Let me put the conclusion first: there is no conclusion, because there is great controversy in the historians.
There is very little information on the Gaochang Uighurs, but compared with the Gaochang Uighurs, there is even less information on the Karakhanid Dynasty.
The concept of the Karakhanid Dynasty appeared very late, probably in the middle of the 18th century, first proposed by the French scholar De Guigne.
It's outrageous, isn't it? This dynasty has been dead for hundreds of years, and only then did the French come to write their history.
After the 20th century, more and more people began to study it, and more information was obtained through ancient coins obtained through archaeology.
Let’s talk about several origin “hypotheses” - please remember that the current monographs on the origin of the Karakhanid Dynasty are all just hypotheses because there is too little information and lack of evidence.
(1) The "Gluolu" theory proposed by German scholar Prichak.
The core meaning of Prichak is probably: Pang Teqin, who was born in the Yaoluoge family, led the Anxi Uighurs to cross the Tianshan Mountains and enter the west of Congling. They were then annexed by the Geluolu people, who established the Karakhan Dynasty.
The sources of information are Arab and Persian historical materials. The most important evidence is the book "Golden Steppe" written by Arab scholars, and the others are maps and the like.
(2) The "Uighur" theory proposed by French and Chinese scholars.
French scholar De Guigne, who was the first to propose the concept of the Karakhanid Dynasty, and Chinese scholars generally support this theory.
The core meaning is the content of Chapter 85 of this volume. Pang Teqin led his troops to the west of the Tianshan Mountains, conquered the Geluolu people, and established the Karakhan Dynasty.
The records about the Karakhan Dynasty in Chinese historical materials are much richer than those in Arabian and Persian historical materials, especially the diplomatic exchanges and trade exchanges with countries such as Song and Liao. The records are richer than those in "Golden Steppe".
For example, when Karahan's envoys entered the Central Plains, they called themselves "Uighurs".
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the envoys of Karakhan called the emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty "Uncle of the Han family and the official family". The reason was that the Uighur royal family once married Princess Li Tang, the Uighur khan had blood from the Li family, and Karakhan and the Central Plains were the nephew's country.
Summary: Prichak and Chinese scholars have no dispute about the history of the Uighurs moving westward in 840, when Pang Teqin proclaimed himself Khan in Yanqi, and established the Great Uighur Kingdom. The dispute lies in the fact that Pang Teqin or his descendants later entered the west of the Tianshan Mountains and established the country.
, who is dominant between them and the Geluolu people?
The Anxi Uighurs and the three surnamed Ge Luolu must have fought. Who won and established the Karakhan Dynasty?
(3)Yangmo theory.
The core meaning of this hypothesis is that the Yangmo people, a recent branch of the Uighurs who originated in Xinjiang, China, established the Karakhanid Dynasty.
This hypothesis was mainly insisted on by the Soviets, who were still saying this until the 1960s. But later, the Soviets raised it less, and the sample grinding theory was basically considered wrong. However, due to the lack of historical data, it can only be attributed to
Classified as a less likely hypothesis.
The source of historical data is a book written by an unknown Persian writer called "Chronicles and Stories". One of the sentences mentions that "the Padishah of Shamo is called Bogra Khan".
The Khan of Yimmo is the same as the Khan of the Karakhanid Dynasty, and a hypothesis has been put forward in this regard. However, there is a lack of other evidence, so the possibility of Yimmo is extremely small.
(4) Others include the Geluolu-Uighur theory, the Chuyue-Yangmo theory, the Turkmen theory, the Geluolu-Ogus theory, and so on.
Compared with the Uighur theory and the Gallolu theory, most of the sources of evidence are not historical books, but passages from historical treatises of ancient Arab and Persian scholars, or from monographs on other issues, due to the lack of historical materials.
, but one of the paragraphs mentions the Karakhanid Dynasty, and the evidence is scarce, unlike claims (1) and (2), which have rich historical materials and ample evidence.
However, both the Uighur theory and the Geluolu theory lack decisive evidence. Like Gaochang, the lineage of Karakhan cannot be perfected. The names of many great Khans are even known through archaeological coins, but their lives are blank.
This book adopts the opinions of Chinese scholars and is based on the opinions of one family.