The girl looked Xu Yun up and down, picked up an itinerary from the table, flipped through it a few times, and said:
"Professor Faraday is here, but he has an appointment with a guest in ten minutes, so I'm afraid..."
Xu Yun glanced at the form on the table, thought for a moment, and asked:
"Classmate, how long do Faraday and his guests want to chat?"
The girl reacted very quickly this time. She spread her hands neatly, shook her head and said:
"I can't say for sure. It might be half an hour, it might be an hour, or it might be until the evening. Who can say for sure?"
Xu Yun suddenly frowned.
There are neither telephones nor WeChat these days. A telegraph machine can be used for long-distance communication, but short-distance communication is very troublesome.
Especially for contemporary physics greats like Faraday, who is as busy as the top guy in the club, it is easy for him to get rejected.
Then Xu Yun coughed lightly and was about to ask Faraday if he was free tomorrow when a whisper came from behind him:
"Classmate Luo Feng? Why are you here?"
Xu Yun turned his head and found that two people who had met him once before were standing behind him:
William Edward Weber, and his assistant Kirchhoff.
An electrical unit, a circuit law, the root of all evil.
"Good afternoon, Professor Weber, Mr. Kirchhoff."
Xu Yun first stretched out his hand and greeted the two of them politely. After saying this, he suddenly thought of something:
"Professor Weber, is it you that Mr. Faraday is going to see later?"
Weber blinked and quickly understood the meaning of Xu Yun's words:
"Michael and I made an appointment to talk about something in the afternoon...What, you have something to do with him?"
Xu Yun nodded quickly and said:
"I do have something I want to talk to Mr. Faraday about."
The English words 'talk' and 'chao' are both 'talk', and there is no difference in semantics.
Therefore, Weber did not realize that Xu Yun actually put Faraday in an equal position when he said these words.
He thought Xu Yun just had some homework problems and wanted to ask Faraday for answers, so he waved his hand and said:
"In that case, classmate Luo Feng, please come with me. Michael is very impressed by you."
Xu Yun suddenly felt happy and took the initiative to walk to the other side of Weber and thanked:
"Thank you very much, Professor Weber."
Weber smiled and waved his hand, turned around, and asked the round-faced girl:
"Classmate, where is Michael's office?"
The round-faced girl was looking at Xu Yun with curious eyes. She seemed a little surprised that Xu Yun could talk to Weber. After hearing this, she quickly pointed to her right hand:
"Mr. Weber, Professor Faraday's office is in Room 103. You can see it by walking straight from here to the end."
Weber thanked her and walked to the right with Xu Yun and Kirchhoff.
A little less than half a minute later.
The three of them came outside an office.
The door of this office is a little wider than other rooms, and the height is a little higher, which shows the extraordinary status of its owner.
However, there is no portrait at the door of this office, but a small sign with a name written on it:
Michael Faraday.
Then Weber stepped forward, knocked on the door, and said:
"Michael, it's me."
Less than a moment.
Faraday's voice came from inside the house:
"Please come in, the door is unlocked."
When Weber saw this, he twisted the doorknob and pushed in with Xu Yun and Kirchhoff.
The light in the room was very bright, and Xu Yun cleared up the situation at a glance:
The area of this office is about fifty or sixty square meters. It is equipped with clothes racks, sofas, fireplaces and other facilities. There is a desk in the center.
Faraday was sitting at his desk at this time, with a goggle-type magnifying glass on one eye, as if he was tinkering with something.
"Edward, good afternoon."
Faraday and Weber were old acquaintances, so he simply nodded to Weber and turned his attention to Xu Yun behind him:
"Eh? Classmate Luo Feng?"
Weber took off his coat and handed it to Kirchhoff to hang on the hanger. He nodded and said:
"Well, I met Luo Feng when I came here. I happened to hear that he wanted to see you for something, so I brought him here by the way."
After speaking, he glanced at Faraday curiously:
"Michael, what are you doing?"
Faraday picked up what looked like half a piece of paper from the table, shook it gently towards Weber, and sighed:
"I am repairing the bookmark that Mr. David gave me. Alas, it has been more than thirty years now, and today it cracked in half as soon as I opened the book."
Hearing the name David, Xu Yun's expression moved slightly.
The Davy mentioned by Faraday should refer to Humphrey Davy, the founder of electrochemistry and the most important nobleman in Faraday's life.
It was David who saw Faraday's letter and recruited him to the Royal Academy, a research institution, as an assistant, which officially opened a grand chapter in Faraday's life.
Now that David has been dead for 20 years, the bookmark he gave him is extremely precious to Faraday.
However, judging from the damaged condition of this bookmark, it is unlikely that it can be repaired.
Sometimes life is like this, and some accidents happen without warning.
Just like a certain neon character, he was shot in public, shot in the back, bleeding all over the floor, and losing vital signs under the gaze of two women beside him...
Of course.
The person I’m talking about here is Olga Ittsuka, the leader of the Tekkadan in the neon anime “Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans”. Don’t make any malicious assumptions.
It's a pity that there was no Japanese food in London in 1850, otherwise we could have found a restaurant to have a meal or something.
His eyes returned to reality.
After entering the house.
Weber first signaled Kirchhoff to close the door, then took out a stack of documents from his briefcase and handed them to Faraday:
"Michael, this is some experimental data about open-current circuits. It's all here."
"But I have been studying Luo Feng's optical experiments these days, so I have added some new guesses of my own to this data... Anyway, you should take a look first."
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! Faraday took the document with both hands and started reading it on the spot.
Just at the beginning.
Faraday's expression was still somewhat casual, and he would turn a page in about twenty seconds.
But soon.
When he saw a certain part of it, his eyes froze.
ten minutes later.
He put down the document, looked at Weber seriously, and asked:
"Edward, is this true?"
Weber nodded heavily, glanced at Xu Yun beside him, and said:
"It's true, Michael."
"Inspired by Luo Feng's work on measuring the speed of light and the photoelectric effect, Newman and I calculated the ratio of electromagnetic units to electrostatic units in the past two days."
"Finally found..."
"Their ratio is a fixed value!"
heard these words.
The expression on Xu Yun's face, whose face was full of "well-behaved.JPG", remained unchanged, but his hands on his knees tightened slightly.
The ratio of electromagnetic units to electrostatic units is a constant.
This is a knowledge point in the electrodynamic effect, which was measured by Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch in 1856.
It is also a very unpopular concept, but in fact it almost changed the course of human history.
On the surface.
This ratio unified the measurement units of electricity and magnetism, which laid an initial foundation for measurement, and later led to the postponement potential.
It seems ordinary and simple, right?
But in fact.
This fixed value is not another number, but 3X10^8.
That’s right, it’s the speed of light!
In other words.
If Weber had conducted more in-depth research, he would have discovered and calculated the speed of electromagnetic waves before Wheat.
This isn't the end yet.
More importantly...
Weber used this to propose a dimension called ultimate speed within the framework of electrodynamic effects, which is still true even when electric charges are expanded into entities.
This is actually the prototype of early quantum entanglement, the ghost at a distance that haunted Einstein until his death.
As a result, Einstein was at loggerheads with the Copenhagen School, and it also triggered the EPR Paradox, the biggest mistake he ever made in his life.
Unfortunately.
Weber neither studied the speed of light in greater depth nor thought about the distance.
Therefore, the ratio of electromagnetic units to electrostatic units ended up in a somewhat embarrassing situation in later generations:
It is a knowledge point that must be mentioned in the electrodynamic effect, but that is all.
Incidentally.
Weber's misfortune didn't end there - far more than that.
In the physics world of later generations, Weber was the unit of magnetic flux, and the unit of current was the ampere.
But actually.
In 1840, Weber used the principle of tangent galvanometer to give the absolute unit of electric current.
Therefore, electricians at that time used "Weber" to describe electric current, and its spread was very wide.
However, using Weber for magnetic flux and current at the same time can easily lead to some conceptual and calculation errors, which is obviously not appropriate.
So at the International Electrical Congress in 1881, the organizers gave the German delegation a choice:
Dear, please choose one of the current and magnetic flux and name it after Weber.
The leader of the delegation at that time was named Helmholtz, a good friend of Weber. He gave up the naming rights of electric current without thinking, saying that we wanted magnetic flux...
Students who have read physics books in later generations should all know this.
The popularity of current units and magnetic flux units differs by more than an order of magnitude...
Other than that.
Weber and Newman also derived the formula of Faraday's law. What Faraday discovered was a phenomenon. The two brothers called it Faraday's law in memory of Faraday.
The results of it?
A lot of people in later generations thought this was derived by Faraday, and the rest thought it was tinkered with by Wheat. Only our street book will specifically mention these two unlucky guys...
So Weber is also quite a non-chief.
You said it was buried, but that's not true.
If you search carefully, you can actually find all kinds of information, and there are no marketing accounts to discredit him.
But in the public's subconscious mind, this person cannot be remembered at all...
However, the report that will be released in 1856 has been moved forward to 1850. Weber's emphasis on it is obviously different from the official history. I wonder if this can change the future of Weber's little transparency?
His eyes returned to reality.
After chatting about some details of the experimental report, Weber said to Faraday:
"Michael, I came to see you today. Actually, there is one more thing I want to discuss with you."
After saying that, he waved to the side, motioned Kirchhoff to come forward, patted him on the shoulder and said:
"You have met Gustav many times these days, right? How is it? What do you think of his abilities?"
Faraday glanced at Kirchhoff and said seriously:
“Extraordinary.”
Faraday's words were not perfunctory.
Kirchhoff published his first paper when he was 21 years old, proposing two circuit laws regarding the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a steady circuit network, namely the famous Kirchhoff's current law and Kirchhoff's current law.
Husband's voltage law is now well-known in Europe.
Use the description of later generations of Internet literature.
This person is a potential newbie who has made over 10,000 yuan in his first order and has the opportunity to sign a contract with a big star.
After receiving the approval from his old friend, Weber looked very happy and said:
"In that case, Michael, how about asking Gustav to come to Cambridge University as a teaching assistant?"
"?"
Hearing Weber's words, Faraday was startled:
"With Gustav's ability, there is definitely no problem in serving as an assistant coach, but Edward, you are..."
Looking at Faraday who was confused, Weber couldn't help but sigh slightly and took the initiative to explain:
"Michael, I was allowed to return to Göttingen not long ago. You should know that all universities in Germany now refuse to hire me as a professor."
"This ban is unlikely to be lifted in the short term. Gustav is a very capable young man, and he is really at a disadvantage following me."
Kirchhoff on the side opened his mouth, as if he wanted to say something, but in the end he remained silent.
It is clear.
Before coming to Faraday's office, Weber had already communicated with him.
Looking at his somewhat depressed old friend, Faraday also shook his head with a heavy expression.
Weber once caused a stir more than ten years ago. The specific situation was almost a professor's version of a bus petition. He and six other professors were collectively known as the Seven Gentlemen of Göttingen.
This wave of German version of the public petition ultimately failed, so in 1837, Weber lost his teaching position.
Later, through a good friend's relationship, he was hired as a professor of physics at the University of Leipzig. The price was that every class had to be supervised and his words and deeds recorded.
By 1848, the German Revolution broke out, and even the University of Leipzig could not save him.
Due to their respective political conflicts, he was transferred to the position of director of the Göttingen Observatory, and he served until his retirement in 1870.
At the same time, influenced by Weber, Kirchhoff also lived an extremely unstable life:
He worked as an assistant professor at the University of Berlin for three years, but was dismissed at the beginning of his third year because of Weber.
In January this year, I came to Breslau as a temporary professor, and my performance even surpassed that of the chief professor in the department. However, I was fired last month because of Weber.
Follow the historical trajectory.
Kirchhoff had to wander like this until 1854, when he was recommended by the chemist Bunsen to be a professor at Heidelberg University.
Therefore, after this offline team building of electromagnetic experts that did not exist in history took place, Weber thought of a way:
Leave Kirchhoff to Faraday.
Perhaps Kirchhoff felt uncomfortable at first because of cultural differences.
But in the long run, Cambridge University is obviously a good place to live.
Faraday obviously knew the difficulty of his old friend. After listening to Weber's words, he just pondered for a moment and then happily agreed:
"No problem, leave this to me. I'll just take the time to go see Dean Whewell."
"But Gustav, your English needs to be improved as soon as possible. At least you need to be able to express yourself clearly in some professional terms."
Kirchhoff nodded quickly:
"I will, Professor Faraday."
Only then did Weber pat Kirchhoff's shoulder with relief, then looked at Xu Yun and said:
"Classmate Luo Feng, do you have anything to say to Michael... By the way, do you need me and Gustave to avoid it?"
Xu Yun quickly waved his hand and said to him:
"No, no, I might need your help with this."
"Want me to help?"
Weber blinked, suddenly interested.
He doesn’t have many connections and resources in the UK, so he really can’t figure out what Xu Yun could do to him:
"Then I'll shamelessly join in the fun."
Xu Yun smiled at him, walked forward quickly, and directly explained his purpose to Faraday:
"Mr. Faraday, let's make a deal."
Faraday was slightly startled:
"trade?"
After saying that, the corners of Faraday's mouth turned up slightly.
As the number one person in the physics community in Europe and even the world, even Prince Albert treats him with great courtesy. It has been a long time since anyone said the word "deal" to him.
Oriental, you piqued my interest.JPG.
Xu Yun then thought about it for a moment and said to Faraday and Weber:
"Professor Faraday and Mr. Weber, you must be familiar with electric charges, right?"
The three people present, including Kirchhoff, nodded in unison.
charge.
This is a basic concept in electromagnetism, which refers to an ideal model of charged particles.
The related concept was proposed by William Gilbert, and the first person to explicitly mention the word charge was Thomas Brown in 1646.
Strictly speaking, charge is an additive quantum number, which is a qualitative attribute, similar to spin.
That is to say, it cannot be seen from a physical point of view, but it exists conceptually - just like the attribute of 'handsome', you cannot touch it, but you can see it on the face of the reader.
Of course.
In later generations, some civil scientists always liked to deny the essence of electric charge, such as Fan Wei, who was very famous at the time.
In 2017, this person claimed that electric charge did not exist, saying that he had published a paper in "Physics Essays", claiming that this was the closest a Chinese scientist had come to a Nobel Prize...
At that time, some laymen were really fooled, but soon this one was stripped naked.
For example, he claimed to be a Ph.D. from Yunnan University, but Yunnan University said that it had not found this person on that day, and it was finally determined that he was an advertising planner who graduated from an electromechanical technician college.
As for "Physics Essays"...
It is a standard junk journal.
How rubbish is this journal?
It is not even a journal in the fourth region at all. It is so rubbish that it was kicked out by SCI. The impact factor is 0.28...
Basically, as long as you spend some money, you can even write some simple prose on it.
In addition to Fan Wei, "Physics Essays" also published masterpieces by the genius Li Zifeng - a man who claimed to have overthrown the theory of relativity with a materialistic intelligent view of time and space, which is very cool.
Li Zifeng himself once answered in person on a forum, saying that believers in relativity whose theory has been subverted must use any means to oppose it, and have abused, attacked and framed him for a long time.
In addition, he also said a classic saying:
"General relativity is also wrong, but since I have not published an argument, it is not appropriate to include it in the material. There are many fallacies in modern theoretical physics; many Nobel Prizes in Physics have been awarded for fallacies. The main purpose of applying for the Nobel Prize is to promote the truth.
But you also have to endure false accusations. At present, winning a prize is a small probability event."
This statement is not made up by the author. The original text is still available on a website. If you are interested, just search for this person’s name.
In a sense.
This person can be regarded as a combination of professionals and civilians:
His major is oil and gas drilling, and he does have some achievements, but he always likes to say some very anti-intellectual things across the border, and he doesn't know why.
Of course.
The controversy over electric charge in the scientific community in 1850 was far less complicated than in later generations. At this time, the scientific community only knew one thing about electric charge:
This chapter is not finished yet, please click on the next page to continue reading the exciting content! Electric charge is just a concept, with no mechanical weight or other arguments in logic.
So when answering Xu Yun, the three people present were a little confused:
Why did Xu Yun ask such a ‘low-end’ question?
But soon.
The next sentence made Faraday and Weber almost jump from the table:
"So Mr. Faraday, if I have an operation plan that allows you to verify the charge, would you be interested?"
Wow——
Faraday's left hand, which was originally holding Weber's experimental report, subconsciously used force and pinched the entire stack of documents into wrinkles.
But he seemed not to care, staring at Xu Yun:
"Classmate Luo Feng, what did you say?"
Very good, the fish bit the hook.
Seeing this situation, Xu Yun made a calm gesture and asked Faraday:
"Professor Faraday, do you still remember the discharge phenomenon you discovered when you were studying vacuum tubes 12 years ago?"
Faraday and Weber looked at each other and nodded:
"Of course you remember, glow discharge."
Xu Yun continued:
"If I remember correctly, you also discovered an abnormality in the spectrum at that time?"
Faraday hesitated for a few seconds this time. He didn't know whether it was because it was too old or the matter itself was not very important. He did not recall the relevant memory immediately.
But soon, he focused his eyes and nodded:
"Yes, there is such a situation, and I even gave it the name Faraday Dark Zone."
Glow discharge.
This is a self-sustained discharge phenomenon in thin gas, which can be seen everywhere in later life.
For example, the colorful neon lights that adorn the city's night sky are a phenomenon of glow discharge.
The fluorescent lamps that illuminate our study and life in the dark are also glow discharge phenomena.
The small flashing neon tube on the test pen used by electricians to test circuits is still a glow discharge phenomenon.
But don't look at the glow discharge in later generations, which seems to be very common.
In 1838, this was a very special phenomenon.
While studying this phenomenon, Faraday discovered a special place:
The purple cathodic glow and pink anodic glow will separate from each other, and a dark area will form in the middle area.
But unfortunately.
At that time, Faraday had no way to obtain a high vacuum...that is, an environment with a pressure of only a few thousandths of an atmosphere.
Therefore, he could only name this area the Faraday Dark Zone, and discontinued further exploration.
Of course.
This is also related to the fact that Faraday did not pay too much attention to this phenomenon. At that time, he had too many topics to study...
If Xu Yun hadn't mentioned it, he probably wouldn't have been able to remember it for a while.
But now what Xu Yun said...
There seems to be a huge secret hidden in this dark area?
Xu Yun came in a hurry today, so he could only draw pictures on the spot to describe it.
I saw him taking the paper and pen and drawing a sketch on the desk:
"It's a coincidence. Didn't the ancestors of Fat Fish engage in photovoltaic power generation? In fact, there are many links with the glow phenomenon."
"Later, when he was doing related research, he happened to discover this phenomenon and conducted a more in-depth exploration into the nature of the phenomenon."
"For example, when he used a stronger luminescent tube for observation, he found that the wall of the glass tube facing the cathode also emitted green fluorescence."
"When the magnet swayed outside the tube, the fluorescence also swayed, and we finally determined that the cause of this phenomenon was caused by the current emitted by the cathode hitting the glass tube wall."
When Faraday heard this, his pupils suddenly shrank:
"What? Electric current hitting the wall of the glass tube?"
Students who were ammeters in their previous lives should know this.
Around 1850, the scientific community adhered to the fluid theory of electricity, that is, electric current was a fluid without mechanical weight.
Even though Faraday discovered the law of electrolytic equivalents in 1834, this concept has not been overturned. Even Faraday himself agreed with the fluid theory explanation - this is like the original Mavericks, who clearly discovered evidence of the wave theory, but just created his own.
A bunch of explanations, explaining it into the particle theory...
But know it.
If electricity were a fluid...
Theoretically, it is impossible for fluorescence shaking to occur.
Could it be that Feiyu got it wrong?
Faraday shook his head, this was obviously even more impossible.
First of all, this experiment is very simple.
1850 was different from 1838. Now it was possible to prepare high-vacuum experimental tubes. Farah's first month's salary could produce hundreds of them.
With the experimental tube, it only takes half an hour to verify the authenticity. Xu Yun has no reason to lie to himself.
Secondly, Faraday himself also discovered the Faraday Dark Zone, and the phenomenon mentioned by Xu Yun is also consistent with part of what Faraday observed.
Think of this.
Faraday's heart couldn't help but beat loudly.
If the current can really hit the wall of the glass tube, then as long as some small props are installed - such as thin aluminum windows or small impellers, its properties can be observed more intuitively!
In addition, if there is a collision, there must be a transformation of energy, which is also data that can be captured!
But what excited Faraday was far more than that...
Xu Yun thought for a moment and then said:
"Although the ancestor of Fat Fish later gave up the research on glow power generation due to lack of energy, he designed a set of experimental procedures that theoretically can further explore the nature of electric current..."
Faraday's beard twitched when he heard this, and he blurted out a few words on the spot:
"What about the steps?"
Looking at Faraday who was losing his temper, Xu Yun shook his head:
"The ancestor of Fat Fish said in his suicide note that subsequent content needs to be paid to watch."
"...."
Farah was stunned for the first time, and subconsciously wanted to spit out a broken sentence, but finally calmed down:
"Classmate Luo Feng, is this the deal you want to make?"
Xu Yun nodded with an honest smile:
"That's right."
Faraday and Weber looked at each other again, took a deep breath, and asked:
"So what's the deal? What do I need to do?"
Xu Yun took out a piece of paper from his body with a lot of names written on it:
"Mr. Faraday, I hope that you and Mr. Weber will come forward to invite these big shots to Cambridge University as guests."
Faraday raised his eyelids and glanced at Xu Yun, took the paper, flattened it and read:
