In the Ming Dynasty, water transport was initially the responsibility of the Cao Army. Since Hongwu, the Cao Army was arranged to farm around the canal and be responsible for transporting grain, maintaining the canal and other tasks. The person in charge was the General Water Transport Corps.
During the Hongwu period, the capital was in Nanjing, and the water transportation task was very easy. In order to attack Mongolia, water transportation to the north and Liaodong was mainly carried by sea during the Hongwu period. At the highest, 700,000 shi a year were all transported by sea.
After Yongle moved its capital to Beijing, it initially focused on sea transport, land transport and river transport. The first water transport commander was Pingjiang Bo Chen Xuan. At that time, he was in charge of the canal, land transshipment and sea transport. The sea transport in its heyday was under his dispatch and command.
Below, it also exceeds 700,000 stone.
Chen Xuan was a pioneering figure in the history of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. In his hands, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal truly became the main artery of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
This man is a sincere man and must do everything by himself. He first dredged the Huitong River, and later creatively used the rivers and mountains in the north to build many reservoirs to store water, and built hundreds of sluices to ensure that the canal had water available during the dry season. During his time,
In the end, the Grand Canal was connected for three thousand miles.
The canal management system, water storage methods, shallow boat manufacturing, warehousing and distribution and other canal maintenance and operation methods established by Chen Xuan were used until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
When he established the system, he changed the Cao Army into two parts. One part maintained the security of the canal and protected the safety of the canal, which was still called the Cao Army; the other part was changed to transport grain and was called Yuding.
By the Wanli period, the number of paid Cajun troops had not changed much and had been around 40,000. However, due to the multiplication of Yunding troops on both sides of the canal, the number of Cajun troops had grown from 80,000 to more than 300,000.
In the Ming Dynasty, there were about 5,000 canals on the canal. Each ship had ten to twelve porters, and twenty ships were in a gang. They supervised each other and secured guarantees to make settlements. They were called cao gangs. There were 250 cao gangs in the entire canal.
Ten.—The Caogang as described in later generations is a semi-underground underworld gang. Although it is also composed of Caoding, it was established during the Yongzheng period.
These caodings are responsible for transportation tasks. Including the preparations, the total number does not exceed 80,000. What do the remaining more than 200,000 caodings do? They are used to farm the land for Cajun officers and government officials at all levels - the land they farm once belonged to
The imperial farmland or the polder fields that were not recognized by the imperial court were basically in a semi-serf state and were miserable.
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Pan Jixun reported to the court that too much manpower was used to control the river. The labor force was levied in various places, which delayed the farm work? The people were suffering. Since the court intended to use the sea canal? What about the unused canal troops and transporters? Pan Jixun
It's all right - Your Majesty, these people may not be enough? Do you want to strictly demand all provinces and localities? What should be levied must be levied and distributed!
When the officials who opposed shipping saw this guy jumping out, they immediately set fire to attack. Are you bragging? Can a river be repaired with half a million laborers?
Pan Jixun couldn't resist, so he asked the court for permission to put together the river management tasks that had been divided and issued. The master plan was published in the newspaper. When everyone saw it, everyone was stunned - huh? This idea is a person's.
It's not quite enough.
Immediately after receiving the task of regulating the river, the local official became red-eyed? This is the starting point of double excellence. To achieve double excellence, the best way is not to collect local labor and use all migrant workers. This account is not clear.
?
A person with double excellence will get an iron rice bowl for his descendants. What is the grace of a descendant? Don't even think about it if you can't work at the third level or above!
So the motivated people wrote to Pan Jixun one after another: Associate Minister Pan Shilang, have you forgotten? My fifth uncle is the same age as you? Don't be too arrogant and give me 30,000 to 20,000? [Jiujiu Novel www
.99xsw.info] I mobilize the squires here to take care of the food, and I give them fifty rich men’s wages a day!
On the capital side, you come and go? The fight is in full swing. "Huang Ming Nanjing Daily" is also not idle, following up in real time, publishing both sides' arguments in the newspaper and commenting on it. Although it is delayed by five days compared with the capital news, Jiangnan
The citizens were still very satisfied. I found this newspaper to be really good. After reading and listening to it, I could discuss national affairs.
As for the news in the newspaper that if the imperial court used the sea canal, it would save millions of dan of grain. People in the south of the Yangtze River stretched their necks and waited for the imperial court to reduce their burden.
The seemingly fair stance of Nanjing Daily gradually tilted the odds of victory for both sides. Wang Shizhen, who opened a column in the newspaper, wrote powerful articles like daggers and spears, and finally defeated the opposition's public opinion among the people.
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At the end of October of the third year of Wanli, Zhang Juzheng presided over the imperial meeting. After some discussion and approval by the emperor, the imperial court finally issued the sea-cao policy, and this policy wiped out the last resistance:
The imperial court decided to divide the annual water transportation task into two halves. One half is the original color and the other half is the color.
Starting from the fourth year of Wanli, the original color of two million stones was divided into twenty parts, each of which was 100,000 stones, and was contracted to maritime merchants who were interested in bidding; the other two million stones were all colored - on the one hand, it was a whip for the future.
On the other hand, it lays the foundation for the law and promotes currency circulation.
If a maritime merchant wants to do this business, he must pay an insurance premium of one thousand taels a year to prevent encounters with dragons, the so-called tornadoes. The court will not accept this insurance money, and the maritime merchant will set up an insurance committee on his own to determine the loss and pay it out on his own.
But it needs to be supervised by the Ministry of Accounts.
After the maritime merchant transports grain, he will bear the same amount as he gets on the ship, and he will bear the loss and damage himself. If there is a storm and the insurance money is not enough to pay the compensation, he will pay the compensation himself. If he cannot pay the compensation, he will go bankrupt and liquidate, and at the same time, he will lose the qualifications of the carrier.
The imperial court did three things. First, the local government collected the grain and transported it to the dock; second, the imperial court set up a department to receive the grain, inspect the quality and pay the freight; third, ordered Yu Dayou to use Dengzhou as a base to form a coast patrol fleet to protect
Safety of grain transportation by sea.
As soon as this policy came out, all the big merchants in the world who wanted to clear their names all had tears in their eyes and shouted that this emperor is great and his grace is endless! We immediately responded to the call and took out half of the smuggling boats for water transportation.
!
Why are they so motivated? It turns out that there are rumors in the world that as long as they can obtain water transportation qualifications, even if the court investigates smuggling in the future, half of the business can be saved. The principle of not putting eggs in one basket, these maritime merchants are more
All landowners understand.
In this way, in the end, only the tens of thousands of officials up and down the canal hated Wang Zongmu to the core - you, a fucking chief, actually brought this unit to a yellow! Wang Zongmu, Wang Zongmu, let's fuck your eight generations of ancestors together!
As soon as the scolding was finished, the imperial court's resettlement policy for them was also announced. The Maritime and Cao Transportation Department was established under the Ministry of Household Affairs to specifically manage Haicao affairs. Wang Zongmu was given the title of Left Minister of the Ministry of Households and was also in charge. At the same time, capable officers were selected from among the Cao officials.
One hundred and thirty-two ministers went to Beijing to serve as officials in the capital.
Now this group of people was also divided. They reported to each other and held back each other for the vacancy in the Maritime Canal and Grain Transport Department, which had about a hundred people. They almost lost their brains.
It is ridiculous, and what is absolutely unexpected is that when the imperial court changed river-cao to sea-cao, the one who suffered the most in the end was the Metropolitan Procuratorate. On the one hand, the imperial court established a "special class for converting river-cao to sea-cao" and also transferred the Ministry of Revenue and the Ministry of War.
Together with officials from the Inspectorate and other departments, more than a dozen inspection teams confirm responsibilities, supervise and review the accounting books and backlog of cases over the years;
On the other hand - according to what Ge Shouli, the censor of Zuodu, recorded in his notes after his retirement, from the third year of Wanli to the fifth year of Wanli, the Inspectorate received real-name reports about the corruption of water transport officials, which filled two large bookshelves.
——We have been waiting for his retirement in the fifth year of Wanli, and the Metropolitan Procuratorate, which has been expanded and expanded, has not even completed half of the clues.
As for the Metropolitan Procuratorate, which was so weak in its investigation of corruption, and the Jin Yiwei, who was so weak in the process of ransacking their homes, the most they said to the many prisoners who were caught out was: Just wait a little longer. As long as you wait three more months, the place will be fine.
Is that too much?
What they mean is that at the end of the third year of Wanli, the imperial court established the Capital Water Transport Department under the Sea Water Transport Department, which was divided into internal and external departments. The internal department was in Beijing and was responsible for the land transportation from Tongzhou to the capital and the cashier affairs of the warehouse;
The Foreign Affairs Department is responsible for the transshipment from Zhigu to Tongzhou; at the same time, the Maritime and Caulker Grain Transportation Department has set up branches in Huguang, Songjiang, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Fujian, Jiangxi and other places to be responsible for the handover and supervision of local grain transshipment to the terminal - all
There are a total of 1,600 to 700 vacancies. I searched for relatively clean ones in the original river and canal department, but I couldn't find them all.