From a general perspective, physics can basically be divided into two directions:
Applied physics and basic physics.
The so-called applied physics refers to the discipline that uses physical knowledge to solve practical problems.
To put it bluntly, it is a relatively broad technical application discipline. To put it more bluntly, it is about technology and invention. Computer light bulbs are also among the concepts.
In 2023 when Xu Yun traveled through.
When it comes to applied physics in China, even those who hate the Kuomintang party find it difficult to find clear black spots. At most, they are just ignorant and clumsy.
In this direction, China is in the first or even top echelon of standards, with many achievements and big names.
For example, achievements include radiation physics, quantum encrypted communications, optoelectronics technology, iron-based superconductivity, Mott insulators...
Big bosses include Pan Shuai from the University of Science and Technology of China, Wang Yan from the School of Physics at Peking University, Yao Hong from the Shuimu Institute of Advanced Research, Zhu Shining from Jinling University, etc...
But if you change the perspective to basic physics, then the situation in China is completely different.
Basic physics refers to the discipline of in-depth understanding of the composition, connections and operating laws of matter in order to establish and improve the theory of physics and promote its development, which is what everyone calls...
Theoretical Physics.
Up to now.
The highest level of Chinese theoretical physics is still Li Yang, but when they achieved their achievements, they were not Chinese nationals, let alone the results of domestic cultivation.
At present, only Academician Wang Yifang and Mr. Zhang Shousheng are the only ones with Chinese nationality who have achieved results that can influence the field of theoretical physics.
Today, Academician Wang Yifang is still alive, but Zhang Shousheng sadly "passed away unexpectedly" across the sea in 2018.
If it were not for Xu Yun's discovery of solitary point particles in reality, the Chinese theoretical physics community would really not be able to achieve much in the field of popular cognition.
And what is the reason for this phenomenon...
There are various factors leading to chaos in scientific research, but it is mostly due to China not catching the early train of theoretical physics:
Various international academic blockades have led to the country's modern... note that it is modern rather than modern. In the 1960s and 1970s when modern theoretical physics sprouted, the soil for cultivating theoretical physics was missed.
When the international community is studying neutrinos, domestically, even the knowledge that the isospin triplet state of the pi meson and the second-order Casmir operator of the Lie group are commutable with all generators is still vague.
When a group of foreign experts were discussing the Higgs mechanism, domestic people did not even know that a mass term would appear in fermions after the symmetry of the Higgs field was broken.
But now with the appearance of Xu Yun, some things are different.
Mentioned earlier.
In 2023, the fundamental particles discovered will mainly consist of four major categories:
Quarks, leptons, gauge bosons and the Higgs particle.
These four major types of particles are further divided into 61 types of particles.
That is, 12 types of leptons:
Electron/Miao/Ton 3rd generation neutrino, positive and negative X2.
(positive/reverse)*(up/down/odd/charming/top/bottom)*(red/blue/green) 36 kinds of quarks;
One type of photon, three types of Z/W^/W^-ons, 8 types of gluons and one type of Higgs particle.
But at this time.
The physics community’s understanding of particle physics is limited to only four types:
Photons, electrons, first-generation neutrinos, muons...and then they were gone.
That's right.
Just like the eunuch's lower part, it's gone.
among the remaining particles.
The tart was discovered in 1977 by Martin Lewis Pell.
The Z/W boson was to be discovered by CERN in 1983 - but it was calculated earlier.
Gluons were discovered by Ting Zhaozhong in 1979.
Not to mention the Higgs particle, which was only taken out of the high-energy range in 2012.
As for the 36 types of quarks...
Even its model would not be proposed by Gell-Mann until three years later, and the existence of quarks would not be proven until more than ten years later.
In other words.
At this time.
If you say that no one has ever imagined that there is a structure under neutrons, that is certainly not true. After all, this era has long been separated from the scope of modern physics.
But if the conditions are limited to understanding how deep this structure is and how significant its significance is, then the final answer is obviously that only Xu Yun is the only one.
Later, he and the Chinese Academy of Sciences spent countless efforts and almost risked everything at the press conference, just to add a new member like the solitary point particle to the microscopic particles...
But now.
The microscopic particles that have not yet been discovered by the physics community are more than just one or two?!
What was placed in front of Xu Yun was the entire basic particle model!
An important tool for discovering these particles is the tandem particle accelerator at Cambridge University.
True.
With an energy level of just 80MeV, it would be a pipe dream to find the Higgs particle.
However, the discovered energy levels of tons, Z/W bosons and gluons are completely within its operating range.
At the same time, today's physics community is still slowly digesting the Yang-Mills field proposed by Mr. Yang, and the experiment can only be violently cracked. This situation will continue until the emergence of T. Hooft.
So it's not an exaggeration.
Although the University of Cambridge regarded the accelerator as a treasure, only Xu Yun understood its true value.
If you don't seize this opportunity...
So is Xu Yun still a human?
"Within the neutron..."
Just when Xu Yun was feeling confused, Qian Bingqiong suddenly spoke.
But the person he asked was not Xu Yun, but Lu Guangda, who had a somewhat subtle expression:
"Director Lu, if I remember correctly, our country seems to have done some analysis and research on the lower-level model of neutrons, right?"
Lu Guangda was originally thinking about this. Hearing this, he immediately nodded:
"Yes, currently Comrade Zhu Hongyuan from the Theoretical Office of our Institute of Atomic Energy and the project team led by Comrade Hu Ning from BJ University have conducted research on this aspect."
This chapter is not finished yet, please click on the next page to continue reading the exciting content! "Comrade Hu Ning has done relatively in-depth research and has achieved some results in the theory of symmetry of elementary particles SU(3), but unfortunately due to lack of
There is not enough data to continue - the only reference we have is a hadron mass spectrum."
"I had a chat with Comrade Hu Ning before coming to the base. He called this possible model meta-hadrons - Oh, by the way, Comrade He Zuoxiu from our base has also participated in related research."
"Now Comrade Zhu Hongyuan and others have been applying for reports, hoping to organize a relatively high-level international conference and conduct discussions with outside scholars."
"Even if you can't invite scholars from across the sea or Europe, you can find scholars from Neon, Malay or even ***."
Yuan Qiangzi.
Hearing this word spoken by Lu Guangda, Xu Yun's eyes moved slightly.
Mentioned it a long time ago.
Gell-Mann independently proposed the quark model in 1964, but in order not to be beaten to death, he called it a mathematical concept.
This kind of hiding-and-hiding approach is equivalent to being scooped out for later generations to stir up fans and add chicken essence, but they pretend to be dead and say nothing on social platforms, and even go to foreign countries to hold concerts and sell out.
Later, with the discovery of the J particle by Mr. Ting Zhaozhong in 1974, the quark model was finally proven correct.
But what few people know is.
The rabbits back then were only one step away from the quark model.
One step away is the meta-hadron...that is, the stratoton model.
The background of the era at that time was the early 1960s, two years later than now. There were only a few hundred people in the national particle physics theory team.
Their ancestor was Academician Zhao Zhongyao, but the actual teachings were mostly from three academicians: Zhang Zongsui, Hu Ning, and Zhu Hongyuan.
For example, the later famous Academician Dai Yuanben was a graduate student of Academician Zhang Zongsui.
At that time, Academician Zhu Hongyuan was one of the few people in China who understood quantum field theory and was considered one of the founders of quantum field theory in China.
After he learned that Gell-Mann proposed the quark model, he did not reject the model, but became very interested in it.
Later, he pushed hard for him to be beaten, and the Institute of Mathematics and the Institute of Atomic Energy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences formed a research team dedicated to studying the quark model.
After careful derivation later.
Starting from the physical image that hadrons have an internal structure, Academician Zhu Hongyuan innovatively proposed that hadrons are bound states composed of meta-hadrons, the next-level basic component that actually exists in physics, and named it meta-hadrons. Later,
Officially renamed Layer.
But unfortunately.
At that time, due to the lack of sufficient calculation data, the entire team encountered great obstacles in the calculation process, and finally had no choice but to stop the research.
for example.
The internal motion of hadrons can be approximated by non-relativistic methods.
But hadrons moving as a whole must have the property of relativistic covariance.
Therefore, we must first calculate the hadron stationary coordinate system, and then apply the Lorentz transformation to obtain the relativistic hadron wave function. For the physical process, we use the hadron internal wave function and the overlap of the initial and final state hadron wave functions in the physical process.
Integration correlates these physical processes together so that more certain theoretical predictions can be given.
Based on manuscripts decrypted by later generations.
At that time, several teachers from Peking University had already used the SU(6) symmetry properties and the universal properties of the relativistic wave function to systematically express the model calculation results.
However, when deriving the bound state wave function of SU(3) symmetry and relativistic covariance, China could not even produce a physical image of the bound state.
Without this kind of data reference, it is impossible for you to calculate anything by Gauss Riemann.
So Academician Zhu Hongyuan and others could only publish this theory in a domestic physics journal as a guess.
Due to blockades, these journals cannot be known internationally.
Ever since.
This model, which was at least two years earlier than similar relativistic quark models in the world, sadly died in this way.
This matter is not a joke. Weinberg once mentioned it personally in "The First Three Minutes":
"A group of theoretical physicists in Yanjing have long insisted on a type of quark theory, but called it stratons rather than quarks because these particles represent a deeper level of reality than ordinary hadrons.
"
Not an exaggeration.
If the rabbits could complete the relevant derivation and publish it at that time.
Then the rabbits in the field of particle physics in the future can at least get a share of the pie, instead of having to consider whether to spend a lot of money to build a high-energy particle collider after all the low-energy particles have been found.
Therefore.
Now that he suddenly heard the news that Lu Guangda mentioned Layer, Xu Yun couldn't help but feel a wave of emotion in his heart.
The types of hadrons mentioned in the stratoton model are neutrons and protons. If you can get your hands on a tandem accelerator...
Bliss.
Then Xu Yun wiped away the non-existent saliva and continued to treat Lu Guangda:
"Director Lu, I don't know much about the stratons you are talking about, but there must be smaller models inside neutrons. I personally think it can be regarded as a conclusive conclusion."
Then he paused and continued to pick up the pen and write:
"Director Lu, according to the Yang-Mills theory, the electromagnetic force corresponds to the U(1) group, the weak interaction force corresponds to the SU(2) group, and the strong interaction force corresponds to the SU(3) group. You should understand this, right?"
Lu Guangda nodded.
Yang-Mills theory.
How could he not understand this?
After all, one of the names of this theory is his best friend...
Xu Yun was not surprised by Lu Guangda's answer, so he quickly continued to write:
“The Lagrangian density of the free fermion field is L=ψˉ(iγu?u?m)ψ. According to the Yang-Mills theory, if the Lagrangian density is invariant in the SU(n) local gauge, a gauge field needs to be introduced.
"At this time, the spatial derivative becomes a covariant derivative, that is, Du=?u?igTaAua."
"Then write the D component of the color space Duij=δij?u?igTijaAua. Du only needs to satisfy: (Duψ)′=UDuψ?(?u?igTaAu′a)ψ′=U(?u?igTaAua)ψ to get
Gauge field kinetic energy term......"
A few minutes later.
Xu Yun finally wrote down a field strength tensor for a non-Abelian gauge field:
Fuva=?uAva??vAva gfabcAubAvc.
Lu Guangda frowned subconsciously.
What does Xu Yun want to do?
Write a generator matrix?
But Lu Guangda's frown didn't last long, and a whisper came from his nose:
"Well?"
Only in front of him.
Xu Yun substituted this field strength tensor into a rank spinor whose basis function is exactly 1-, and wrote the Hamiltonian of the three-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator in another form.
As we all know.
Since Y and T3 of the SU(3) group are both diagonal, the basis vectors of the SU(3) irreducible representation space should be distinguished by their two eigenvalues t3, y.
Just like the pointed line segment method for the irreducible representation of SU(2), the representation of SU(3) can be represented by a finite grid of the t3?y plane.
In this process, there will be three lifting operators that play three different roles:
T causes state t3 to increase by one while keeping y unchanged.
U decreases the t3 of the state by 1/2 and increases the y value by one.
V increases the state's t3 by 1/2 and increases the y value by one.
If a hexagon is drawn on this basis, then the state with the largest eigenvalue must be in the outermost layer, and the state at this point is unique.
But at this moment.
What Xu Yun wrote was an identity between structural constants.
Lu Guangda didn't have the time to think about the physical meaning of this identity, but the mathematical meaning was...
What is the largest state among direct product states?
That is...
Can the internal model of a neutron be converted? - At least mathematically.
Suddenly.
Lu Guangda again thought of the Sakata model proposed by neon man Shoichi Sakata.
Even though Sakata Shoichi's name is the same as that of Sakata's team member in Bright Sword, this one is actually one of the few respectable neon people.
He was a true pacifist, and in 1952 he believed that Neon should not research atomic energy because it might be used in war.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Rabbit has traveled between China and Neon many times, bringing a lot of very precious particle physics materials to China.
It was mentioned above that Zhu Hongyuan wanted to organize an international physics conference. When the conference was held, Sakata Shoichi and another political expert were the only foreigners present.
Later, Sakata Shoichi met with a certain big shot. While he called for not using atomic bombs in war, he also made suggestions that China should strengthen theoretical physics research.
As a foreigner...especially a neon person, it is indeed quite rare to be able to do this.
The Sakata model proposed by Shoichi Sakata is a particle model, which believes that not all hadrons participating in the strong interaction are elementary particles, and that the representational states and quantum numbers inside each particle are the same.
According to Xu Yun's derivation process...
Could it be that Sakata's model is correct?
Or to be precise, can the Sakata model be further optimized?
If Xu Yun's previous calculation of neutron isospin only pointed out one direction, then this time's derivation has truly "hammered" the model under neutrons.
And opposite him.
Xu Yun sighed softly.
Mr. Weinberg, I'm sorry.
Weinberg was one of the physicists Xu Yun admired most. When he was alive, he was one of the few people who could compete with Yang Laoyi as the number one physicist at that time.
However, in the face of national interests, Xu Yun could only say sorry, and then shamelessly showed off his achievements in the SU(3) group...
As for whether the result itself would be too abnormal, Xu Yun was not too worried.
After all, the generation gap between China and the world in this area is currently too great, and it is difficult to synchronize relevant results domestically.
As long as Xu Yun pushed this matter to the University of Cambridge, Lu Guangda couldn't verify it even if he tried to find a way to verify it - Cambridge University has a tandem accelerator in hand, so it is reasonable to deduce these purely mathematical data.
Then Xu Yun put down his pen again and said seriously:
"Director Lu, as you can see, there must be other particles beneath the neutron."
"Today's basic physics can be simply divided into particle physics theory, quantum field theory and quantum mechanics, celestial bodies and gravity theory - we will not consider statistical physics for now."
"Among the three, gravity is obviously the most illusory, and at the same time, the short-term returns are the lowest."
"Quantum field theory and quantum mechanics have high prospects, but they require a large amount of relevant theoretical foundations. This part of the information is difficult to obtain in our current situation."
"So I think we can use the accelerator to focus on particle physics. Maybe if we are lucky, we can derive the stratoton model you mentioned?"
"...."
When Lu Guangda heard this, a hint of emotion could not be suppressed on his face.
He thought of his good friend again.
The reason why that friend did not return to China with him was largely because of the lack of theoretical physics environment in China.
Then it turned out to be true.
My friend proposed the Yang-Mills theory across the sea and quickly won the Nobel Prize. Now he is famous.
Lu Guangda naturally wouldn't feel any jealousy about this, but many times he would think about one thing:
If the blockade continues, will domestic conditions always lag behind others?
He can tolerate the country being like this for a while, but he cannot accept this situation continuing for the rest of his life.
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! But now Xu Yun showed him a possibility. At least if the stratoton model could be confirmed, then the domestic environment would definitely change a lot.
After all, we are senior executives with almost invincible strategic vision...
The price paid for this is nothing more than meteorological Doppler radar technology, the neutron transport equation calculated by their team, and a pile of local donkey hair...
Think of this.
Lu Guangda couldn't help but take a deep breath and looked up at Xu Yun:
"Xiao Han, what is your specific exchange plan?"
"Exchange plan?"
The first time he heard this word, Xu Yun didn't realize what Lu Guangda was talking about.
But he soon realized that what Lu Guangda was referring to was the tandem accelerator exchange scheme.
So he quickly straightened his expression and spoke out the draft he had prepared:
"Director Lu, this is what I think."
"We handed over the weather Doppler radar technology to the United Kingdom, the neutron transport equation to Gaul, and the donkey pulp film to Germany."
"CERN is headquartered in Geneva. If the tandem accelerator is to be transported from Cambridge University to Geneva, it must pass through Gaul."
"Suppose... I mean what if, a fire broke out in the warehouse when the accelerator arrived in Normandy. At the same time, Gaul and Britain said that the accelerator was destroyed in the fire, and President Heisenberg also pretended to be stupid and agreed.
....What do you think of this script?"
Lu Guangda was silent for a moment:
"Are you sure the Germans will get Heisenberg to agree to play dumb?"
"Of course I'm sure."
Xu Yun nodded firmly:
"Heisenberg's purpose in wanting that accelerator was just to produce results and protect CERN from being disbanded. He himself was not firm about whether to keep the accelerator or not."
"So as long as Germany, Gaul and the UK both promise not to disband CERN, then they will probably act stupid."
"Not to mention that he also cooperates very closely with the German Ministry of Technology. Many of his disciples and disciples are studying Germany's first satellite. If it doesn't work, we will make some concessions on the donkey pulp film. Anyway, those donkeys don't have any objections.
Well."
Lu Guangda thought for a moment after hearing this, then turned to look at Lao Guo and nodded lightly:
"Comrade Bingqiong, I...agree with Xiao Han's trading plan."
.....
Note:
I was spelling with a few writer friends. Others paid 6,000 for two hours, while I paid 1,600 for two hours, and I didn’t catch anything the whole time. It was too hard...