Jurchen, also known as Zhu Lizhen, Nvzhi, originated from Sushen three thousand years ago. "History of the Jin Dynasty. Century" records: "Before the Jin Dynasty, the Mohe family came out. The original name is Wuji."
During the Liao Dynasty, Wanyan Aguda unified various tribes, established the Jin Dynasty, destroyed the Liao Dynasty, and the Northern Song Dynasty. This was the first rise of the Jurchens. Later, they were attacked and killed by the Mongolian Yuan and Southern Song Dynasties, and they were still divided into various small tribes.
During the reign of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Yongle sent people to the Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers to appease the Jurchens, calling them "Zhuli Late". During the Jiajing period, because of their repeated raids on the border, they were called "Northern captives" in court documents.
In the early Ming Dynasty, the Jurchens were divided into three major groups: Jianzhou Jurchens, Haixi Jurchens, and East China Sea Jurchens. Among them, Jianzhou and Haixi Jurchens were designated by the imperial court as the Three Guards of Jianzhou and the Four Guards of Hulun respectively. They had a stable alliance and Their respective geographical areas pay tribute to the central government every year. The Jurchens outside them are called Donghai Jurchens, also known as "Wild Jurchens", and pay tribute once every three years.
Jianzhou Jurchens are distributed in Mudanjiang, Suifenhe and Changbai Mountain areas. They were formed by two Jurchens from Huli Gai and Qian Duolian who moved south from Wanhufu in the late Yuan Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the three guards of Jisi were named "Jianzhou Wei, Jianzhou Left" Wei, the right guard of Jianzhou." The first commander of the Jianzhou Guard was Meng Ge Timur.
Since the Hongwu period of this dynasty, the imperial court has adopted an extremely tolerant approach, accepting and settling various Jurchen tribes with a kind of generosity and benevolence that has never been seen before or since. Later historians said that "the Ming Dynasty benefited those who belonged to the barbarians and established the Jurchen state." The one who was treated was the thickest.”
However, the so-called favorable treatment is compared with other barbarians, and it is far from the national equality of later generations. The Central Plains Dynasty tamed the Jurchens and embarked on the road of failure from the beginning.
Since Yongle, it has been normal for the Jurchens to enslave Ming and Han people. "It is the custom of the savages not to be slaves to each other, and they must capture the Han people to buy and sell each other." The Jurchens are not engaged in field production, and the producers are Han and Han slaves. Korean.
The Jurchens' alliance is based on blood relations, and revenge is their social ethics. "If they have the same surname, they are very close. They agree on everything, have the courage to fight and rejoice in revenge, and the differences between them will never be forgotten for generations to come." Translated into modern words. It is: "If you treat him well, he will take it for granted; if you treat him badly, he will hate you to the core."
For the Ming government, which did not have a clear and unified ethnic policy in the past dynasties, its treatment of the Jianzhou Jurchens had serious consequences. For example, during the Chenghua period, because it achieved a great military victory over the Jianzhou Jurchens, its fear The imperial court is like a tiger.
At this time, if the Ming court carried out the policy of decomposition and domestication with the remaining power of victory, it would be twice the result with half the effort. However, the court only required the Jurchens who paid tribute to provide better things: "Only those with pure black mink skin and fat horses are allowed to pay tribute." ." The origin of pure black mink fur was not within its territory, which caused the Jurchens in Jianzhou to hate the imperial court - the policy was puzzling.
When the empire's military was strong, it was considered natural for the Jurchen generals to "ask for money and humiliate the Jurchen nobles" during the Jurchen tribute or horse market. The Jurchen nobles who paid tribute "were escorted off by officials and fed like dogs and pigs." These The rough ethnic policy made the strategy of domesticating the Jurchens completely ineffective. And the Bian general killed Jurchen tribesmen to seek reward, but the court actually gave them rewards - which was completely contrary to the general policy of favoring the Jurchens to domesticate the Jurchens.
After the Tumubao Incident, the fig leaf of the Ming court was torn off, and all the captives ignored the Ming Dynasty. Except for the Tatars and Mongols, the Jurchens in Jianzhou became rebellious - and finally a hero emerged.
In the 31st year of Jiajing reign, the 29-year-old Jurchen Right Guard Commander Wang Gao led his troops to kill Peng Wenzhu, the imperial guard, in Guanma City, Fushun. That year, he plundered Dongzhou, Hoi'an and other frontier fortresses.
In the 41st year of Jiajing reign, Wang Gao again set up an ambush at Daughter-in-law Mountain, captured Hei Chun, the deputy commander-in-chief of Liaoyang, dismembered and killed him. After this battle, Wang Gao became famous among the Jurchen tribes and gradually had the power to unify the Jurchen tribes.
At that time, the imperial court should have responded with thunder, but the military was weak and the nature of politics that bullied the weak and feared the strong was once again exposed. Wang Gao was appointed as the commander of the Jianzhou Guard Capital. Suo Chang'a, Jue Chang'an (Nurhaci's father) and others were all there.
Under his command, Wang Gaorang called his tribe "Mafa", and the chieftains of Jiuhe became famous outside the Great Wall.
What's even more ridiculous is that in the sixth year of Longqing's reign, Jia Ruyi, who was then the prime minister of Fushun, introduced some horse market policies that restricted Wang Gao's development. Because Wang Gao was dissatisfied, the court at that time actually arrested Jia Ruyi and others.
After Jia Ruyi was arrested and interrogated, at the request of the Ming court, Wang Tai, the chief of the Hada tribe of the Haixi Jurchens, presided over the two parties to kill cattle and form an alliance. It was agreed that the Jurchens would not plunder Han people's livestock, and the Ming generals would not accept Jurchen escapees. The horse market was still restored in Fushun.
As it is recorded in history books: "Gao Yi Ao".
After the Tumubao Incident of the Ming Dynasty, the strong on the outside and the weak on the inside were only noticed deep in the hearts of the northern captive leaders at first. After Wang Gao rose to power by killing a Ming general, the painful memories of the Jurchens that the Ming court gave to the Jurchens during the Chenghua period have faded away.
, Weiyi was completely bankrupt, and it was very clear that all the Jurchen tribe regarded Ming Dynasty as a coward.
In July of the first year of Wanli, when Zhu Yijun traveled more than five months, Wang Gao's four subordinates, Nairtu, defected to Mingbian and were accepted by Fushun Bei Yu Pei Chengzu. Wang Gao's capable men, Li Hong, asked Pei Chengzu for help, but Pei Chengzu refused.
Pay attention.
Lai Lihong then took You Qing and five other people captive when the Ming army refused to take them in at night. In order to exchange them, Pei Chengzu issued an official document asking Lai Lihong to pay him to him, but Lai Lihong also followed his example and ignored them.
At this time, Wang Gao had already passed Fushun Pass and marched towards the capital, preparing to pay tribute to the court with 200 horses and 30 loads of specialties from Liaodong. Pei Chengzu actually thought that Wang Gao would not give up the opportunity to pay tribute and offended the court, so he led 300 cavalry without authorization.
, enter (be careful not to invade) Lai Lihong's village and ask for someone.
While Lai Lihong stabilized Pei Chengzu, he reported to Wang Gao urgently. After receiving the letter, Wang Gao rushed back and led his troops to surround Pei Chengzu and others in Lai Lihong's village. Finally, the Fushun Ming army who came to rescue him
Chief Liu Chengyi, Baihu Liu Zhongwen and others were all captured, and more than 300 people were executed with their hearts cut out and their livers removed.
This incident shocked the imperial court, and Zhu Yijun also heard about it at that time. Since he had not yet won the power, he was particularly cautious in military affairs and basically said nothing.
At that time, Zhang Xueyan, the governor of Liaodong, asked Juegong City to impose economic sanctions on Wang Gao. Liu Yingjie, the governor of Jiliao, ordered Li Chengliang's army to move forward and build Kuandian Six Forts to reduce the Jurchen's land in Jianzhou. Zhu Yijun felt that there was no problem. I didn't touch it.
When the specific situation was clarified, he did not dare to comment at will.
But he didn't do nothing - at the end of the first year of the first year, in Wang Gao's Gule City, Wang Gao's chief mangzi went to Wang Gao's home to deliver gifts. He was accompanied by Chamberlain, a Han man who managed the farm for him.
, Wang Gao is about to hold a meeting with the generals, and the news that Kou Bian will be sent to the border area in the next spring is passed on through the secret communication channel of Gule City.
In October of the Wanli year, Chamberlain escaped into Lang Maozi's village under the cover of a bankrupt businessman in the border town. Lang Maozi was cruel and reckless, and when he saw that Chamberlain could tell the truth and gave generous gifts, he accepted him.
He got him and asked him to cooperate with his own coat Tulihan in managing the farm.