Chapter 251 Chaos and chaos, the entire 19th century was a mess! (7.4K)
Light.
A word that couldn't be simpler.
A phenomenon that is so common that it can no longer be common.
But it is a wisp of fog that has run through the history of human science and is still confusing in the 22nd century.
When talking about light, the first thing that pops into the minds of many people in later generations should be the wave-particle duality.
Then came Ultraman Tiga, and then the words interference and diffraction of light.
Actually.
Humanity's thinking about the nature of light has already begun to emerge in BC.
For example, in the ancient East.
People believe that the sun is the incarnation of gods, such as Xihe, the Lord of the Sun, Dongjun, and the Golden Crow shot down by Hou Yi, etc.
As for the ancient West, Empedocles' view was popular at first.
He believed that the world was composed of the four elements of water, fire, air, and earth, and that human eyes were lit with fire by the goddess Aphrodite, and light also belonged to fire.
Plato, after Empedocles, believed that there are three different kinds of light.
They come from the eyes, the object being seen and the light source itself.
As for vision, it is the result of the combined effect of the three.
After Plato, there appeared a lot of idealistic ideas such as Lucretius and Al-Hasan.
And once there are more ideas, people will naturally use practical means to verify the authenticity.
But it's worth mentioning.
The first document in history with clear research records on light propagation did not come from the West, but the "Mo Jing" written by Chinese sages.
The "Mo Jing" was completed around the 14th year of King Zhou An's reign, which is also 388 BC. There is a very famous research example in it.
This example comes from "Mozi Jing Shuo 2 Chapter 43":
[Scenery, two lights sandwiching one light, one light is a scene. The people in the scene are as bright as the light, the people below are high, and the people above are also below. The light below is enough, so the scenery is above; the first is the light.
The light is on the top, so the scenery is below. There are ends in the distance and light, so the scenery is in the library.】
Scene is shadow, which refers to the image of an object.
So this sentence means:
Like an arrow, light travels in a straight line.
The lower part of the human body blocks the direct light, passes through the small hole, and forms a shadow on the upper part.
The upper part of the human body blocks the direct light, passes through the small hole, and forms a shadow on the lower part, forming an inverted shadow.
This description of the macroscopic properties of light is completely consistent, and is also the first scientific explanation of light propagating along a straight line.
Other than that.
Mohists also knew of another concept where light is focused before a lens or concave mirror:
"There is a connection between the distance and the light, so the scenery is within the miasma."
Nei means Na, which means gathering at one point.
In the "Mo Jing", the focus is often called "zheng" or "inside", so the Mohists at that time had also studied the principle of gathering light.
But it's a pity.
Due to the incomplete scientific system of ancient China, there were not many outstanding points in ancient China in the subsequent development of optics.
certainly.
This is not to say that no one in China studies optics, but that after the "Mo Jing", China could not find a record of optical research that could be sorted out into a timeline.
In the West, Euclid studied the reflection of light in his book "Reflection Optics", and Ptolemy supplemented the macroscopic properties of light.
Later, researchers such as Kepler appeared.
By 1621.
Neder, a Dutch physicist, summed up the law of refraction of light.
Then at about the same time.
Descartes first proposed this possibility in "Refractometry", one of the three appendices of his "Discourse on Method":
Light is a kind of pressure that spreads in the medium, and there is a substance called ether in the world.
This is also the source of all evils in modern optics, a very important node.
now
since then.
Optics is like sword sect and air sect, there are two completely different factions.
The first thing that appeared was the wave theory.
Nowadays, it is generally recognized that the proposer of the wave theory is Huygens, but in fact, the first person to discover evidence of the wave theory was an Italian mathematician.
This man's name is Francesco Grimaldi.
At that time he did an experiment:
He let a beam of light pass through two small holes and found it on the screen in the dark room, and found that there was an image of light and dark stripes on the edge of the projection.
So Grimaldi proposed that light might be a wave similar to water waves. This was the earliest wave theory of light.
It is a pity that this mathematician has limited ability and cannot conduct more in-depth research. In the end, Huygens gave the complete definition of light for the first time:
Light is not a material particle, but a wave produced due to the vibration of the medium.
As for the medium that propagates light, it is the ‘ether’ that was re-ignited by Descartes.
After that, it was Hook who carried the flag, and Maverick brought up what the particles were talking about.
But it's worth mentioning.
Although Mavericks’ particle theory and wave theory are enemies of life and death, Mavericks does not deny the ‘ether’.
In the absolute view of time and space that Maverick originally insisted on, ether is the representative of absolute motion.
Even Wheat did not break away from this circle later. He introduced the concept of ether in electromagnetism, and in his later years tried to derive the expression equation of ether in the inertial system.
The result was 1887.
British physicist Michelson and chemist Murray used the "ether drift" experiment to deny the existence of ether, which shocked the entire scientific community for a long time. This was one of the two dark clouds mentioned before.
Classical physics has developed many correct results by relying on the ether, but in the end it was suddenly discovered that the basis for deriving these results was wrong. Do you think it is evil?
Just like Rabbit used to develop stealth coatings for fighter jets. Seeing that the paint on the B2 across the sea did not peel off every time it flew, I thought they had mastered some black technology.
So the rabbits gritted their teeth and set up a project, chasing that unknown technology as their goal, day and night.
As a result, many years later, the rabbits found out that the reason B2's skin did not peel off was because of the magic of kryptonite. If it was broken, it would be repaired.
Then the rabbits looked at the machines in their warehouse and fell into deep thought:
So what the hell did I do?
all in all.
Ether is indeed very evil, and in the 21st century there are still a large number of people who believe in its existence, including some Nobel Prize winners.
The topic returns to its original place.
The story of Huygens has been introduced before, so I won’t go into details here. (Modern Optics is at the beginning of Chapter 210, and the number of words in the copy is water, so you can go back there and read it. This paragraph is added
The part of 210 is almost the entire development history of optics, if you are interested, you can keep an eye out)
But in this current timeline.
Under the influence of Xu Yun, Mavericks was no longer as arbitrary as before and promptly corrected his erroneous theories.
At the same time, it also led to the situation in the field of optics that Angus Roman said:
The duality theory of light takes the initiative, but there is not much core evidence for the particle theory.
This is like two holy places in fantasy novels. One of the holy places has a contemporary emperor who is unparalleled in power.
Although the other Holy Land is equally strong, it lacks the combat power of the Great Emperor and can only rely on the imperial weapons left by its ancestors to barely compete with its opponent.
So this is what Angus Roman had in mind:
Didn't you say that Fat Fish left a biography? That's great. If you have the ability, just come up with evidence that can refute the wave theory.
And as Angus Roman said these words, the atmosphere at the scene suddenly became a little weird.
To be fair.
Angus Roman's request was undoubtedly a bit overwhelming, but he was too clever in his decision.
A series of justified statements, at least in this public place, forced Xu Yun to an awkward position where he had to answer.
Of course.
The word embarrassment was defined by Angus Roman and other bystanders. As for Xu Yun
At this time, his cheeks were slightly bulging, and his back molars were biting the flesh on the inner wall of the tongue cavity, trying not to laugh out loud.
be honest.
He really wanted to rush off the stage and run up to senior Roman and give him a grateful hug.
Although the other party's purpose was to undermine him, he actually did it wrongly and did himself a big favor.
Quite literally.
This is a big deal that may even determine the direction of your copy's rating!
tears.jpg.
And just when Xu Yun was holding back his laughter, a whisper suddenly came from beside him:
"Luo Feng, what do you think? Can you do it?"
Xu Yun turned his head and found William Whewell looking at him.
It is clear.
He answered the first question correctly, although he couldn't completely convince people that he was the descendant of Fat Fish.
But in the eyes of William Whewell, his credibility has been relatively improved.
Seeing this, Xu Yun pondered for a moment, quickly glanced at the scene, and nodded slightly towards William Whewell:
"Dean Whewell, our ancestors did leave relevant records, and I remember them too."
William Whewell's eyes suddenly shrank, and there was a vague premonition that something big was going to happen.
If Xu Yun was talking about getting high, then it would be easy to say, but if what he said is true
But if he can easily come up with a theory that refutes the wave theory, he must have a deep understanding of physics. Why can't he even produce an elementary school diploma?
Is it really lost?
My mind was spinning.
William Whewell remembered Xu Yun's first answer again.
With this answer and increased holdings, his confidence in Xu Yun's identity now remains at about 65%.
This is obviously not a value that one can safely place chips on.
but
William Whewell quickly glanced at the audience, his eyes passing by a professor who was sitting upright.
Prime is coming fiercely today. If you don't make a move with this old coin, it will definitely be a combination of punches.
He can guarantee it.
Some of these old professors in the audience must have been bribed by Prem.
If Xu Yun cannot withstand the pressure, someone will surely stand up and attack again based on their seniority.
At that time, the point of conflict will not be Xu Yun, but himself.
Think of this.
William Whewell took a deep breath, and a flash of determination flashed in his eyes.
He turned his head and said to Xu Yun:
"Classmate Luo Feng, tell me, how do you want me to cooperate with you?"
"I hope you are well aware of the current situation."
Xu Yun nodded, approached William Whewell, and whispered a few words in a voice that readers could hear:
"Mr. Dean, I need a flashlight, an electrolytic cell, a selenium cylinder, three convex lenses, a semi-reflective semi-lens, a rotating mirror and"
"In addition, a one-meter-wide field is required with a straight line length of no less than five kilometers, and the test cannot be conducted until night."
William Whewell ignored the noisy scene and just stood on the stage and listened quietly to Xu Yun's words.
Then he glanced at the young man, walked off the stage quickly, and said something to Prince Albert.
Prince Albert was slightly startled, but still nodded.
After William Whewell finished speaking, he bowed to him, turned and left the scene.
Seeing William Whewell turn around and leave, the discussion at the scene became much louder.
Albert stood up from his seat and said to everyone:
"Dear students, please be quiet!"
"Dean Whewell has just made a guarantee for Luo Feng, and Trinity College will be responsible for providing the experimental equipment Luo Feng needs."
"Although these equipment are relatively easy to prepare, the experimental environment is quite special and you need to wait until dark before proceeding. Therefore, please don't get too excited for the time being."
"The entire experiment will be conducted publicly. Interested students can just wait on the roadside after dinner."
After speaking, he glanced at Angus Roman, who was still standing, and asked:
"Classmate Luo Man, do you have any objections?"
Angus Roman was vaguely in a trance at this time. Hearing this, he quickly got excited, shook his head and said:
"No objection, Your Highness, everything will be done according to your instructions."
His mission is to raise the topic. Although Xu Yun’s actions cannot immediately embarrass Whewell, once Xu Yun’s demonstration fails, the backlash from public opinion will be countless times more intense!
Seeing that Angus Roman was quite sensible, Albert nodded slightly and continued:
"Then everyone is relieved for the time being. Next, Mr. Knowles, the dean of Peter College, will temporarily replace Dean Whewell and preside over the hymn singing at the opening ceremony!"
After Albert finished speaking, an old man with silver hair stood up.
The old man slowly walked to the stage and took over the command of the scene.
Xu Yun saluted knowingly and quickly returned to his seat.
Compared to when I was on stage.
At this time, there were more eyes on Xu Yun, and they were also sharper.
Although physics today is still subordinate to chemistry, its importance has begun to show signs of vagueness.
Other colleges don't talk about it.
At least in these four seminaries present, except for theological students who are studying hard for theology degrees, most people have mastered or understood the theoretical disputes at the forefront of today's scientific world.
Since more than a hundred years ago, a large number of physicists have been trying to find the core evidence of the particle theory.
It's just that the results have always been unsatisfactory.
As a result, at the opening ceremony, Xu Yun said that he could provide proof to refute the wave theory?
The combination of this kind of speech that is beyond the scope of common sense and the identity of the 'descendant of fat fish' immediately makes people question, and at the same time, another thought will arise in their minds:
Maybe what he said is true?
What if he is really the descendant of Fat Fish?
That's a strange man that even Sir Newton would admire.
In this state of mind.
The minds of the students had already flown thousands of miles away. Many people were obviously absent-minded in the rest of the opening ceremony and ended up hastily dealing with it.
After the ceremony, the students dispersed as usual and exited in an orderly manner.
Of course.
Except Xu Yun.
Accompanied by several student federation cadres, he came to a small shed to wait for the night to fall.
at the same time.
A strip of more than five kilometers in length has also been vacated on the road from Trinity College to King's College.
This area was sealed off with a waist-high cordon, attracting a large number of students to stop and watch, and to discuss it.
"Hey, Rupp, you know what this is about? A running game?"
"I can't come!"
"I've heard some rumors. It's said that the Oriental who used the back door wanted to perform and write 30,000 words in one day."
There are many people who are confused about the closed area, but there are also many students who have participated in the opening ceremony.
Therefore, spread by those who witnessed it, a piece of news quickly swept through Cambridge University:
The descendant of the legendary 'fat fish' will produce evidence tonight that refutes the wave theory!
Another half hour passed.
"Luo Feng."
After receiving the news, Thomson hurriedly stepped into the shed. As a candidate for the president of the Federation of Students, it was not difficult for him to pass the trial:
"Luo Feng, I heard what Maxwell said, can you come up with strong evidence to refute the wave theory?"
Looking at Thomson who was still out of breath, Xu Yun felt a slight warmth in his heart:
"That's right."
"Are you sure?"
"Of course."
Thomson looked at Xu Yun seriously for a while, then nodded slightly:
"That's good."
Both he and Xiaomai had personally experienced that night attack, and their understanding and trust of Xu Yun were much higher than ordinary people.
Don't say anything else.
Just because Xu Yun could read his own Morse code during the night attack, Thomson was sure that Xu Yun was by no means the kind of illiterate who had not even received primary education.
Now that Xu Yun's face didn't show much nervousness, Thomson naturally had some confidence in his heart.
after an hour.
In the small shed, another person appeared.
Michael Faraday.
In the future of Xu Yun's time travel, a certain girl group once released a popular song, in which there is a line of lyrics that everyone is familiar with:
[You are electricity, you are light, you are the only myth].
From this lyric, it is not difficult to see that there is an inseparable connection between electricity and light.
Therefore, as the soul figure of the second industrial revolution, Faraday naturally had a very in-depth study of Guangxu.
For example, he discovered in 1845 that polarization rotation occurs when polarized light passes through a transparent medium to which a magnetic field is applied.
This phenomenon later became known as the Faraday effect, and it was the first discovery of the relationship between light and electromagnetism.
Then in 1846.
Faraday also speculated that light may be some form of disturbance derived along magnetic field lines.
1847.
Faraday proposed that light is a high-frequency electromagnetic vibration that can be derived without a medium.
If you extend the time from the perspective of future generations, you will also find that
It was based on this theory that Wheat discovered the phenomenon that self-generated electromagnetic waves propagate at a constant speed.
At the same time, this speed is exactly equal to the speed of light, which leads to the conclusion that light is an electromagnetic wave.
Now that he knows that Xu Yun can produce evidence to refute the wave theory, can Faraday be calm?
So after entering the shed, his first words were:
"Classmate Luo Feng, are you telling the truth? Can you provide evidence to refute the wave theory?"
Looking at this handsome old man with strong facial features, a hint of reverence appeared in Xu Yun's eyes, and he affirmed:
"Yes, Mr. Faraday, the ancestor of Fat Fish accidentally discovered certain phenomena while studying electrolysis."
"Then on further research, he discovered something, well, interesting."
Faraday raised his eyebrows:
"Something interesting?"
Xu Yun nodded, feeling a little excited in his heart.
The world line of today's dungeon is already a little skewed. In this case
Just add fuel to the fire yourself and let the scientific community cause another chaos!
Think of this.
Xu Yun couldn't help but take a deep breath and said to Faraday:
"Professor Faraday, before we start the experiment, I would like to ask you a question."
Faraday glanced at him and motioned for him to speak:
"Say it."
"How fast does light travel?"
"The speed of light?"
Faraday blinked. Although he didn't know why Xu Yun asked this question, he quickly said:
"212,000 kilometers per second, this is the value calculated by Mr. Huygens. It is also the answer that is currently recognized by the academic community."
"In addition, Mr. Newton also proposed in "Optics" that light can pass through the earth 16.6 times in one second, which is also close to this number."
Xu Yun glanced at this handsome old man, was silent for a moment, and slowly shook his head:
"Unfortunately, Mr. Faraday, this value is wrong."
Farah was stunned for the first time:
"wrong?"
Xu Yun turned his head, glanced at the scene that had been arranged, and smiled at Faraday:
"Yes, Mr. Lafayette, so the first mistake we have to correct tonight is"
