During the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the Han people, Gansu also lived in Hui, Tibetan, Mongolian, Manchu, Uyghur, Kazakh, Dongxiang, Salar, Tu, Yugu and many other ethnic groups. In particular, the Han and Hui ethnic groups were the largest, and the Tibetan and Dongxiang ethnic groups also
Quite a few. Among them, the Dongxiang, Salar, Yugu, Baoan and other ethnic groups have similar religious beliefs to the Hui people, and are collectively called the Hui tribe. In fact, the Uyghurs and Kazakhs also belong to the Sunni sect, and the Uyghur tribe is called "Mao Hui". p>
It is said that these Hui tribes are descendants of the subordinates brought back by Genghis Khan from Europe. During the Yuan Dynasty, people were divided into four classes. They belonged to the second class, second only to the Mongols in status, and lived a very easy life.
After Emperor Gao, Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, conquered the country, all Han and Mongolian Hui people were equal. The Lijia system was implemented in Gansu, but unlike the mainland, Gansu's Lijia chiefs and Jia heads were basically monopolized by hereditary big families, and the Hui people were levied and tyrannized. The Ming Dynasty
If the court levies one cent of tax, the upper-level members of the Hui tribe will dare to levy two cents or three cents. "There are no standards for taxation and no inventory of land." These local tyrants are very cruel. They use land rent, corvee, usury and other means to exploit the Hui people, and set up private courts. "
There are countless torture methods used to press for rent and debts, such as "sticking flowers on the back", "nailing nails", "clipping wedges", "pulling out tendons", "breaking bone crutches" and so on. The beams in the homes of some rich people are worn out because they often beat the common people.
Deep groove.
Fortunately, Emperor Gao was born into a poor man, and the official taxes levied were not high. Although the taxes levied privately by the local tycoons were much higher than the national taxes, the common people in the Hui tribe were still struggling to survive. After the Manchus occupied Gansu, the Hui tribe's
It is the common people who truly live in dire straits.
The Qing government levied no less taxes on the Hui people than the Ming Dynasty, and it also deliberately provoked ethnic conflicts, "using the Han people to control the Hui people" and "protecting the Han people and suppressing the Hui people." Whenever there was a conflict between the Han people and the Hui people, they would "protect the Hui people."
"The Han people suppressed the Hui people. As time went by, the contradiction between the Han and Hui people became more and more serious. The Qing court was secretly happy. These Nikan and Hui Hui were fighting back and forth, and the rule of the Qing Dynasty in Gansu was as stable as Mount Tai.
The brutal plundering by the Qing court and the upper class of the Hui tribe, the interruption of trade routes, and frequent ethnic conflicts made it increasingly difficult for the people of the lower class of the Hui tribe to survive.
In the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), because they were dissatisfied with the "hair-shaving order" of the Qing Dynasty, Gansu Hui generals Milayin, Ding Guodong and others launched a major uprising against the Qing Dynasty, conquering Ganzhou, Liangzhou, and Suzhou, and beheading Qing Gansu
Governor Zhang Wenheng, commander-in-chief Liu Liangchen, etc. In order to win the support of the Han people, they also called for the restoration of the Ming Dynasty and supported the Yanchang King Zhu Shizhong. For a time, "Lintao, Lan, Min, Tao, and Hehui all rebelled."
In response, they even captured the prefectures and counties, and also united with the Uyghurs Hami Babai Khan's son Turun Tai. The momentum was huge and spread throughout Gansu, Shaanxi, Hami, and Turpan.
Zhang Yong, Liu Fangming, Ma Ning, Zhao Guangrui, Chen Wanlue and other "famous Hexi generals" became famous by suppressing this uprising.
It is said that the Ma family of Ningxia, to which Ma Ning belongs, is also a Hui family. However, the Ma family has always had conflicts with the Mi family and the Ding family, so they were not lenient in suppressing the rebels. After the uprising, the Ma family became the largest wealthy family in the Hui tribe in Ningxia and Gansu.
Next is the Mu family, then the Su family, Tian family and other families.
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Huangshui originates from Baohutu Mountain in Qinghai and flows into the Yellow River in Gansu. It is the mother river of Qinghai and an important river in Gansu. A large number of Hui people live on both sides of the river.
Ma Xiao, the leader of the Ma family in Xining, was thinking about something in his tent. His family's hereditary Xining Wei Qianhu was recognized by both the Ming and Qing Dynasties. He did not want to come to fight the Ming army this time, but the Qing court patrolman Moruo
However, he said that if the Ming army was in Guangxi and Yunnan returned to the country, if they occupied Xining, they would definitely not be as good as his old Ma family. If he was willing to help the Qing Dynasty to hold Huangshui, he would be appointed as the commander of the Xining Guard. After some threats and inducements,
So he came with 1,500 Ma Jiajun.
Yes, Ma Jiajun, most of his subordinates are named Ma, and they are still married to each other. They are independent forces that cannot be conquered. In addition to the Ma family, other Huibu aristocratic families also sent troops. Among the ten thousand Qing troops,
Returning troops accounted for nearly half.
"Qianhu, the Ma family from Ningxia is here." Ma Xiao was just thinking about something on his mind when his subordinates came to report.
The Ma family in Ningxia and the Ma family in Xining are from the same family, and you cannot write two horses in one sentence.
"Oh, let the messenger come in," Ma Xiao said lightly.
As soon as the envoy entered the tent, he felt familiar, "Huh? Aren't you Ma Ning's younger brother Ma An?"
"Brother has good eyesight, and he is just the younger brother. Brother Cong asked me to bring you a letter, asking you to switch sides and help the Ming Dynasty attack the Qing Dynasty."
Ma Xiao frowned: "The Qing Dynasty treated your brother well, how could he believe the words of those Han people and abandon the Qing Dynasty and surrender to the Ming Dynasty?"
Ma An was calm and said, "Brother Cong said that my Hui tribe has a small power and is caught between the Ming and Qing forces. I can only choose the stronger one and follow it. Now that the Ming Dynasty is strong and the Qing Dynasty is weak, I should help the Ming Dynasty to fight against the Qing Dynasty."<
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"I heard that Emperor Guangwu was in Guangxi and Yunnan and was returning to his native land. I'm afraid that if the Ming army enters Gansu, Xining will no longer have the surname Ma!"
"Hahaha, brother, you are worrying too much," Ma An laughed loudly, "After the Ming Dynasty entered the Three Guards of Ningxia, my Ningxia Ma family was still the same Ningxia Ma family. I had the same official position, the same horses, and the same tax collection. After Xining returned to the Ming Dynasty,
, naturally refer to the Ningxia example, what do you have to worry about?"
"Are you saying that after I return to the Ming Dynasty, my surname in Xining will still be Ma?"
"If brother is willing to return to the Ming Dynasty, Xining will naturally still have the surname Ma. If he goes against Master Wang, I'm afraid Xining will no longer have the surname Ma," Ma An said unhurriedly.
If these words were told by envoys sent by the Ming army, Ma Xiao would not believe them. But for people sent by the Ma family in Ningxia, who are of the same clan as him, the effect was completely different, and Ma Xiao immediately believed them.
Nodding, "My dear brother, please go down and have a rest. I will reply to you after I have discussed it with the other thousands or hundreds of households."
Ma Xiao summoned other generals from the Hui clan, including the Mu family, Su family, Tian family, etc., into the big tent.
There is an example of the surrender of the Ma family in Ningxia, and the leaders of each tribe lost their fighting spirit. When the Qing army invaded, they surrendered to the Qing Dynasty without saying a word in order to protect the interests of the family; now that the Ming army has fought back, they naturally do the same.
Hesitantly, he wanted to see the light.
Ma Xiao summoned Ma An and agreed to let the Ming army cross the river from his defensive area at midnight tomorrow, and then cooperate with the outside to attack the Chinese army of Qing Xining deputy general Li Zhending.
The wind was howling in the northwest night. Li Chengjue and Ma Ning led 7,000 soldiers and horses across the river from Ma Xiao's defense area and attacked Li Zhending's Chinese army from the flank.
Li Zhending is a son of a general. He has fought many battles with his grandfather and uncle. He reacts very quickly and immediately wakes up from the tent with the cry of killing, wearing clothes and armor.
Listening to the direction of the killing sound, it turned out to be coming from Ma Xiao's defense area.
"What's going on? How did the Ming army land? Why didn't Ma Xiao, a loser, report the news?"
After calming down, he quickly ordered his men to mount the barrier to defend themselves.
The fierce fighting got worse and worse, and the enemies on the opposite side turned out to be many returning soldiers wearing round hats. Although there were many returning soldiers from the Ma Ning Division of the Ming Army, they were definitely not this many.
"Li Fu Rong, we have come to our senses. Don't make any more unnecessary resistance. Surrender!"
Just as he was doubting, he heard calls for surrender, and it turned out to be Ma Xiao.
Li Zhending felt dizzy in his head and a rush of old blood welled up in his throat. Among his 10,000 troops, more than 4,500 returned troops, all of them defected. How can we fight this battle?
"Retreat, retreat to Liangzhou", he gritted his teeth and issued the general order.
Li Zhending fled, but Ma Ning and Ma Xiao pursued fiercely. Ningxia and Xining had many horses, and the two men had many cavalry.
"Da da da", Li Zhending lightly kicked the horse's belly with his toes, shouted "drive" in his mouth, and drove the horse to gallop.
Ma Ning chased after him, using his feet to control the horse while taking off the hard bow. He joined the army when he was young, and his equestrian and archery skills were excellent.
"Whoosh!"
Li Zhending heard the sound of the bow string and leaned down, but unexpectedly it was an empty string.
"Whoosh!"
The string sounded for the second time, and this time there was really an arrow. The armor-piercing arrow passed through the back and went straight into the heart.