Chapter 581 History: If you keep kicking me, I will have shoe marks all over my butt.
At this moment.
In the lounge.
After listening to Hou Guangjiong’s introduction.
Lao Guo, Li Jue, Qian Bingqiong and others also generally had a preliminary understanding of the whole matter.
Then Lao Guo looked around the scene and asked Hou Guangjiong:
"By the way, Professor Hou, where are those male and female rice plants now?"
"It's a male sterile strain."
Hou Guangjiong first corrected Lao Guo's error in expression, then turned around and said to Yuan Guoliang:
"Xiao Yuan, go get the box."
Yuan Guoliang said yes, quickly walked aside and took out a small iron box locked with a copper lock.
Then he took out a key from his body and carefully opened the box, revealing the scene inside:
This is a rice sample that has been encapsulated in a transparent plastic film. There are obvious cracks in the flower spike - the cracks mainly exist on the left side, but the right side is relatively normal.
After the box is opened.
Hou Guangjiong gently held the plastic film and picked up the sample, and said to Lao Guo and others:
"Director Guo, this is the sample we got."
"Look, the obviously split little head on the left is a sterile male plant. There is no pollen inside."
"The one on the right is a normally developing female plant, which can receive foreign pollen for cultivation normally. You see, here is the bud head."
After hearing this, Lao Guo came forward and took a few glances.
really.
The situation is indeed consistent with what Hou Guangjiong said.
The crack on the left side looks very thin, and not even a single pollen can be seen inside.
Although his major is fluid mechanics and aerospace.
But rice is a hermaphroditic crop, and he still knows a lot about the fact that male plants pollinate and grow. He even planted rice in the fields when he was a child.
A male plant without pollen is just like a man without that thing, unable to carry out the teaching behavior of giving to others.
Then Lao Guo tapped the small iron box twice casually with his index finger, and asked Hou Guangjiong:
"Director Hou, have you prepared your specific breeding plan? - If I remember correctly, the cross-breeding plan seems quite complicated?"
Although Hou Guangjiong had previously given Lao Guo a time limit for cultivating hybrid rice, this was more of an expected plan.
To truly implement this plan, a more detailed breeding plan is obviously needed.
Lao Guo didn't know much about rice hybridization, but he had seen hybrid corn when he was across the sea, and knew that the customization of this kind of plan was very complicated - Caltech, where he studied, was an important experimental institution for hybrid corn.
Facing the questions raised by Lao Guo.
Hou Guangjiong shook his head gently.
I saw him carefully putting the samples back into the box and explaining:
"Not yet. After all, Director Guo, we have just obtained this sample not long ago, and we have to study many things from scratch."
"In addition, it is estimated that it will take some time to implement the attitude from above. We can only say that we have a general outline, but it is obviously impossible to come up with specific plans immediately."
Lao Guo nodded understandingly.
He guessed so too.
before today.
The concept of male-sterile wild rice only exists in theory. The top management wouldn’t say they don’t pay attention to it, but they certainly don’t put it too high on the agenda.
If not.
When Yuan Guoliang and Zhou Kaida discovered the plant, they didn't need to contact Hou Guangjiong, and then they asked the old academician Yang Kaiqu to come forward to contact the capital.
Now Yang Kaiqu will appear at the base.
First, because male sterile wild rice is indeed his lifelong obsession, and he spent more than thirty years looking for this kind of sample.
Even if there are only a few months left in his life, he must resolve this matter personally.
The second is
He is using his spare energy to "increase" the value of hybrid rice - a member of the academic department who is about to pass away, no matter what the organizational psychology is, must respond.
And with the strategic vision of those big figures in the capital.
As long as they can have a preliminary understanding of the concept of male-sterile wild rice, they will immediately realize the importance of this project.
In a sense.
This kind of behavior is similar to the ancient ministers who wanted to make clear their aspirations. Unless the emperor is cowardly, the monarch must express his concern.
In fact.
in the original history.
Old Mr. Yang Kaiqu also used this method of using himself as a 'chip', and he has just given organizational attention to the winter paddy fields in Sichuan Province, and its influence will continue to benefit future generations until 2023.
Opening channels and opening channels, people live up to their name.
It delivers living water and benefits the common people.
"Hasn't the specific plan been specified yet?"
After getting Hou Guangjiong's answer.
Lao Guo was silent for a moment, then suddenly turned to look at Xu Yun aside and asked him:
"In that case, Comrade Han Li, do you have any thoughts or opinions on the hybrid rice breeding program?"
Swish——
The words just fell.
The eyes of Hou Guangjiong, Yuan Guoliang, Zhou Kaida and others were locked on Xu Yun in the wheelchair at the same time, with a hint of surprise on their faces.
to be honest.
Among Lao Guo and his group, the first one they noticed was Xu Yun. After all, he was sitting in a wheelchair.
Just because of his age, Yang Kaiqu and the others originally thought that this young man in a wheelchair was just an assistant.
But now it seems
He doesn't seem to be an ordinary sidekick?
Could it be
Comrades from the Agricultural and Food Center of the base?
Or the management of the agricultural sideline team?
And the other side.
Xu Yun was also a little surprised by Lao Guo's question.
But soon.
He understood what Lao Guo was thinking:
He had previously proposed a nutritional plan for black soldier fly larvae. In his plan to replace winter wheat with Coke, he also mentioned some of the characteristics of winter wheat many times.
Xu Yun's knowledge in the field of food is at least much higher than that of Lao Guo and other men who are pure science and engineering.
in addition
In fact, even if Lao Guo didn't speak, Xu Yun originally wanted to interject a few words.
After all, these are Yuan Guoliang and Zhou Kaida.
Then he took a deep breath and adjusted his mentality.
Trying not to look at Yuan Guoliang and Zhou Kaida, he asked Hou Guangjiong calmly:
"Professor Hou, I wonder which method you are going to use for plant breeding? The two-line method? Or the three-line method?"
When Yang Kaiqu heard this, his eyes suddenly lit up, and there was a hint of surprise in his eyes:
"Comrade, have you ever heard of the three-system method?"
Xu Yun nodded:
"I've heard a little bit about it."
joke.
As a PhD in genetic biology.
If Xu Yun didn't even understand the three-system method, he would have been nailed to the pillar of shame like a certain Dr. Zhai.
Three series.
This concept was first proposed by American geneticist Hills in 1947.
The so-called "three series".
They refer to male sterile lines, male sterile maintainer lines, and male sterile restorer lines.
As the name suggests, male sterility is a kind of rice in which the male core is normal, the male lychee is degenerated, and the self-fertilization is not fertile, that is, the male has no reproductive capacity - male sterility and male lychee. Gay men can lower their heads to understand, and lesbians can see if it is true.
It's a female driver.
This sterility trait can be passed on to the next generation.
Keep it going.
It is rice with normal female and male cores, that is, it can self-pollinate and produce fruit.
It can pollinate the sterile line and make it fruitful, but the offspring will still maintain the male sterility characteristic of sterility.
With the maintainer line, the sterility characteristics of the sterile line can be maintained from generation to generation, which is a very important series in the entire process.
The recovery system is easier to understand.
Recovery refers to the function returning to normal, that is, the male and female cores are both fine, and the rice can self-pollinate and become fruitful.
The seeds obtained by pollenizing the sterile line have normal fertility and restore male fertility.
The plants grown from this are hybrid rice, which can self-fertilize and bear fruit.
The offspring of "sterile line" and "maintainer line" have a large proportion of sterile offspring, which can be used to continue breeding the "sterile line".
When the "sterile line" is mated with normal rice, that is, the restorer line, hybrid rice seeds with excellent characteristics can be obtained.
Very simple and easy to understand.
Therefore, the difficulty of this technology is not the theoretical basis, but how to implement it in breeding.
Later Yuan Guoliang was not the earliest proposer of this theory in the world, but he was the first to implement this theory into reality.
It's like a warp engine.
Alcubierre proposed the Alcubierre metric that completely describes the curvature engine mathematically in 1994, but do you think who has developed the curvature engine so far?
Of course.
At the moment, it doesn’t matter whether it’s Yuan Guoliang, Hou Guangjiong or Zhou Kaida.
They obviously have not yet fully summarized the relevant theories of the three-system method.
So Xu Yun thought for a while.
Decide
Give history another kick in the ass.
So he paused and said to Hou Guangjiong:
"Professor Hou, if what I expected is good"
"The next step you should take is to collect the seeds of this male sterile plant and cultivate it as the female parent of the sterile line, right?"
"Then plant the restorer samples alternately, let them meet during the flowering period, and then conduct artificial pollination?"
Hou Guangjiong nodded:
"That's right."
This is a standard step for hybrid corn. No matter what the final plan for hybrid rice is, this step must not be missed.
But soon.
The next sentence that came out of Xu Yun's mouth made Hou Guangjiong look stunned:
"In this case, Professor Hou, I wonder if you have ever considered a more detailed technology?"
""
Hou Guangjiong blinked and asked:
"What kind of refinement technology?"
Seeing this, Xu Yun stretched out his left and right hands and made a '1' gesture with the two index fingers of both hands in the air.
Then the two index fingers were brought together first, and then separated a distance:
"Two special genes were isolated."
Seeing that Hou Guangjiong didn't speak.
Xu Yun shook his left index finger twice and explained:
"The first gene is the pollen lethal gene. It is in pollen or gametophytes and will kill pollen or gametophytes."
Then he shook his right index finger:
"The other gene is the fertility restorer gene, which is a dominant gene."
"As long as this gene is present, the sporophyte can produce pollen and the individual will be fertile."
"If you think about it carefully, what would happen if a fertility restorer gene and a pollen lethal gene were introduced into a male sterile line?"
Hou Guangjiong was stunned again.
A few seconds passed.
He suddenly shrank, picked up the paper and pen from the table, and started writing hurriedly on the arithmetic paper:
"Suppose the male sterile line is rr, the fertility restorer gene is R, and the pollen lethal gene is"
"Then the offspring will have two types: F-R type and F-r type"
"And then"
"Mom?!"
Write, write, write.
Hou Guangjiong's pen tip paused for an instant, and he raised his head in shock and looked at Xu Yun:
"Comrade Han Li, this method you mentioned can screen high-quality genes?!"
Xu Yun nodded heavily.
at the same time.
He also glanced calmly at Yuan Guoliang, who was also shocked.
Boss, please forgive me for copying my homework.
As we all know.
Strictly speaking, the full name of the hybrid rice that Yuan Guoliang and his colleagues later developed is "first-generation hybrid rice technology."
The yield per mu of this technology is not low, but it is unstable. In the initial planting process, we actually encountered some poor harvests.
Therefore it has been improved.
Yuan Guoliang’s team has successively optimized the second-generation hybrid rice technology and the most advanced
Third generation hybrid rice technology.
The principle of this technology is actually quite simple.
This is what Xu Yun said above, introducing pollen lethal genes and fertility restoring genes during the breeding process.
That is, the pollen lethal gene F and the fertility restorer gene R closely linked to F were introduced into the male sterile line rr.
This way.
A new fertile maintainer line can be screened, that is, F-R or F-r.
But this is only a probability situation.
Actually.
The F-R type pollen cannot survive because it contains the pollen lethal gene, so this maintainer line will only produce
r-type pollen.
At the same time.
The maintainer line F-R/r is self-crossed and can produce offspring of two different genotypes:
F-R/r type maintainer line, rr type sterile line.
throughout the process.
The pollen lethal gene will kill the pollen carrying the exogenous fertility gene, so that the hybrid offspring will not contain transgenic elements.
In other words, the controversy over genetically modified foods is directly avoided.
In other words.
This is a magical technology that uses the principle of genetically modified technology, but does not actually contain genetically modified genes.
Based on the actual acceptance situation of later generations.
This rice breeding technology will enable the utilization rate of hybrid vigor resources to reach more than 95%, far exceeding the 7% in one generation.
I can only say that rabbits are really talented when it comes to farming.
His eyes returned to reality.
At this moment.
After hearing Xu Yun's introduction, Hou Guangjiong's heart was filled with the surprise of discovering a new world.
Divide genes into two types?
Is this tmd okay too?
But soon.
Hou Guangjiong calmed down the shock a little, pondered for a moment, and asked Xu Yun:
"Comrade Xiao Xiaohan, right?"
"I have to admit that the theory you mentioned is indeed very attractive, but how can we separate the two genes?"
"After all, it has been less than ten years since the DNA double helix structure was proposed. It seems difficult to achieve this with our current technology, right?"
"That's right."
Xu Yun nodded calmly and said:
"There is indeed no technology in the current scientific community that can isolate genes at a specific point, but we can do it ourselves."
"Back then, there was a scientist named Ace Yabo in the Fengling Yueying Club. This person liked to conduct some grafting experiments."
"He once proposed an idea - can we use electrophoresis to sequence the fragments present in the base reaction, and then locate it using a substance like polyacrylamide?"
"If the pollen lethal gene can be located and analyzed, it can be mediated to the T-DNA of rice through Agrobacterium."
DNA.
This thing was actually discovered very, very early.
As early as 1869, it was discovered by a doctor named Friedrich Michel.
However, it was not until after World War II that it really began to attract the attention of the biological community and produce results.
For example, eight years ago.
Watson had just discovered the double helix structure of DNA - a process that also led to a famous quarrel in the history of biology, which continued even when Xu Yun traveled through time.
Some groups even took this matter to mean that the Nobel Prize discriminates against women. Fortunately, this is not a Chinese award.
all in all.
Genetic isolation, which can be easily accomplished by a vocational college in later generations, is more difficult at this time.
Up to now.
There is only one substance that has been successfully sequenced.
that is
Insulin protein.
After that, the second tRNA to be sequenced would be 64 years later.
But that's why.
Basic DNA sequencing is something that no one can achieve at this time, but from a God's perspective, there are no obvious barriers to technology.
In addition, it is not difficult to see based on the paper 13271/001201.
To identify the rice pollen lethal gene, you only need to determine the bases of 11 lactose repressor binding sites.
This is essentially the same level of technical requirements as the binding end sequencing of phage lambda DNA seven years later—in fact, it is even lower.
That is, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is used to determine the size of the fragments present in each base reaction.
The DNA fragments are then separated with single-base resolution, and a labeled strip of each base is placed on X-ray film.
This way.
The film will produce a trapezoidal image.
Finally, the sequence of the fragment can be read from it, and the sequence of the bases can be estimated by increasing four markers according to the size.
Even at the current domestic technological level, this technology can still easily meet the standards.
True.
This analysis can take a long time.
It could be half a year, ten months, a year or even two years - the sequencing of insulin protein took more than a year back then.
But don't forget.
It also takes at least two years to cultivate the first and second generations of rice, which means there is no conflict between the two.
It is very likely that once the second generation rice is cultivated, the sequencing and positioning here will be completed.
More importantly.
Once the rabbits taste the benefits of DNA sequencing.
So
Can PCR technology be far behind?
To know.
This is the most basic and conventional experimental method in the field of modern life science research, if not the only one!
Just as Ripan was divided into before the emergence of Tifa and the emergence of Tifa, the dividing point of gene sequencing is PCR technology.
Not an exaggeration.
Its emergence has opened up an upsurge in molecular biology research, opened up the post-era of life science research, and brought great convenience to life science research and clinical testing.
In the later generations of Xu Yun's time travel, PCR technology had three iterations.
The first generation of PCR has two giants, Roche and Thermo Fisher.
The second-generation fluorescence quantitative PCR Bio-Rad has suddenly emerged, and the three giants have emerged.
The third generation of digital PCR Bole leads the way.
Nowadays, although many domestic manufacturers such as XA Tianlong, HZ Bioer, and Likan are trying to catch up, the gap is still obvious.
For example, most tubes of several microliters used for PCR need to be imported, while domestic tubes are used for enzyme digestion.
In the context of 2023.
Some foreign manufacturers are already making tentative attempts to tighten the neck. If the guarantee is not complete, they will impose restrictions on you.
Therefore, it is rare to have such an opportunity right now
Why do you think Xu Yun let it go?
Besides, leaving aside the issue of domestic imports, this is a market worth tens of billions of dollars.
And at the same time that Xu Yun was hitting history's ass hard again.
The chemical center within the base.
Liu Youcheng, who had just finished preparing a bucket of local donkey secretion, was looking at the several recipes in front of him with a confused expression:
"What the hell is this Ginger Coke?"
Note:
I have a question to ask for help. In July, a classmate who I haven’t seen for more than ten years came back from abroad. I planned to treat him to a barbecue at home, so I spent a lot of money to buy an M9+, which costs 700 yuan per pound (so I have been very diligent in coding recently,
It’s too expensive).
The texture of the beef is very good, but when I tried roasting it myself, a lot of blood came out, which made the taste very strange. When I ate it in a Japanese restaurant, the quality was not as good as this. Does anyone with experience know what's going on?
