The operation of the weapon test firing team of Beihai Town Arsenal greatly shocked He Lin and several Ouchi guards. At the same time, they were also very surprised by the excellent workmanship of the weapons provided by Beihai Town.
In their opinion, the shotguns of the Northern Navy are so exquisite that all parts of different rifles are interchangeable; as for the artillery, in addition to the entire gun body, gun mount, and even the ammunition cart, it is also made of steel, and the shooting table is also completely made of the same caliber.
General, this is definitely a magical thing for the Manchu and Qing Dynasties.
What shocked He Lin the most was that through these weapons of the Beihai Navy, he finally realized a model that was completely different from the existing firearms system of the Manchu and Qing Dynasties. He also understood what Kong Shaoan meant by "weapon generation difference".
When I thought that the weapons used by the Northern Navy were more sophisticated and more powerful than the ones in front of me, a feeling of despair could not help but surge into my heart.
The application of artillery actually depends on three aspects: the first is casting and metallurgy, the second is chemistry, and the third is training and use.
In terms of casting, during the Kangxi reign of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, under the guidance of Jesuit missionaries headed by Nan Huairen, the Armed Forces Academy cast the first batch of standard artillery that fully conformed to Western theory. The length and weight of this batch of artillery,
The caliber, magnification, and even each component are extremely precise, and it became the template for all subsequent artillery pieces.
Starting from the late Ming Dynasty, due to the poor quality of pig iron in China, the casting of artillery adopted a composite structure process; the barrel was generally made of two or even three materials, that is, an iron core and a copper body. During the same period, Western and Chinese
Although Asia has similar technology, their composite casting level is not as good as China's, so there is no further development.
However, as Watt improved the steam engine, Westerners, especially the British, jumped directly into the next era. This was the case with the carronade guns sold by the British to Qianlong, which used "solid boring technology."
On the other hand, the Manchu Qing Dynasty has no innovation since Nan Huairen. It is not that the Manchu Qing Dynasty cannot produce excellent ordnance. You must know that the best weapon manufacturing craftsmen in China are in the Armed Forces Academy and the Royal Bird Gun Department. However, in the "Monarch, Minister and Envoy"
Under the control of theory, just a few skilled craftsmen cannot compete with the disadvantages of the equipment system.
Moreover, because the standard cannon samples of the Kangxi era were recast more and more times, the errors became larger and larger. Historically, by the time of the Daoguang Dynasty, the cannons cast by the Qing court had "the head and tail circumferences could not be calculated."
, any size, one for each." For the same cannon that shoots ten-pound shells, the first casting may be eight thousand pounds, and the second time it will be more than nine thousand pounds.
In 1835, before the outbreak of the Opium War, the Qing government successively purchased 59 newly cast 8,000-jin and 6,000-jin cannons at various forts in Humen, Guangdong. However, when Navy Admiral Guan Tianpei came to inspect them, 10 of them were blown to pieces on the spot.
The explosion injured two soldiers.
The chemical problem is actually gunpowder. The power of firearms is first determined by gunpowder, and the proportion of gunpowder formula has a great relationship with the burning speed and storage. In terms of black powder, the formula ratio of gunpowder and gunpowder is
are completely different.
After the First Opium War, Chen Jieping, the then governor of Fujian, managed to buy a small bag of British gunpowder. After using the gun to test fire, he found that the range actually reached 240 bows, which is 400 meters.
The gun was still the original gun, but with the use of new gunpowder, the range was suddenly improved. Afterwards, Daoguang ordered the Ministry of War to modify the gunpowder ratio and promote it nationwide.
Then there is the training. During the Shunzhi and Kangxi eras, due to the endless wars, the Qing government stipulated that in September or October every year, artillery training would be conducted on the west side of the Marco Polo Bridge for ten days, and the number of shots for each gun was one hundred times.
Later, it was changed to artillery drills on April and September in spring and autumn.
In the 35th year of Qianlong's reign, after many adjustments, the training time was finally determined to be five times a month, with three shots fired each time, with a shooting distance of 172.5 meters, and the target rate reached 13 out of 15 to qualify.
The above mentioned are still the training standards of the Beijing Firearms Battalion. The Eight Banners and Green Battalions in various places cannot say that. The accuracy of artillery training in these years is not the first priority. Familiar with the operation, remove rust from the artillery and deal with the inspection by the superior officer.
is the most important thing. Therefore, we still don’t know how far to shoot, how far to raise the muzzle, how to aim the star, and whether the gun position is usable.
According to Li Yansheng, the former co-leader of the Heilongjiang City Artillery Battalion of the Qing Army who has returned to the army, before the troops were raised in Beihai Town, the Heilongjiang City Firearms Battalion was supposed to train for three days a year. However, since Li Yansheng was on duty, it had never fired a single artillery piece.
It wasn't until Tsarist Russia came to attack home that these so-called "artillerymen" hurriedly responded.
Since Qianlong's accession to the throne, whenever the Qing army needed elite gunners for any large-scale war, they would always transfer them from the Beijing Firearms Battalion and the Armed Forces Academy, and they would have to bring along the quadrant from the Manufacturing Office.
The last point is the firearms combat mode of the Qing army.
The development of the Qing army's firearms phalanx began in the "Battle of Ulanbutong" in the Kangxi era, and in the "Battle of Zhaomodo" where it fought against Galdan, it established the basic mode of combat in plain areas. That is, first use long-range firepower to weaken
When the enemy's morale is on the verge of collapse, use cavalry to open a gap with a side attack, and then defeat it in one fell swoop.
In the history of another time and space, this pattern continued until the "Battle of Bali Bridge" before it came to an end.
By the middle of Qianlong's reign, as the use of troops in the northwest came to an end, the Qing government's military focus began to shift to the southwest. Due to the deep and dangerous mountains in the area, firearm square formations could not be deployed, so the use of firearms shifted from emphasizing battle formation training to emphasizing battle formation training.
Personal bravery is represented by the "Battle of Jinchuan and Jinchuan".
According to the official records of the Qing Dynasty, the Big and Little Jinchuans located on the northwest plateau of Sichuan are mountains in size and extremely steep. There are watchtowers at the passes, and the piles of rocks are like small cities. The tallest one in the middle is like a pagoda, or eight or nine feet tall.
, more than ten feet, or even fifteen or six feet. There are small holes all around high and low for observation and guns. Blockhouses are set up in particularly dangerous places to make them even stronger, which are called "war blockhouses".
This kind of watchtower can only be shot through the stone wall with a three-pounder at most, and there is no chance of it collapsing. The mountain-splitting cannon is even more useless. Not to mention the Qing army, even if the European armies of the same era came, they would still be defeated.
Rat face, heavy losses.
During the Second Battle of Jinchuan, the Qing army's guns and even gunpowder packets and bombs were used together. The West Route Army's daily consumption of gunpowder alone was 10,000 kilograms. Due to terrain problems, artillery was unable to shoot flatly in many places, so it had to be built first.
Build a high platform that is higher than the opponent's tower, and then hoist the artillery up and fire from a commanding position. This is just like bombing the towers. You attack the towers one by one. When the towers collapse, you have to rush up and engage in close combat.
In the end, the Qing government had no choice but to use the "sky cannon", the country-killing weapon of this era, which was also a city siege mortar, and then every watchtower was destroyed.
The two "Battles of Jinchuan and Jinchuan" had a profound impact on the Qing army's combat methods. In terms of infantry and cavalry, due to terrain restrictions, it was difficult to develop battle formations, and the opponents were not upright divisions. Therefore, higher individual combat capabilities were required.
requirements; for example, there are many training subjects in the Jianrui camp, and there is almost no skill that is not learned.
Because of this, individual firearms place more emphasis on range and power than on rate of fire, and the appearance of the raised gun is the most typical representative.
As for artillery, heavy artillery, which was extremely destructive in plains and wilderness areas, was like a waste in the mountainous dangers. It was not as powerful as a cannon, and it was not as light as a gun, so it was gradually marginalized.
At the test firing range on the beach, gunfire roared, and those who tried to watch the excitement were kept far away by the vigilant North Korean navy. Several Ouchi guards scratched their heads and scratched their heads, and then followed the test shooter's instructions.
I learned how to use these weapons next time. Kong Shaoan accidentally discovered that He Lin's face became extremely ugly. How should I put it, just like the expression he had when he learned that his sister was sick...
While waiting for the goods to be loaded onto the ship, He Lin was going through the handover procedures with Kong Shaoan, and while there was no one around, she finally couldn't help but ask a question.
"Brother Kong, I have something to ask you sincerely, and I hope you will give me some advice."
Kong Shaoan said politely: "Don't be polite, sir. I will definitely say what I can."
"Before King Zhao's uprising, our Qing Dynasty was peaceful and peaceful, with rivers and seas clear and seas flowing, and the four peoples living and working in peace and contentment. Since the ancestors, three generations of kings have worked hard to govern, and their civil and martial arts have surpassed those of previous generations. The most prosperous era since the founding of the country was even inferior to that of Zhenguan Kaiyuan.
Furthermore, since the Ming Dynasty’s legacy has ended, why bother letting the world get involved in war again? I see that my brother is a talented person, why not use his great skills to serve the imperial court?”
"Can you wear it..." Kong Shaoan almost let it slip. He felt that He Lin's question was really ridiculous. Didn't he himself know what was going on in Manqing?
From the day he came to Beihai Town, he was indifferent to most things in this time and space. He just hoped that Zhao Xin's project would not be stopped and he would be able to make money.
After working in the power plant for two years, Kong Shaoan had never gone to Whale Harbor to see the miserable conditions of the refugees who disembarked from the boats, and of course he had never been to the bloody battlefields. He felt that those things had nothing to do with him, and he just had to work hard at the power plant. Wu Ping'an and Jin Kai
After the military incident came out, he realized the cruelty of the struggle for power and Zhao Xin's tactics, and he became more cautious after that.
It wasn't until he went to the Civil Affairs Bureau to work as an assistant to Chen Qingsong that he began to accompany Chen Qingsong to inspect farmland construction projects. Every time he met the villagers, he was a little overwhelmed by their warm reception and simplicity. Gradually, he also learned about these
The tragic experiences of people under the rule of the Manchu Qing Dynasty.
Only then did Kong Shaoan realize that Zhao Xin and the others were not playing a large-scale hegemony game, but saving living people. From this, he also understood that the so-called "Qianlong Era" was actually the pinnacle of the small-scale peasant economy in feudal society, and political corruption and
Social conflicts are getting more and more intense. Since China has fallen into decline in history, what Zhao Xin and others have done may lead to a different way out.
After a moment of silence, Kong Shaoan lit a cigarette for both He Lin and himself, and then slowly said: "Master He, since you asked that, then I will tell the truth."
"Don't you know anything about what your eldest brother did? That's hundreds of millions of taels of silver! Qianlong didn't care and only cared about his own enjoyment. Corruption was rampant in the local area. After committing a crime, he only needed
It's so ridiculous that you can get away with it by paying a little money! According to me, your Qing Dynasty is rotten to the core!"
"I..." Hearing that the other party used He Shen as an example, He Lin immediately withered. He wished he could find a crack in the ground and crawl into it.
He Lin's depression lasted for many days after that. When the fleet full of cargo returned to Dagokou, he managed to cheer up with Ma Baishan's comfort.
At this time, Qianlong had returned to the Old Summer Palace. When he learned that there were weapons among the supplies He Lin brought back, both he and Yong Yan were extremely surprised. Afterwards, He Lin handed over a sign to ask for a visit, and described the whole trip in detail.
After reporting it, Qianlong thought that he had done a good job and praised him very much.
In early November, all supplies arrived at the Fengtai Camp. Qianlong asked Wang Yongyan, Heshen, Fu Changan, Wang Jie and others from Jiaqing to go to the camp to inspect the various supplies provided by Beihai Town and arrange for the artillery at Marco Polo Bridge five days later.
Test firing of weapons of the North Korean Navy at the shooting range.
It is said that the upper echelons of the Qing court finally saw Beihai Town's industrial products other than luxury goods this time. However, except for the heating treasures, which caused a great sensation, and the canned pork and beef that amazed everyone, other products did not achieve the expected results. Whether it was
Fengyoujing was also scornful of cotton-padded clothes, cotton hats, leather boots and other items made in Beihai Town.
Needless to say, the results of the subsequent test firings shocked the ministers present, both in terms of range and power. However, when I learned that the gunpowder formula in Beihai Town was an "untold secret," I wanted to add more later.
They could only spend money to buy it. Prince Jia Yongyan and others were so angry that they had no choice but to accuse Zhao Xin of being treacherous. After learning about the situation, Qianlong immediately sent an order to the Military Academy and the Imperial Bird and Gun Department to imitate it.
This chapter is not finished yet, please click on the next page to continue reading the exciting content! What? To shoot a steel cannon, you need something called a "fire tube" to ignite the propellant. What a joke! The fire fork is not used in the same way.
Is the gunpowder a secret recipe? Don’t be ridiculous! There are many skilled craftsmen in our Qing Dynasty, how can we still be stumped by such a trick?
It’s interesting that the quadrant is made so small! The manufacturing office must make a copy of it. We can’t make it out of steel, so why not use copper? Moreover, the North Sea Pirate’s stuff is so vulgar, it doesn’t even have a carved inscription.
But the biggest group of people is the Baitangmen from the fowling department. After carefully studying the front-loaded muskets in Beihai Town, several craftsmen felt a little crazy; other things were fine, but this "fire"
What on earth is a "hat"?!
During this period, He Lin found an opportunity to have a deep talk with He Shen. He revealed his despair to his brother, and He Shen was also frightened. He immediately decided to ask Ma Ba Shi to quietly transfer part of the family's silver and treasures to Yun.
Go to the warehouse they rented in Anping Port.
By early December, as the gunners of the firearms battalion became more and more proficient in operating the Beihai Town 12-pounder cannon, He Lin's long-awaited appointment finally arrived. He was appointed by Qianlong as Fukangan's deputy to lead the firearms battalion.
Two hundred gunners and five hundred shotgunners escorted military supplies and rushed to Tibet for reinforcements.
At this time, Fukang'an had already led his men towards Xining. Even if he entered Tibet, he would not immediately start a war with Gurkhas. It would not matter if the military supplies arrived a month or two late.
Before launching the military operation, he had to have extensive contact with the upper echelons of Tibet, demonstrate his righteousness, gain political support, and pave the way for the establishment of a new post-war aftermath charter. At the same time, in order to attack Gorkha, he had to ask Bulukba (not
The two vassal states of Dan) and Chemengxiong (Sikkim) issued proclamations.
On the other side, the Outer Mongolia troops of the Northern Navy occupied Ulyasutai and took a short rest. They immediately dispatched another regiment and the main force of the southern detachment to set off again. Hu Ji was appointed as the commander-in-chief of this operation.
Mi Shilang and Monk Zhou are deputy chiefs.
After an arduous trek in the wind and snow, crossing the vast mountains and the Gobi, the troops arrived at the Sala Brak Station, seventy miles away from Khovd City, in mid-December.
Zhao Xin once again performed the magic trick. He took a car from Ulyasutai in another time and space to Khovd, and then drove north to join the troops.
You must know that in the winter grassland desert, and the army is still deep into the Mongolian plateau, with enemies all around, if Zhao Xin had not come, Hu Ji and his group of more than 5,000 people would probably freeze to death and starve to death on the Mongolian plateau.
Different from the wooden city like Ulyasutai, which is like a large enclosure, Khovd City suffered a flood in the 27th year of Qianlong's reign. The old city, which had already been devastated by war, has since been abandoned. The new city is completely based on the style of Guan Nei.
It was built; the city wall was more than one foot high, more than five feet thick, and more than four hundred feet in circumference, with turrets built around it.
Baoning, the left deputy general of Dingbian, and a group of Mongolian princes who fled here, originally thought that the Northern Navy would have to survive this winter and wait until the spring of next year before taking action. Who knew it was here now. So these people staged it again
A great robbery scene completely looted the city of Khovd, and took away the Green Camp soldiers and their families who were stationed in the local area. They retreated westward along the northern foot of Altan Mountain, leaving behind a group of tearful people in the Northern Navy.
Han merchants and Mongolian merchants.
However, the morale and morale of the tens of thousands of people led by Baoning were extremely low, and the Zasak lords could no longer restrain their men. The key was that the Mongolian soldiers fled at night when they saw that they were getting further and further away from home.
.
My family is still waiting for me to go back in the distance. If I go further south, I'm afraid I won't be able to go back in this life! Forget it, you will be working as a errand wherever you go, so run away!
By the end of December, the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong's reign, the Northern Navy's offensive in Khalkha Mongolia finally stopped. Due to the loss of the three central towns of Kulun, Ulyasutai, and Khovd, the Manchu Qing Dynasty had basically lost
Control of Liutiao Station in Outer Mongolia.
At this time, the lords of Zasak in the four tribes of Khalkha were all panic-stricken. They were destined to not survive this cold winter.