There is a saying that the use of the penalty of "exile" in ancient China began in the Qin and Han Dynasties. By the time of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the rulers established "pardon the death and follow the exile" as the sentencing principle, and exile became one of the five feudal punishments.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the five-penalty system of whipping, cane, imprisonment, exile and death was formally established with "exile as punishment" as the center; exile was the second most severe punishment, below the death penalty and above imprisonment, and was still used until the Qing Dynasty.
generation.
In the early and mid-Qing Dynasty, the government exiled prisoners to the Northeast mainly for three purposes: punishing criminals, resisting the invasion of Tsarist Russia, and maintaining rule. It was a forced military or political immigration.
For example, Lu Liuliang's family was exiled to Ningguta due to the Literary Prison, such as Lu Shoushan and the Xu brothers who were involved in the Yizhulou Poetry Case. These are all political prisoners. In addition, there are also a large number of robbers, fraudsters, and thieves.
Criminals, people suing officials (previously Qianlong stipulated that if the people sued officials and won, they would be exiled for three thousand miles), dismissed officials and their families, and even criminal eunuchs and bannermen.
The establishment of places of exile such as Ninggu Tower, Sanxing Yamen, Dashengwula, Shangyangbao, Fengtian, and Heilongjiang were decided based on different crimes.
For example, in Shangyang Fort (forty miles east of Kaiyuan County, Liaoning Province), in the 14th year of Shunzhi, the Qing government stipulated that anyone who minted copper coins privately would be beheaded by the first offender and the money-casting craftsmen, and the accomplices and insiders would be hanged in jail while helping to sell them.
Money middlemen, merchants, hawkers, etc., were responsible for the forty bans and fled to Shangyang Fort.
Another example is Ninggu Pagoda. In the 18th year of Shunzhi, it was stipulated that all prisoners involved in treasonous crimes would be sent to Ninggu Pagoda. In the fifth year of Kangxi's reign, the Qing government stipulated that all corrupt government servants sentenced to exile would be sent to Ninggu Pagoda. In the 20th year of Kangxi's reign,
In the second year and the twenty-third year, all domestic slaves who have escaped three times and been caught, who have committed three or more thefts, are exempted from death and have a reduced crime of one degree, who are trafficking in people, who are drugged and trafficked in people, and who are accomplices in the crime will be issued with Ningguta and armored prisoners.
People are slaves.
Even bannermen who defraud and murder civilians will eventually be sentenced to exile in Ningguta.
As for those sent to Heilongjiang, they are all serious criminals or those who have repeatedly been punished. In other words, if the prisoners sent to Jilin or Fengtian commit crimes again in the penal colony, they will die and be sent to Heilongjiang, which is farther away.
Let’s use Lu Liuliang’s descendants as an example for this.
In the first year of Qianlong's reign (1736), the Qing government issued new regulations. Regardless of Manchu or Han slaves, if anyone in their family had ever been an official or had served as a judge, tribute student, or supervisor, they would be exempted from slavery. They would be included as slaves in the place of distribution.
The flag, the battalion, was ordered to work as a servant. This was a shift from political exile to military immigration and border guarding.
Because of this regulation, some slave prisoners tried their best to obtain the title of prison student in order to avoid being a slave. In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong's reign, Lu Liuliang's grandson Lu Yijian asked someone to secretly obtain the title of prison student in the capital. As a result, his nephew later
Lu Fu tried to do it again, but the officials refused. So he staged a story about his nephew accusing his uncle of privately organizing a prison donation. In the end, both uncle and nephew and their families were sent to Heilongjiang again.
When Zhao Xin talked about this, he changed the subject and said: "Are any of these enslaved Han people who were wronged in literary prison? Needless to say, the two brothers of the Xu family, Lu Shoushan, and Pan Xiucheng are the best proof! But are there any big traitors?
Evil people? There must be some! Corrupt officials, thieves, human traffickers, drugged charmers, etc.
Do we have to be open-minded and warmly welcome these people? Can we not interrogate them clearly? Maybe some people will become time bombs for us here!"
Liu Zheng fell silent, but Hong Tao continued to ask: "Mr. Zhao, as you said, what should we do if there are really treacherous and evil people among these people?"
Zhao Xin smiled and said: "Reform through labor! We are not the Manchus. Basic human rights will always be guaranteed. There is no problem in having enough food and clothing."
The shooting training range on the east bank of the Xila River was temporarily turned into a prison camp.
At this time, more than a thousand recruits were busy erecting walls and watchtowers around the prisoner camp; while the prisoners were closely guarded by two companies of gun-wielding soldiers. As for the captured "Ouchi master",
He was sent to Katayama Kanbei police station and held in solitary confinement.
After the meeting, a group of time travellers, headed by six people from the security department, ran to the police station to see something strange.
What a living master!
Everyone has seen a living giant panda; the Manchu expert Ouchi had only seen it on TV and movies before, but no one had seen it in real life! So a group of people stood outside the cage, looking at the prisoner.
Wang Yuanfang took the record from Katayama Kanbingwei, which read: Li Dagang, courtesy name Gongjian, from Xinhui County, Guangdong, forty-five years old.
"Hey! Still a Han?" Wang Yuanfang blurted out.
Li Dagang was discovered when he was cleaning the battlefield. A big bump was hit on his forehead by the butt of a rifle, and he was also shot in the thigh. He lost too much blood and fainted. If Liu Siting hadn't discovered that this man was still breathing, she would have given him
Even if the wound is treated urgently, he will be buried in a mass grave.
Li Dagang woke up after being treated. I don't know if he was mentally deficient. He said randomly, "I am the emperor's bodyguard, and I will never surrender!" But Wu Siyu heard it.
After returning to Beihai Town, he was imprisoned and sent to the police station alone. At this moment, he was sitting in a wooden cage without saying a word, looking at the group of people in front of him in surprise.
"Didn't you say they are Orosi people? Why are these people all Han Chinese?! These people don't even have pigtails. They are a bunch of rebels!"
Li Dagang quickly noticed that the group of people who came in all had Southern and Northern accents. The voices of several people sounded like they were bannermen! Who are these people?!
Li Dagang was completely confused. At this time, Liu Siting and Director Liu Da opened the door and came in.
"Where is the master inside? Let me take a look. This is it. He looks quite strong. Huh? This man seems to be..." Director Liu looked at the captives in the cage and kept talking with his small mouth.
.
Li Dagang had never seen such a scene before. A woman actually dared to show her face. The blood in his big face turned from red to purple, and then from purple to black.
"Ouch, his face looks wrong. Does he have high blood pressure?" Zhang Bo said suddenly.
Li Dagang sneered and said: "What a thief! If you have the ability, kill me! You can't afford to let a woman insult me!"
"Who are you talking about? What happened to the woman?! I was the one who took care of the wound on your leg! Without me, you would have died long ago!"
Li Dagang was stunned. Is this woman still a doctor?
"You actually let women become doctors, and you don't even care about the defenses of men and women!"
In ancient China, it was very repulsive for women to engage in the profession of doctors, let alone go to the battlefield. There are records in the Qing Dynasty of allowing women to go to the battlefield, which was to send brothel girls to take off their clothes on the city wall to break the enemy's spells...
Liu Sheng asked Li Dagang with a cold face: "You are a Han, why do you want to be a dog legion of the Manchus?!"
Li Dagang sneered. He didn't want to talk to the mess of people in front of him at all. He could kill or behead him as he pleased, but it was a pity that he could no longer serve the imperial court.
I feel sorry for my two daughters. The eldest has married into the Liang family in Xinhui, which is fine, but what about the younger daughter?
At this time, Zhao Xin said to everyone: "Okay, you have all seen the living Dauchi masters. There is nothing strange, so go ahead."
After saying that, he winked at everyone. When everyone saw it, they didn't know what evil Mr. Zhao was holding back, so they all went out.
At this time, only Zhao Xin, Katayama Kanbei and two armed security policemen were left in the room.
Zhao Xin carried a chair and sat down two meters in front of the wooden cage. He smiled and said to Li Dagang: "Brother Li, I'm sorry. We have never been to Guan Nei, so we know that a Da Nei master is here.
I'm a little excited. Please forgive me."
"..." Li Dagang lowered his head and ignored Zhao Xin at all.
"Asshole! My lord is talking to you!" Katayama Kanbei was furious and reached out to draw his sword, but Zhao Xin raised his hand to stop him.
"Brother Li, you, a Cantonese, can be a second-class guard. I guess you are a martial arts scholar, right? What year were you born in? Which palace gate were you guarding before?"
Zhao Xin's words shocked Li Dagang! This man spoke fluent banner mandarin, and he actually knew about the imperial military examinations. He decided to test it out to see what the background of the leader-looking man in front of him was.
So Li Dagang said with a proud face: "Yes, Li was a martial arts examiner in the 39th year of Qianlong's reign. In the 46th year of the Emperor's reign, he was appointed by the emperor and won the third place in the Xinchou Kewu Jinshi, and was actually awarded the second-class shrimp."
Li Dagang has the capital to be proud, because the martial arts examination in the Qing Dynasty is actually more difficult than the civil examination. The martial arts examination is the same as the liberal arts examination, and there is a competition every three years.
First, there is the children's examination, which is held in the county and government, and those who pass the examination are called martial arts scholars; then they go to the provincial capital, and those who pass the examination are called martial arts examinations; finally, they go to the capital to take part in the joint examination at the Ministry of War; and finally, the palace examination.
In addition to being proficient in bow and horse, strong in strength, and good in martial arts, those who enter Beijing for the martial arts exam must also take a test on policy theory. For example, in the third written test, the first question uses "The Analects" and "Mencius" and the second question uses "Sun Tzu"
, "Wu Zi", "Sima Fa".
In ancient times, it was said that "the poor learn literature, the rich learn martial arts". If a person hires famous teachers to teach martial arts from a young age, studies, and finally becomes a martial arts scholar, it cannot be achieved unless the family of a wealthy gentry. Ordinary middle-class families cannot afford it.
"Oh. The second-class guard, that should be the fourth-class one? You are guarding Jingyun Gate, right? Is it just east of Qianqing Gate? Then you must see the princes and ministers every day? Have you seen Heshen and Zhongtang?
No?"
"Ah?!!" Zhao Xin's series of questions completely stunned Li Dagang. Who is this person?
In the Qing Dynasty, imperial guards were divided into three classes. Since the Yongzheng period, it has been stipulated that the first-class guard in front of the imperial court is awarded to the number one scholar; the second-class guard is awarded to the second-ranked guard; and the top ten are then selected from the remaining people and awarded to the third-class guard.
The second-class guards are usually sent to guard the Jingyun Gate in the Forbidden City. This place is located on the east side of the square in front of the Qianqing Gate, facing east, opposite the Longzong Gate on the west side. There are slow lanes inside and outside the doorway to facilitate the entry and exit of carriages.
On the north side of the gate is the room where the Mongolian princes, ministers and the nine ministers are on duty, and on the south side is the place where things are done and waiting for people to leave. Outside the door is the Fengxian Hall to the east and the Yuqing Palace to the north.
Jingyun Gate is an important gateway into the square in front of the Qianqing Gate, and can lead to the Waichao Middle Road and Neiting Middle Road, so it is also called the "Forbidden Gate". From the prince below, the third grade civil servant, the second grade military officer and above Members of the public and the entourage of officials traveling in the inner court are only allowed to stop twenty steps outside the door, and trespassing is strictly prohibited.
Li Dagang was shocked by Zhao Xin's question, and Zhao Xin was still nagging deliberately.
"He Shen is thirty-four this year, right? Is their Liu Quan'er still alive? But I heard that He Shen doesn't have a beard. Tsk tsk. Men in their thirties don't have beards. Maybe that old man Qianlong has some hobbies. Right? Doting on him so much... By the way, how many people are there in your Li family? By the way, does the eighth elder brother still play chess? Has the problem on his legs healed? Where does your family live in Xinhui? You must be very rich, right? Fifteen Is my brother still fucking alive..."
Katayama Kanbei was also stunned by Zhao Xin's "buzzing buzzing". He thought to himself, what is the lord doing? It's like chanting sutras.
Li Dagang was so dizzy at this time that Zhao Xindong asked. He felt that a group of flies came outside the cage, buzzing in his ears. If it was just a normal chatter, it would be fine, but Zhao Xindong kept asking questions. It was either about officialdom or palace matters, and occasionally asked about the situation at home.
At this moment, he just wanted to cover his ears, but his hands were handcuffed behind his back and he couldn't break free.
"Stop! Stop talking!" Li Dagang finally couldn't stand it anymore and interrupted Zhao Xin's "babble".
Zhao Xin smiled slightly and said: "Brother Li, what are you so anxious about? I haven't asked you a lot yet!"
"Before I answer your question, I have to ask a question first!" Li Dagang had veins on his forehead and stared at the people outside the cage with blood-red eyes.
"Brother Li, what do you want to ask?"
Li Dagang hesitated for a while, and then said with some difficulty: "You, you... are you a bannerman?"
Zhao Xin shook his head.
"Really not? You swear!"
Zhao Xinxin said who did I offend with my Beijing movies? People often asked me if I was a bannerman. I swear, why?!
"I swear... sneeze! What a fart."
Li Dagang didn't hear Zhao Xin's last two words. When he saw Zhao Xin swear an oath, he began to answer Zhao Xin's subsequent questions.
At this time, Shen Jingdan and Lao Huang were leading people to inspect the seized materials in Zhao Xin's wooden office not far away. They had already counted the seized silver, a total of 23,560 Eleven taels.
Zhao Xin had said before asking them for help that the money would be re-melted and given to Shen and Huang to take back to buy people and antiques. Otherwise, Huang would not be so desperate!
Lao Huang stretched out tiredly, got up and walked around the room twice. He walked to the corner of the room where the Qing army flags were piled, bent down and pulled them a few times, and suddenly screamed "Ah".
From a pile of flags of various colors, Lao Huang reached out and picked up a large flag that was obviously different from the others, and unfolded it with his hands.
This is a large triangular flag made of yellow satin with a moire pattern. The edge of the flag is embroidered with flame patterns, and in the center is a four-clawed gold cloud dragon. The top of the flagpole is a gilt iron top, and under the iron plate is a red knotted velvet. Inside, a long flame-patterned yellow satin ribbon fluttered in the wind.
"This is the dragon flag!" Lao Huang exclaimed in surprise.
When Shen Jingdan heard Lao Huang's exclamation, he quickly put down the account book in his hand, stood up, took the flag, looked at it carefully and then explained: "The five claws are dragons, and the four claws are pythons. This is the python flag!"
"Then this is..."
"I guess this is Marshal Fu's flag!"
"Ah?!" Lao Huang suddenly looked around nervously, then walked to the outhouse to take a look.
Several soldiers were on duty inside the house, and there were about twenty more standing guard around the wooden ridge outside the door.
Lao Huang walked back to the big room inside and closed the door. He whispered to Shen Jingdan: "Brother Shen, I didn't believe you when you told me that Mr. Zhao wanted to become a king. Now Commander Lianfu They all got into bad luck, and I heard that a minister in charge of the bodyguard was beaten to death?"
Shen Jingdan smiled and said: "I heard about it too, but I don't know who it is."
Old Huang said: "Then what do you think we will do in the future?"
Shen Jingdan said: "Brother Huang, you are overthinking. Let's just continue to be our businessmen and make money."
Lao Huang asked strangely: "Brother, what do you mean by this?"
"This time the imperial court has suffered such a big setback. Do you think Emperor Qianlong can let it go?"
"What do you mean?"
"It's true that we can make more money by running back and forth a few more times before the imperial army comes. I can see that Mr. Zhao is not short of money!"
"What about your A Quan and Lu Yun? Are they going to follow you this time?"
Shen Jingdan frowned, remembering what Hong Tao and Liu Siting had said to him. The baby in Lujun's belly was in an abnormal fetal position, and neither of them suggested that Shen Jingdan take her back.
As for Ah Quan, it would be a big trouble to follow him back now. Shen Jingdan felt that he needed to have a good talk with Zhao Xin.