"Hello, gentlemen, "Physical Review Letters" has been found!"
The moment I heard these words.
Swish——
Xiao Yang, who was originally preparing to say a few more polite words to Weinberg, suddenly stopped talking, and both Chen Shengshen and Li Jingjun beside him looked at the woman who appeared.
After a while.
Chen Shengshen, who was most familiar with Berkeley University's human relations, came to his senses first. He coughed lightly and quickly asked the black woman:
"Ms. Thalia, are you sure you have found the "Physical Review Letters" we are looking for?"
The black woman smoothed her curly hair:
"YES, Professor Chen, I have put the paper on the table. You can come in and take a look."
Upon seeing this, Chen Shengshen quickly patted Li Jingjun and Xiao Yang on the shoulders and said:
"Come on, let's go there."
Li Jingjun and Xiao Yang have no objection to this.
Then Xiao Yang and Weinberg said a few words, such as "I'll go over and get in touch first when I have time", and the three of them walked to the mailroom.
Although Weinberg was interested in chatting with Xiao Yang again, it was obvious that these Chinese bosses had personal matters to attend to, so he was wise enough not to follow them presumptuously.
The mailroom at Berkeley University was about half the size of an ordinary classroom in later generations. There were windows at the entrance and on the wall opposite the entrance. There were also several desks in the room, with drinks such as coffee, milk, and tea placed on the tables.
There are many cardboard boxes of varying degrees of unpacking placed on the floor inside the room. Next to each cardboard box are three or four people squatting, sorting various books:
"There are six journals in the chemistry group!"
""Harvard Business Review"...those old professors in the School of Economics are getting better and better, and they also want to buy Harvard University's journals..."
"A copy of "The Atlantic"... I remember who just opened another book?"
"I found a letter from Professor Guderian, who can collect it?"
"Put the letter here..."
After entering the house.
Ms. Thalia, who greeted Chen Shengshen and others, led a few people to a table in the back, pointed to a tightly packed book on the table and a piece of paper beside the book and said:
"Professor Chen, this is the "Physical Review Letters". Please also sign the list. Thank you."
Chen Shengshen nodded to her, picked up the pen and signed his name on the paper skillfully.
Finish these.
He picked up a small knife from the table and carefully cut a slit in the brown paper.
"Um?"
After his left hand touched the journal wrapped in kraft paper, Chen Shengshen raised his eyebrows slightly and couldn't help but let out a soft sigh.
Li Jingjun on the side noticed his reaction keenly and asked quickly:
"Brother Shengshen, what's wrong?"
Chen Shengshen pulled out the journal completely, placed it in front of Li Jingjun, and said:
"Brother Jingjun, see for yourself."
Li Jingjun took the journal and looked at it a few times, and soon discovered something unusual:
"Hmm...this issue seems a bit thin?"
Chen Shengshen nodded slightly.
The Internet had not yet appeared these days, and in the absence of online indexes, the only carrier of each paper was the magazine in which it was printed.
Therefore, papers these days usually record all the contents in magazines in detail, which results in the thickness of most magazines being usually not thin.
Like some bimonthly or semi-annual magazines, a thickness of seven to eight centimeters at a time is normal.
Generally speaking.
Such a thin paper often indicates that it is...
"A special issue?"
After hearing Xiao Yang's guess, Chen Shengshen raised his chin towards the journal again:
"Whether it's a special issue or not, you'll know just by looking at the content."
"Xiao Yang, you are the one with the highest level of physics among the three of us, so you can take a look first."
Xiao Yang nodded when he heard this, took the journal and read it.
""In-depth Exploration of Gauge Fields and Particle Models: Speculations and Phenomena on 'Metahadrons'."..."
The first thing that catches the eye is naturally the title of the paper, and the Metahadrons in it condenses Xiao Yang's spirit a little more.
Metahadrons is not a common English word, it has a strong connotation of splicing.
Immediately afterwards.
Like Guzmit, Xiao Yang immediately noticed the name of the publisher of the paper:
Xiao Yang's body even shook slightly, and the journal in his hand almost fell to the ground.
Fortunately, Xiao Yang quickly adjusted his body and took the journal back into his hand.
Zhao Zhongyao......
Zhu Hongyuan......
Hu Ning......
Wang Ganchang.....
Yang He......
Lu Guangda......
His eyes looked at these names again and again. After a long while, he raised his head and looked at Chen Shengshen and Li Jingjun, who looked curious:
"That's right, it's a special issue. It was published by our Chinese scientists. Zhao Zhongyao, Wang Ganchang and Guangda have all signed it."
"Also judging from the title, this should be a paper related to particle models."
After briefly introducing the situation, Xiao Yang picked up the journal and started reading it again.
This chapter is not over, please click on the next page to continue reading! "As we all know, at the beginning of this year, Gell-Mann and Neiman proposed the "eight-fold method" to classify hadrons using the SU(3) symmetry of the strong interaction
.”
"This classification is very similar to the classification of elements (atoms) in Mendeleev's periodic table. Mathematically speaking, they correspond to different representations of the SU(3) symmetry group..."
Although the content of the paper is in English, bilingual translation is not difficult for international students like Xiao Yang who are across the sea.
Terms that may seem unfamiliar to outsiders quickly passed through Xiao Yang's mind, and the noisy conversations around him seemed to disappear.
"The energy-momentum relationship of special relativity is E2= P2 m2. Let the energy E be replaced by the energy operator i?/?t, and the momentum P be replaced by the momentum operator ?i▽, you can get -?2/?t2=-
▽2 m2, that is, ▽2-?2/?t2-m2=0..."
"Let both sides act on the wave function Ψ to get (?2-m2)Ψ=0. The operator ?2 is a four-dimensional scalar under the Lorentz transformation, that is, ?'2=?2 The square of the rest mass m2 is a constant.
"
"To make the Klein-Gordon field equation covariant with the Lorentz transformation, the equation (?2-m2)Ψ=0 is subjected to the Lorentz transformation of the space-time coordinates to obtain (?'2-m2)Ψ'=
0 form remains unchanged, the only requirement is that the wave function Ψ' = Ψ after Lorentz space-time coordinate transformation will achieve the goal. Such a field is called a scalar field."
"If the Lorentz transformation is made special, keeping time constant and rotating in space, then the rotated wave function Ψ'(X',t)=exp(-iS·a)Ψ(X,t).
"
"This means that when time t remains unchanged, the space coordinate vector X of the wave function Ψ(X,t) becomes the vector
ah....."
Xiao Yang looked at the paper in front of him like a treasure, with a hint of greed on his face.
Mentioned earlier.
The Yang-Mills framework first proposed by Xiao Yang and Mills actually has major problems.
Of course.
The issue here does not refer to the correctness of the framework - this thing is not a model and does not involve physical assumptions, so there is no question of whether it has been experimentally confirmed.
For example, Yang-Mills theory is a shield machine, and various models are tunnels dug by this shield machine. Whether these tunnels can lead to where we want to go has nothing to do with the shield machine.
Some tunnels (electroweak theory, quantum chromodynamics) lead to where we want to go, but some tunnels (SU(5) Grand Unification, etc.) may not work now.
Its main problem lies in its well-posedness.
Yes, well-posedness - a word that may not sound common.
Its definition is simple:
For a certain function space selected in advance, if the solution of the definite solution problem exists in the function space, is unique and stable, then the definite solution problem is said to be well-posed, otherwise it is ill-posed.
In the Yang-Mills framework, well-posedness is a very complex problem.
For example, the gauge potential in the Yang-Mills field is actually the connection on the fiber bundle that has been studied in depth by mathematicians. It is a generalization of topological products and originated from the study of differential geometry.
But if you keep the gauge potential unchanged in the topological product and introduce the perturbation of electromagnetic waves, then the gauge potential will suddenly become seven spaces...
At the same time, the mathematical changes cannot be explained by physical phenomena, so the Yang-Mills theory has stagnated.
no way.
Particles smaller than hadrons have not been discovered yet, so what evidence or data is there to explain them?
Another example is the biggest problem with the Yang-Mills framework—it cannot explain the source of quality.
Within the framework of this theory, all particles have no mass.
After all, the Higgs mechanism has not been proposed yet, and many research works are in the early stages.
But at this moment.
What made Xiao Yang's heart beat fast was...
He actually saw part of the dawn of Yang-Mills' framework in the paper written by a Chinese person in front of him?
After all, the paper very directly proposed the idea of combining gauge symmetry and spontaneous breaking, and gave a very rigorous and complete derivation.
This derivation process takes up three pages, and the final result is...
Under the influence of spontaneous breaking, the longitudinal degrees of freedom of the gauge field will undergo certain changes.
And the mechanism of this change...
This is the quality field that Xiao Yang and Mills have been pursuing!
True.
Due to the content of the paper, Zhao Zhongyao and others did not combine the mass term with the Yang-Mills field in detail, but this is not difficult for top physicists like Xiao Yang.
Mentioned earlier.
If we were to rank the physicists in human history, Xiao Yang and Weinberg would probably be ranked between 35 and 40, while Gell-Mann, Te Hooft and others would probably be in their early 40s.
But if we want to rank the mathematical abilities of all physicists, then Mr. Yang can definitely enter the top ten.
For example, the main reason why Xiao Li came to Xiao Yang on the issue of parity non-conservation was because Xiao Yang's computing power was extremely powerful.
In today's era, except for Tehuft, basically no physicist can surpass Yang Lao in mathematical calculations.
So it's very fast.
Yang Laobian took the initiative to pick up the pen and quickly calculated:
"The vector field with mass is not gauge invariant, so in the SU(1) mechanism, the Lagrange quantity is the coupling of the complex scalar field and the U(1) gauge field."
"Where Dμ?=?μ??igAμ? and Fμν=?μAν??νAμ. The potential energy part V(|?|)=μ2|?|2 λ|?|4.?V?|?|=2μ2|?
