less. It is also complicated by coronary heart disease.
Doctors knew about this disease a thousand years ago, but it was difficult to cure.
Li Zicheng also had no way to rub insulin, hypoglycemic drugs, aspirin, and nitroglycerin with his hands.
Han Yun boasted: "As long as it can be cured, there is no medicine no matter how hard to find."
Wild goat beans can lower blood sugar, but they are poisonous. Besides, they are produced overseas and you really can’t find them.
Li Zicheng replied: "The great doctor Sun Simiao said before, 'Whether it can be cured or not depends on the disease. If you can be careful and careful, you can die in ten months; if you don't cherish yourself, you will die without hesitation.'"
Xin Quan sighed and said: "Life and death are fateful, but I have also seen it through. Thank you sir for your teaching."
Han Yun asked for advice again: "Sir, he is knowledgeable and talented. He should have a good prescription."
Li Zicheng took up his pen and wrote on the square paper: A spring ten miles away is better than a famous doctor competing with an immortal.
"What is the explanation for this?"
"It's nothing more than eating in moderation and moving around more."
Li Zicheng also wrote down the precautions in detail, and then said: "Those who can be careful about this, even if they do not take medicine, can do nothing; those who do not know this, even if they have golden elixirs, they cannot be saved, so think deeply and be careful. I will prescribe another prescription, named
These are Yuquan Pills. If you follow these instructions, you should be better in half a month."
A little boy waiting beside the bed knelt down and said, "Thank you sir."
Xin Quan stroked the dog's head and smiled bitterly, "I'm a teacher, but I don't teach much, so it's hard for you."
When Li Zicheng learned that the baby's name was Dangcheng, he couldn't help but patted the dog's head and said, "Good boy."
Party doll, I'm sorry, your student Li Yuxiu's "Disciple Rules" was just shamelessly plagiarized by me.
Li Yuxiu's ancestral home was in Liaodong, and he lived in Shandong. When his father heard about the rise of Hou Jin, he resolutely led his family to rush out of the country to pursue happiness. Unexpectedly, the giant city Tieling was under fire, and his father had to sneak back to his humble home in Shandong - and lost it halfway.
A child.
Li Zicheng can live for a hundred years, so we will see him later.
After leaving Xin's Mansion, Li Zicheng sighed, "Brother Jingbo, my younger brother is a little more accurate in divination. Just now, he has become a member of the party. This son will have profound knowledge in the future and become famous all over the world. However, without the support of nobles, the imperial examination will be just a boy. What a pity!"
"Oh?" Han Yun asked, "How long does Brother Fuyuan live?"
This confused Li Zicheng. He was not a famous person, and the history books did not write it so clearly.
He pretended to make a calculation and said, "If you don't respect the doctor's advice, it will take at most two or three years."
Han Yun asked again, "Sir, can you do some divination?"
"You...don't talk anymore."
There is nothing to say about dying at the hands of the Tatars. I am afraid of shocking him, so I won’t mention it for now.
Li Zicheng shook his head, "It happened by chance, and these little tricks are not worth mentioning... Anyway, the old man who called the hall can only live for nine years."
Han Yun was shocked: "Are you serious? This is not a joke!"
Li Zicheng replied, "If you are over sixty, you will live a long life if you live for another nine years."
Han Yun thought for a while and then said: "We had a great conversation last night. I know a lot about Christianity, and I can answer the catechism fluently. However, when I think about it carefully, it seems that I don't believe in it..."
Li Zicheng smiled, "A few years ago, Bruno was burned to death for opposing the geocentric theory. Recently, there was Galileo. Just wait and see, he will soon be condemned as a heretic because of the heliocentric theory. Are they really wrong?" 2 Bruno was cremated.
The main reason was that he was a heretic, and he insisted on heliocentrism just to prove polytheism.
Han Yun frowned, "Do you think, sir, that heliocentric theory is advisable?"
Li Zicheng did not answer directly, but pointed to the distance, "For example, the old man sitting on the donkey cart, we see that he is moving from south to north. But is he really moving? People sitting on the donkey cart don't move at all.
Didn't move.
Movement and immobility are relative terms.
Looking at it this way, the earth beneath our feet is naturally the center of the universe, and the sun also revolves around us. It seems to make sense."
Li Zicheng continued: "Actually, I don't want to argue with others about this. To be honest, even if you find a hundred Western monks, I can refute them in a few words and make them speechless. It doesn't make any sense.
All sects are initially paths to wisdom, but the process is different.
I have always respected faith and had a tolerant attitude.
Many villagers outside believe in Wusheng Laomu, Maitreya, Huang Tiandao, etc. As long as they don't do evil, they are still good people.
Regardless of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, or anything else, the desirable thing is to lead people to be good, and the fearful thing is to be deceived and believe in it, which is ignorance.
Who has no fault? Are what Confucius said true? I don’t think so.
Holding a tattered book from two thousand years ago and studying the details all day long, abandoning the root and chasing the last. The same goes for other things.
Mencius said that it is better to have no books at all than to believe in books.
It is right to take the essence and discard the dross.
Having said that, what is the essence and what is the dross? If you are good at making conclusions, you will inevitably become a "two children arguing".
First you need to know before you can comment.
What is knowledge?
Those who have achieved great things and learned great things in ancient and modern times must pass through three realms:
‘Last night the west wind withered the green trees. I climbed up to the tall building alone and looked across the road to the end of the world’. This is the first state.
"The belt is getting wider and wider, but I don't regret it anymore. I feel haggard because of the loss of my clothes." This is the second state.
‘The crowd looked for him thousands of times, but suddenly looking back, he was in a dimly lit place’. This is the third realm.”
Li Zicheng spoke eloquently, put his hands behind his back, raised his head and raised his chest, "Zhao spoke so loudly that he suddenly looked back."
Han Yun seemed to be suddenly enlightened. He breathed a long sigh of relief and bowed his head and said: "Sir, you have a great talk! Listening to your words is worth ten years of reading."
Li Zicheng lost his modesty and said with a smile: "When oranges grow in Huainan, they become oranges, and when they grow in northern Huaibei, they become oranges. The leaves are similar, but the taste is different. So why? The water and soil are different."
Wang Zheng of Shaanxi forcibly expelled his concubines after being baptized. This is because he believed in the foreigners' delusions, which can be called ignorance. Let's not talk about the problem that he has no sons. After becoming a believer, he can't even go to the graves to offer incense to his ancestors, okay?
Europe is so stupid about the dispute between old and new religions. What is so superstitious about us Chinese? Do you think Wang Zheng and others are ridiculous? See how understanding Qu Shi is in his life. He has four or five concubines and doesn’t waste anything."
Han Yun was furious because his younger brother Han Lin also divorced his concubine in order to join the religion.
Li Zicheng continued: "Just wait and see. In a few years, France, as a landfill country, will inevitably join the Protestant side in fighting. Why? It is due to interests. In the end, the Protestant side will win. Why? Don't be superstitious and decadent, and keep up with the times. Jujin'er. Tell me, does it matter what you believe? It's just to fool the ignorant people."
Han Yun remained silent.
Gao Panlong, a former member of the Donglin Party, said: "Confucius has no debts to the Tao, and there is no need for the help of the two clans (referring to Buddhism, Taoism, etc.)."
Why did those gentry convert? Because Han Lin believed that Confucianism "has revelation but no salvation."
"Since ancient times, China has only had the five permanent principles of life and the Tao of Yao, Shun, Confucius and Mencius. There is no other teaching that can compare with it. It has been passed down from generation to generation, so later generations do not think that the learning of the former Confucianism is insufficient... Today's cooking has both life and death. The clear theory is to complement Confucianism and defeat Buddhism. How can later generations be able to complete the learning of former Confucianism without any shortcomings?"
There are two other reasons -
First, "If people in the world are willing to risk their lives to prove their words, there is no greater evidence of credibility than this. Today, all the Jesuits who preach and serve as bishops in China have sailed for three years from 90,000 miles to leave their homeland for a long time." Qi You, you have been involved in unforeseen circumstances, killed people and plundered people in barbarian lands, and you are willing to risk your life to prove your true teachings."
Secondly, "If there are only one or two people who have suffered a lot at one time and in one place and teach this teaching, it would be especially suspicious that they are naive and ignorant. Those who are preaching the teaching in various countries will not worry about tens of thousands of people, and they are just famous people."
These two reasons are almost nonsense.
Li Zicheng said: "Master Hanshan has a saying, 'If you don't know "Spring and Autumn", you can't deal with the world; if you don't master "Lao" and "Zhuang", you can't forget the world; if you don't practice Zen, you can't transcend the world. These three are the study of dealing with the world and transcending the world. If one is missing, it will be partial. If two are missing, it will be narrow.'
Christianity has its own strengths, but the integration of the three religions is enough for us, and we don’t have to pay tithes. What’s more, there is no translation of the Sheng Jing in the first place. Just excerpting some teachings can really confuse people. You probably still I don’t know about indulgences, they were abolished decades ago. If you are interested in knowing more, you can go back and ask Deputy Gao Shen.”
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, there were so many confusing beliefs such as various associations, Taoism, and sects, and the trend of thought and sectarian practice of unifying the three religions was also very popular.
More than thirty years ago, Lin Zhaoen, a native of Putian, had an enlightenment and believed that Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism were "three religions, but Taoism is one", so he founded the theory of "the unity of three religions".
"At that time, Yuan Zongdao, Xiao Yunju, Wang Tu and Wu Yingbin all called themselves disciples in the north. Zou Yuanbiao said very highly that the integrity of his studies was controversial. Yuanbiao said: 'Lectures are based on people's opinions, so why should we strive for them?' Yuan Huang said: ' There were many unanswered questions when I was reading at an early age, but when I read the Three Teachings together, I suddenly understood them.'"
In fact, there was Wang Chongyang's Quanzhen sect even earlier, which aimed to "integrate the three teachings, understand the mind and nature, and only realize the true nature".
It's a pity that his descendants didn't do enough. Yin Zhiping, Li Zhichang and others took advantage of the reputation Qiu Chuji had gained and began to act recklessly. They destroyed Buddhist temples and Confucian temples, and then failed to debate Buddhism in front of Emperor Mengge, and they declined.
(The debate at that time included translation issues, Yelusha's bias towards Buddhism, and the claim that "I turned into a Hu" was really nonsense.)
…
Li Zicheng looked at Han Yun and said, "I don't mean to advise you to quit teaching. As I said before, no matter what you believe in, it is to guide people to do good and cultivate their moral character. As long as you grasp the main idea, follow your heart's desire in every detail, and do not exceed the rules.
In fact, those things are just a shield for the cowardly. They are very boring."
Han Yun raised his head and said, "Sir, does the earth really revolve around the sun?" This chapter has been completed!