Chapter 688 Mina-san, its time to bet on the fate of the country again! (Part 2)
Grand unified model.
The moment I heard these five words.
boom--
The originally extremely quiet conference room suddenly erupted into a discussion that was even more intense than before about betting on national fortunes.
In a very short moment.
Atsushi Suzuki in the audience was so shocked that he trembled a few times.
because.....
This sudden sound reminded him of the nuclear explosion in Hiroshima and the relatives who became adults in the nuclear explosion.
For example, his uncle was Suzuki Keihisa, the infantry commander of the 27th Division during the invasion of China. More than 5,400 Chinese people died directly or indirectly under his command.
And Suzuki Keihisa's father...that is, Suzuki Jiro, Suzuki Atsushi's grandfather, killed more than twenty Chinese people during the war and was deported back to Neon in 1943 because of a broken leg.
And Suzuki Masaki, the brother of Suzuki Keihisa, killed many Chinese civilians and once took a photo next to the head of martyr Yang Jingyu. He was also a neon invader who was deported because he lost his left arm. (I have actually introduced the information of these people before,
But after I wrote about Suzuki Atsushi’s family becoming adults in the first two chapters, some people criticized me for not being humane enough to tease innocent civilians, so I’ll write it again here, please open your eyes and see if it’s innocent civilians.)
Of course.
There were not many sensitive scholars like Atsuto Suzuki present, and more of the attendees focused on the concepts mentioned by Yukawa Hideki.
That is...
A unified model!
Grand Unification Model, also called Grand Unification Model, is Grand Unification Theory.
The reason why it has two different Chinese names is, on the one hand, a translation issue. After all, each translator's translation method is different.
Just like there is an NBA star named Leonard in later generations, some platforms and even the media will call him Leonard. This is a typical transliteration problem.
On the other hand, in the early years, the word "unification" was often displayed as [**] for some reasons. In order to avoid risks, some physics forums with no background changed it to the grand unified model.
Over time, this habit spread.
However, although many people are familiar with this model, they actually don’t know what this model is...
Some people think that the grand unified theory is to unify the four major forces into one framework. This is the so-called grand unification.
There are also some people who like to combine the Tao Te Ching with the Great Unification to come up with philosophical and mysterious explanations - this part is usually based on folk science.
Although Xu Yun likes Chinese culture very much, he actually disagrees with this practice of forcibly elevating the so-called wisdom of his old friends. However, many people in later generations believe in it.
For example, some people on a certain video platform in later generations said that Maverick discovered the law of gravity after watching "Yongle Dadian". This anti-intellectual statement actually received over 10,000 likes.
How outrageous...
Actually.
Grand unified theory...that is, GUT theory, does not actually include gravity in its definition.
That's right.
Grand unified theory does not include gravity.
The theory that includes gravity is another model called the Theory of Everything (TOE).
Conceptually, TOE is an upgraded version of GUT.
TOE belongs to the ultimate theory of the world, which can explain everything.
The grand unified theory is relatively less exaggerated and can only explain the other three forces except gravity.
There is a saying in later generations that Hawking supported the grand unified theory in the early years, but later denied the existence of this model.
In fact, Hawking believes that there is no theory of everything that can explain everything. He himself has always supported the unified theory, and even supported it to a very optimistic level. In 2004, he believed that a unified theory would be unified within 20 years.
It will definitely appear.
Mentioned earlier.
The strong interaction corresponds to the SU(3) group, the weak interaction corresponds to the SU(2) group, and the electromagnetic interaction corresponds to the U(1) group.
But at higher energy scales (above electroweakness) you will find that the electromagnetic U(1) is actually generated by the U(1) generator in SU(2)XU(1) and the T_3 in SU(2)
It is obtained by mixing elements, and the generators of SU(2) are used to describe weak interactions.
The energy scale here is the energy level of particle collisions. Chapter 631 has a detailed explanation. The current model is very different from the GUT energy level.
The entire SU (3)
Hadron model.
But these are three different groups after all, and the coupling strengths of their corresponding gauge fields are also different.
It's like a couple, they seem to be in love and have a good relationship now, but they may break up at some point.
Therefore, the physics community has always hoped to find a single group at a higher energy scale, which contains the subgroup SU(3)XSU(2)XU(1), and then the symmetry breaks spontaneously to SU(3) at a lower energy scale.
XSU(2)XU(1), this is the Great Unification.
That is to say, the previous "lover" is upgraded to the level of "marriage", and the theory of everything can be understood as a diamond wedding until death.
The earliest physical theory in history that included gauge symmetry was electrodynamics developed by Wheat, and then Hermann Weyl tried to unify general relativity and electromagnetism.
He conjectured that the "invariance" under scale transformation might also be a local symmetry of general relativity. Later he discovered that this conjecture would lead to some non-physical results - for example, the solar system should have three to five suns.
So the outer ear gave up this conjecture for a while, but unexpectedly, quantum mechanics began to develop later.
With the development of quantum mechanics, Weyl himself replaced the scaling factor with a complex number and turned the scale change into a phase change - a U(1) gauge symmetry.
This chapter is not finished yet, please click the next page to continue reading the exciting content! This corresponds to the wave function of charged quantum particles being affected by the electromagnetic field. It gives a beautiful explanation and is also the first gauge field theory in the history of physics.
.
The next step is the achievement of Yang Lao and Mills - they introduced non-commutative gauge field theory to construct a model of the strong interaction that binds nucleons in the nucleus.
They tried to construct a theory based on the role of the non-commutative SU(2) symmetry group on pairs of isospin protons and neutrons, similar to the role of the U(1) group in the spinor field of quantum electrodynamics, and then the physics community deduced
After a while, I discovered that this thing can be used in the quantum field theory of weak interaction, as well as its electroweak unified theory with electromagnetism.
This discovery directly accelerated the physics community's desire to explore grand unified theories, and many people devoted themselves to related research.
According to the electroweak theory.
When the energy is very high.
There are four massless gauge boson fields in the universe, which are similar to photons, and there is also a Higgs field double state.
However, when the energy is low, spontaneous breaking occurs and it becomes the U(1) symmetry of electromagnetic interaction.
One of the Higgs fields has a vacuum expectation value. Although this symmetry breaking will produce three massless bosons, they will merge with three photon-like fields, so that the Higgs mechanism will give them mass.
These three fields become the weakly interacting W, W? and Z bosons.
The fourth gauge field continues to remain massless, which is the photon of electromagnetic interaction.
Of course.
In order to facilitate understanding, the perspective of the above paragraph is explained using the framework of later generations. In this era, W, W? and Z bosons have not yet been discovered.
At the same time, in this current period.
The gap between the grand unified theory and today's electroweak framework is still too far, so there must be a model similar to a relay point in the middle.
This model is the standard particle model still in use in 2023, which is the metahadron model released by Xu Yun and others this time.
That is, the electroweak model - the meta-hadron model (standard model) - the grand unified model - the theory of everything.
The difference between the four is like that of junior high school students, high school students, college students, and graduate students. There is a progressive situation, and it is difficult to "skip" among them.
Therefore.
After seeing the meta-hadron model, many physicists today feel frustrated:
Due to the limitations of the scientific research capabilities of the era, the meta-hadron model is the only model that can be theoretically explored by the scientific community in this era.
It's a bit like QQ's red envelope that only sends out one red envelope. Whoever grabs it can only watch it while others watch.
The dawn of a unified model may appear 30 years from now or 50 years from now, but in short they will probably be invisible and intangible.
What I didn't expect was...
In today's conference room, Yukawa Hideki actually said that he had discovered the unified model?
Is this really possible?
Facing the chattering scene, Yukawa Hideki took a deep breath and said:
"Everyone, please be quiet."
The words just fell.
The sound at the scene quickly subsided a little.
Then Yukawa Hideki made a gesture to Suzuki Atsuhito. Suzuki and several of Yukawa Hideki's students quickly moved a blackboard to Yukawa Hideki's side.
Less than half a minute later.
Atsuto Suzuki placed the blackboard at the designated position, bowed to Yukawa Hideki, and quickly left the podium.
Yukawa Hideki picked up a pen and said to the audience:
"Everyone, there is a cowhide bag in the drawer on your seat. The content is a copy of the Chinese paper in "Physical Review Letters"."
"Everyone can take out this bag now and turn the copy to page seventeen."
Hearing what Yukawa Hideki said.
All the neon scholars in the audience put their hands into the drawer and fumbled around a few times, and quickly took out a packaged document.
Tear--
Everyone tore open the brown paper like monthly tickets and took out a stack of copies.
As Yukawa Hideki said, the title of the paper by Zhao Zhongyao and others is clearly printed on this stack of copies.
"Seventeen pages..."
Kazuhiko Nishijima, who proposed the Gell-Mann-Nishijima relationship with Gell-Mann back then, quickly turned to the corresponding page according to Yukawa Hideki, and was slightly startled after seeing the content above:
"This is...the expected value of spontaneous breaking of the symmetry group?"
Kazuhiko Nishijima has read this paper frequently in the past few days, and is still very familiar with this part of the content.
The concept of spontaneous breaking was mentioned earlier. It is equivalent to having an old Yanjing copper hot pot in front of you. When only water is added, this thing has innate rotational symmetry - you can just draw a line passing through the center of the circle.
Lines are all symmetrical.
But when you use chopsticks to hold a cockroach in a pot, this symmetry is destroyed.
This process is called spontaneous symmetry breaking.
Correspondingly, there is an obvious loss of symmetry, which is the case of Yuanyang Hotpot - no shabu-shabu ingredients are added, only soup is added, and the two colors of red and white soup lead to the loss of symmetry in the hot pot.
These two kinds of soup are not exotic species like shabu-shabu, so they are called obvious symmetry broken.
There are infinite kinds of spontaneous symmetry breaking in theory, and spontaneous breaking of symmetry groups is one of the more common cases.
Its expected value is the non-zero expected value of the scalar field, a parameter that can be calculated...or derived.
Kazuhiko Nishijima has tried to calculate this parameter before, and the results of three calculations showed no obvious problems.
But look at Yukawa Hideki's posture...
There seems to be something else going on with this parameter?
Then under the gaze of everyone.
Yukawa Hideki started writing on the blackboard:
"Everyone, this parameter looks normal from the derivation process. If VEV is selected as???=(0,...,0,v)/2, then theoretically there will be a total of N?1 N?1 1=2N?1
The generator is broken, and the remaining symmetry group is SU(N?1)."
"But if you consider adding a current term here, everything is different..."
Yukawa Hideki repeated what Suzuki Atsuhito said at the beginning, and quickly mentioned the SU(N_i) group in the degenerate subspace.
When Hideki Yukawa simplified the SU(N_i) group in the degenerate subspace with an expression with the same parameters, there was a gasping sound at the scene.
The scholars participating in the meeting were all top leaders in the neon physics community. Although they had no preparation in advance, after seeing Yukawa Hideki’s derivation, they immediately discovered a problem:
In the tensor space composed of Y[w] projection, the diagonal matrix does not need to change too much, and it can be established in the SU(2) group!
Using the previous example is...
An Earthling survived on Pluto without relying on any external objects!
Combined with the unified model that Yukawa Hideki mentioned before...
Think of this.
The hearts of many neon scholars began to beat loudly.
However, some scholars remained basically calm, such as Nishijima Kazuhiko, who immediately raised his hand:
"Yukawa-kun, where did your current term come from? Did you combine it mathematically?"
Nishijima Kazuhiko’s meaning was more subtle. To put it bluntly, he was asking if these were the parameters that Yukawa Hideki himself compared.
Just like you can mathematically create a curvature engine and make your little electric donkey run faster than Cao Cao, if it is just a mathematically proportioned parameter... then its effect can only exist mathematically.
That's all.
But what made Nishijima Kazuhiko's breath hitched was this.
Yukawa Hideki quickly shook his head and said:
"Nishijima-kun, you can look at page 11 of the paper."
Nishijima Kazuhiko quickly turned the paper to the corresponding page.
The content of this page is related to scalar bosons. As mentioned earlier, there has been a problem in the physics community:
The spontaneous breaking of the overall symmetry of the particle will lead to the emergence of three Goldstone bosons in the corresponding theory...that is, the Goldstone boson, and there will also be a non-zero vacuum expectation value.
But the problem is that the massless vector field or gauge field only has two transverse components. If calculated according to the vector field, in reality there will be at most two Goldstone bosons.
In this part, the Chinese people introduced actual experimental parameters and added the concept of scalar boson, giving a quite reasonable explanation to this problem.
Then Nishijima Kazuhiko read the content carefully for a while.
True.
This scalar boson does not seem to have much to do with the current term mentioned by Yukawa Hideki, but as a top physicist, Nishijima Kazuhiko's thinking ability is still very strong.
In addition, he had already seen Yukawa Hideki's electric current item before, so he would naturally connect the two subconsciously.
So after a few seconds, Nishijima Kazuhiko realized something.
I saw him quickly picking up the paper and pen from the table and starting to calculate as if no one else was watching:
"The long-range limit r→∞ of real space propagators..."
"The decay factor connected in series with the Yang-Mills term LA≡?14Fμνa(x)Faμν(x) as the basis is..."
"At the same time [l^z,l^ ]=l^ we can get l^zl^ =l^ l^ l^z=l^ (1 l^z), so it can be seen that l^ is equivalent to a generating operator, l^
?Equivalent to an annihilation operator..."
"Quack, quack, quack..."
A few minutes later.
Nishijima Kazuhiko slowly wrote down a coupling parameter.
And the moment I saw this coupling parameter.
He couldn't help but make a splash, and stood up with his hands on the table. He was so excited that he didn't even notice that his pants were pulled open by the corner of the table because of his excessive movement:
"Yukawa-san, is this coupling parameter the same as the result derived from the original southern model?"
Different from the previous Yukawa Hideki and Koba Masatoshi.
The person in charge of the Nanbu-Goldstone Model derivation project organized by Imperial University was none other than Nishijima Kazuhiko himself!
Therefore, the moment he saw this parameter, he almost instinctively thought of a result of the Southern-Goldstone model in his mind.
Looking at the excited Nishijima Kazuhiko, Yukawa Hideki nodded slowly and affirmed:
"Yes, Mr. Nishijima, this current term is not a value I made up, but..."
"The experimental data were collected in reality, and then a result was obtained through the Chinese model."
Nishijima Kazuhiko's baby-fat cheeks twitched a few times, and he sat back down in a daze.
This current term...
It actually exists?
To know.
The data used by Yukawa Hideki to combine with the current term all come from reality. Some are authoritative results that have been done many times by predecessors, and some are parameters added by Chinese people in this paper.
True.
The Chinese data this time are considered unique due to the high impact energy level, but anyone with a discerning eye can see their accuracy.
Not to mention that some top institutions actually have some similar data in their hands, but they have never been made public. After all, the University of Cambridge has built an 80MeV collider, so it is impossible that it has not done high-energy experiments.
Compared with the poor rabbit, Cambridge University has more sufficient funds for experiments.
It's just that this kind of data is absolutely high-value information and is only circulated among a few universities or institutions.
There are three universities in Neon that have some experimental data from Cambridge University, so they are quite sure about the accuracy of the parameters.
In fact, not only these parameters, but all the data provided by Zhao Zhongyao and others were checked one by one with a magnifying glass.
Again.
The reason why they recognized the paper...or the value of the meta-hadron model was not because of their high level of literacy or magnanimity, but because they were forced to accept the result because they could not provide any evidence to refute it - at least most of them
This is part of the structure.
This chapter is not over, please click on the next page to continue reading! In this case.
Yukawa Hideki's electric current item also has an origin. Doesn't this mean...
Is this conclusion deduced by Yukawa Hideki actually supported by complete physical data?
Then under the gaze of everyone.
Yukawa Hideki wrote the remaining content...that is, the follow-up part about Yukawa's unified model:
"First dismantle the expression of Aμ, and disassemble the 24 generators into 8 generators belonging to S U (3), 3 generators belonging to S U (2) and 1 generator belonging to SU (1)
The generator of Y is the most basic first step..."
"Then use the Gell-Mann matrix and my Yukawa coupling to merge the quality terms..."
"Then refer to Mr. Nanbu Yoichiro's chiral symmetry potential energy distribution, and transform the Lagrangian quantity into a form that readers cannot understand..."
"Woof woof woof woof...ow~"
As Yukawa Hideki wrote line by line, the sound of exchanges in the conference room gradually died down.
Everyone's eyes were fixed on Yukawa Hideki. Every time this Nobel Prize-winning man wrote down a parameter, the atmosphere at the scene became more solemn.
But beneath this solemnity, hidden is the excitement that is about to erupt like a volcano!
after an hour.
A somewhat tired Yukawa Hideki wiped the sweat from his forehead, put down the chalk, and said the last words of the calculation process:
"This proves that under this mathematical framework, non-surface unification can be achieved among the three forces."
"This larger group of norms I call...SU(5)."
Everyone in the audience was silent for a while, and then burst into warm applause.
Those who were classmates of Einstein in a previous life should all know this.
Although the four interactions are all gauge interactions, the gauge groups of the other three interactions are compact, such as U(1), SU(2) and SU(3).
The gauge group of gravity is a general coordinate transformation group that is non-compact. After all, one of the path integral quantization problems is that you must have an integral measure...
However, gravity is a differential homeomorphism group, and it is actually very difficult to remove the differential homeomorphism group of the set module of the Lorentz metric.
Therefore, the gauge group of gravity is not SU(4), and the U(1) group is really not an author who missed an S. This thing is called U(1)...
in this case.
Yukawa Hideki called his normative group SU(5), which shows his strong ambition.
After a while.
After a brief pause of applause.
Yukawa Hideki picked up the water glass from the table, took a sip of water, and continued:
"Everyone, this is almost the derivation process of the grand unified model. It is a very beautiful theory in mathematics."
"But everyone must know that it is not enough for a physical theory to be established mathematically. It also needs to be verified by evidence in real experiments."
"And this... is the purpose of this meeting jointly held by me, Mr. Koba-san and Mr. Ichiro."
"..."
Looking at Yukawa Hideki talking eloquently, a man also sitting in the front row raised his hand:
"Yukawa-san, so your idea is to build a set of equipment to find evidence of proton decay?"
The man who spoke also had some bald spots, and the nasolabial folds on his face were quite obvious. He pursed his lips when he wasn't speaking. He looked kind-hearted, but he gave off a very elegant feeling.
This person is also one of the 'special guests' of this meeting, the only Nanbu Yoichiro who rushed back to Neon from across the sea.
Today, Yoichiro Nanbu is a professor at the University of Chicago. He proposed the Nanbu Model in the early years - the thing calculated by Kazuhiko Nishijima.
Another very special point is...
According to the original historical development, Nanbu Yoichiro would propose the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism two months later and win the Nobel Prize in 2008.
However, with the publication of the metahadron model, Nanbu Yoichiro may have missed the Nobel Prize.
In fact, Xu Yun himself has no objections to Nanbu Yoichiro. I can't say he likes him much, but he doesn't dislike him too much - this neon man later also joined the nationality of Haidu, and he dissed neon a lot.
At least Xu Yun was not prepared to deceive Yoichiro Nanbu like he did Hideki Yukawa. However, the timing of Yoichiro Nanbu's proposal of the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism was really a coincidence.
So Xu Yun could only take a second to apologize, and then took the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism into his own hands.
After all, if the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism is not proposed, the meta-hadron model will certainly not be deduced.
Fortunately, Nanbu Yoichiro did not understand the value of the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism at this time, so he was just a little depressed that the rabbits had proposed this concept first.
There are many examples in history of A publishing results days or even hours earlier than B. This is the cruelty of academia. Whoever publishes a paper first is the best. The one who is a step behind cannot blame others.
This kind of situation is very common in the later generations where Xu Yun traveled through time. For example, the previous LK99 superconductor is a typical representative...
However, although Yoichiro Nanbu did not become the proposer of this spontaneous breaking mechanism of space-time symmetry, his academic ability is still very strong.
After hearing Yukawa Hideki's discussion, he immediately understood the other party's purpose:
Yukawa Hideki wanted to prove the accuracy of his model by verifying that protons can decay!
But the precision of the equipment needed to observe the proton lifetime... To put it bluntly, the cost is very high, so high that even today's neon requires all the efforts of the country.
Moreover, this kind of project is not just as simple as paying money. Once the project is established, a large number of people will inevitably be invested in relevant research.
In other words, some scholars may have been engaged in gauge field theory or photon research before, but after the project was not completed, they would stop the project and lead the team to tinker with Yukawa's SU(5) model.
It can be said like this.
If Yukawa Hideki's idea is implemented, at least half of the neon theoretical physicists will "transfer".
It’s okay to say that this kind of job change will produce results, but if it doesn’t…
No wonder Yukawa said he would bet on the fate of the country...
And opposite Yoichiro Nanbu.
Yukawa Hideki also nodded calmly and admitted:
"Yes, the purpose of our meeting today is to decide on this idea."
"Minister Suehiro Kohiro of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry has reported the entire matter to his superiors. The leader's opinion is..."
"Whether this idea is approved or not will be decided solely by the vote of the 37 top Neon scientists present today!"
"If you are willing to bet on the fate of the country, please start discussing!"
