Everyone's eyes almost simultaneously turned to Wheat on the side.
I only see this moment.
A certain stupid author didn't arrange to appear, but in the previous chapter, he teleported to the scene. Mai was standing next to the table, staring motionlessly in a certain direction.
His mouth was slightly open, with an expression on his face that he had seen a ghost.
See this situation.
Faraday couldn't help but put down the tools in his hands and asked Xiaomai:
"Classmate Maxwell, what's wrong with you?"
Faraday's voice brought Xiaomai's thoughts back to reality. He opened his mouth first, as if he wanted to say something.
But after hesitating for a few seconds, he still shook his head and said:
"Nothing, nothing...I'm sorry, Professor Faraday, it seems I had an illusion..."
Then Xiaomai bit her lower lip with her upper front teeth, hesitated for a moment, pointed to the vacuum tube and added:
"Professor Faraday, can I try this device?"
Faraday raised his head and glanced at this young Scottish man with some symptoms of social anxiety, looking thoughtful.
His intuition told him that this young man seemed to have discovered something abnormal.
However, Xiaomai was obviously not sure about the unknown anomaly, so he came up with the idea of getting the equipment.
Now Faraday has regarded Xiaomai as his half-apprentice, and all the data that should be collected at this time has been collected, so he waved his hand generously and said:
"No problem, feel free to use it."
Xiaomai thanked him:
"Thank you, Professor Faraday."
The voltage load of the high-voltage coil is very high, and it requires a certain cooling time to be activated again. It will take at least three to five minutes before the vacuum tube can be restarted.
So take advantage of this gap.
Faraday, Gauss and others turned their attention to the calculation results again.
"1.6638*10^11C/kg...."
Looking at the number in front of him, Gauss was silent for a moment and asked Faraday:
"Michael, if I remember correctly, this ratio should be hundreds of times greater than the theoretical value of hydrogen ions?"
Upon hearing this, Faraday took off his glasses, rubbed his nose vigorously, and exhaled softly:
"To be precise, it's close to a thousand times."
"A thousand times?"
Gauss's pupils shrank imperceptibly, and he looked at the calculation paper in his hand again:
"That is to say...that's how we discovered matter smaller than atoms? This...this..."
Faraday glanced at his old friend and said nothing.
On this morning after Christmas Eve, three top leaders in the scientific community fell silent at the same time.
atom.
Throughout the history of civilizations at home and abroad, it is not uncommon to see concepts similar to atoms...that is, representing the smallest components of everything in the world.
For example, in 500 BC, Democritus of ancient Greece proposed the earliest atomic theory, saying that everything visible to the naked eye is composed of very small "protons".
There are also many sages in China who believe that all things in the world are physical objects composed of countless particles.
But on the other hand, this kind of understanding belongs more to the category of philosophy rather than science.
That is to say, they believe that everything in the world can be subdivided into particles smaller than dust, but they do not know the specific diameters and properties of these particles.
The real founder of modern atomic theory was the Englishman John Dalton.
After Lavoisier discovered hydrogen, it was discovered that the chemical reaction of two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen was exactly consumed to form water.
If this ratio is exceeded, there may be excess hydrogen and excess oxygen.
That is to say, hydrogen and oxygen interact in a 2:1 relationship in a certain unit.
People have been looking for this smallest unit, initially at the element level, and later Dalton proposed the concept of the atom in 1803.
At that time he proposed a theory:
Matter is composed of invisible, irreducible atoms, which are the smallest units of chemical change.
In addition, he also determined the atomic weights of various elements - although some were wrong.
This concept would not be refreshed again until 1897 by J.J. Thomson, and his steps were the vacuum tube experiments used by Lao Tang and others today.
Of course.
The vacuum tube experiment calculates the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons, and the electric charge is measured by Millikan as mentioned before, so I won't go into details here.
at the same time.
At the time when JJ Thomson measured the charge-to-mass ratio, Arrhenius had already proposed the ionization theory in 1887, which could calculate the charge-to-mass ratio of hydrogen ions.
JJ Thomson’s measurement result is nearly 2,000 times larger than hydrogen ions. This is undoubtedly a result involving the concept of magnitude:
The charge-to-mass ratio is the ratio of electric charge to mass. Whether hydrogen ions or cathode ray particles, their electric charges are the same, that is, the molecules remain unchanged.
If the molecule remains unchanged and the difference is two thousand times, then the difference is obviously in the mass:
In other words, the mass of the particle flow constituting cathode rays is only more than one thousandth that of hydrogen ions.
A thousand times smaller than hydrogen ions, then this particle is naturally smaller than an atom.
Although the ionization theory had not yet appeared in 1850 when Faraday and his colleagues were living, research on gas element ions had been carried out for a long time, and many numerical values had actually appeared first.
This is also the norm before many theories are formally proposed:
The proposer of a theory is not necessarily the discoverer or pathfinder of the phenomenon.
Their real contribution is to summarize some discrete things through a certain formula or experimental results, and summarize them into a formal theorem.
Therefore, it is not surprising for Gauss and Faraday that they could think of the value of the charge-to-mass ratio of hydrogen ions.
What really makes them sigh is...
This particle, which is enough to change the historical direction of the scientific world, actually appeared in front of them like this?
To know.
Xu Yun's previously proposed experimental methods such as the determination of the speed of light, the photovoltaic effect, the photoelectric effect, and the calculation of the orbit of Conan's star were obviously quite sophisticated in terms of steps.
This chapter is not over, please click the next page to continue reading! But actually.
Except for the photoelectric effect, other advancements in the scientific community have not actually had a disruptive effect - at least for now.
Their more significance is to correct certain mistakes and prevent future generations from wasting time in these aspects.
But cathode rays are different.
Its analysis results this time can be said to have advanced the entire human understanding of the microscopic world by a big step!
What is the trajectory of that particle?
What are its physical properties?
If it is the smallest particle, can humans use it to recombine it into something?
These are all new and extremely valuable fields. Since Ferrari invented the generator, the study of the microscopic world has become a future trend.
Looking at the calculation paper in his hand, Gauss suddenly thought of a good friend of his:
Avogadro the Italian.
Dalton was the proposer of atomic theory, and the person who determined that atoms were really atoms was Avogadro.
Although the real person who calculated Avogadro's constant was not Avogadro, but Jean Perrin.
But today’s Avogadro is no freewheeler:
He not only proposed the concept of Avogadro's constant, but also deduced this constant to the magnitude of 3.88E 23.
Avogadro is now almost sixty years old. If he knew that this particle had been discovered, wouldn't he be so happy that he would tear off his wig?
Yes, wig:
Avogadro was bald in his later years, but he still stubbornly bought a wig.
And just when Gauss was a little distracted.
Snapped!
The lights in the room suddenly dimmed.
Gaussian was stunned for a moment and glanced at the ceiling subconsciously.
power cut?
But less than two seconds.
Snapped!
The indoor lights returned to normal again.
Gauss and Faraday looked towards the switch and found that the person standing at the switch was none other than...
wheat!
At this time, Xiaomai's expression was even more shocked than before, his Adam's apple was rolling up and down, and there were even some beads of sweat on his face - this was December...
Faraday blinked when he saw this, and asked slightly puzzledly:
"Classmate Maxwell, what are you doing?"
Hearing this, Xiaomai quickly came back to his senses. He first cast an apologetic look at Faraday, then pointed in a certain direction and said:
"Mr. Faraday, please allow me to explain the specific situation to you later. Please look at the vase first - I will turn off the light again in five seconds, and you will understand then."
Faraday, Gauss and others took advantage of the situation and looked at it.
I saw that on the right side of the table...that is, the first two meters behind the anode and five or six meters away from Faraday and others, a vase had been placed by wheat at some point.
The vase is ordinary and there is nothing weird about it.
Five seconds passed quickly.
Snapped!
Wheat pressed the light switch again, and the room became dark again.
Faraday and Gauss Weber first adjusted their eyes to the changes in light, and then in the darkness they all looked in the direction that Wheat pointed.
"God's Coming"
be honest.
It is actually not very easy to accurately locate a specific object five or six meters away in a dark room.
In fact, for most people, being able to determine the general area is considered a good sense of location.
But at this moment.
Whether it's Gauss or Faraday.
Weber, Kirchhoff and others, almost everyone locked on the vase immediately.
because.......
At this moment, a beam of light shot straight out of the vacuum tube on the table, hitting the front surface of the vase heavily!
A few more seconds passed.
Faraday's voice suddenly sounded in the room, with a strong sense of urgency in his tone:
"Maxwell, turn on the lights, turn on the lights quickly! You stay where you are after turning on the lights!"
Snapped.
Wheat obeyed.
Wait until the light returns to the house.
Farah took the first step and rushed to the anode. His agility did not look like that of a 59-year-old man. He looked like a 59-year-old man.
After arriving at the table.
Faraday squatted half-crouched on the edge of the table, staring at the end of the anode, his face as solemn as water.
Mentioned before.
The vacuum tube diagram given by Xu Yun is much more magical than the normal vacuum tube. The cathode and anode are made of metal sheets, and are filled at the head and tail of the test tube.
That is to say.
After the cathode rays are emitted from the cathode, they will be blocked by the metal plate of the anode and disappear.
In addition, during the research just now.
In order to determine which end the rays were emitted from, Faraday used a built-in small piece of wood to block the light path.
This small piece of wood is only a little over one centimeter in diameter and not even one millimeter thick, but it still easily blocks the penetration of cathode rays.
In other words, the penetrating power of cathode rays is not strong, and the optical path is very short - this is still a characteristic under vacuum conditions, and it must be weakened a lot in the air.
But the problem is...
The light spot that just appeared on the outside of the vase is more than two meters away from the anode!
Think of this.
Faraday looked at Wheat again and said:
"Maxwell, turn off the lights!"
Maxwell nodded:
"clear!"
Snapped!
The house returned to darkness again.
at the same time.
A round light spot appeared again on the outside of the vase.
Compared with other people present, the vacuum tube standing next to the vacuum tube could see it more clearly——
The source of the light is obviously...
Anode inside a vacuum tube!
December 26, 1850.
The history of modern science first took a big step forward in this laboratory of Cambridge University, which was temporarily unknown.
Then he was staggered by a Scottish boy named Maxwell from behind, and he staggered forward three more steps.
........
Note:
I’m having a hard time coding alone on Chinese Valentine’s Day, so please give me some monthly tickets to comfort me...
