Chapter 597: A day at the Wendeng Military Control Commission (1)
At six o'clock in the morning on September 8, 1792, Kong Shaoan, who had only slept for four hours, was awakened by the rapid sound of the alarm bell. By the time he got up, dressed, brushed his teeth and washed his face, the guards had already packed away the bedding on the Arhat's bed.
Okay, put the small tea table and set breakfast.
He lived in the custody room behind the lobby of the Wendeng County government office, which is located in the northeast corner of Wendeng City. When the Northern Navy invaded Wendeng City three days ago, Deng Tingkai, the classics official, and Huang He, the inspector of the Jinghai Division, led the government officials to resist.
After being shot dead, the county magistrate Zhou Luduan, the county school teacher and the lecturer were all taken prisoner. In addition, the whereabouts of Zhang Shaoceng, the inspector of the Weihai Division, were unknown.
Although the county magistrate was arrested, his family members still lived in the back house. Kong Shaoan did not want to evict them, so he learned that there was a back door facing the street in the inner house, so he had the door from the second hall leading to the inner house be locked, and arranged
Instead of being guarded by guards, he himself used the contracted house as a temporary residence and office. Now the county government of Wendeng County has a new name - the Wendeng Military Control Commission of Beihai Navy, which temporarily governs Wendeng and Rongcheng counties.
Kong Shaoan didn't like living in the county government at all. The layout was cramped and many places were in disrepair. It was quite gloomy at night and quite intrusive. However, because it was convenient to check the archives in the cabinet, he had no choice but to stay here temporarily. He
I plan to wait for Ninghai Prefecture and Haiyang County to be established before looking for a piece of land outside the county to build a new office space.
In ancient China, there has always been a saying that "officials do not repair yamen". Unless they are really dilapidated, they will be repaired, and repairs will be done wherever they are broken. You must know that repairing yamen is a waste of time for the people and money, and causes widespread complaints. Secondly, it is prone to corruption and suffers from corruption.
People report for impeachment; as for the third thing, you serve as an official for one term and are transferred when it expires. Why should my predecessors plant trees so that your descendants can enjoy the shade?
Kong Shaoan is from Shandong. He likes to eat noodles for breakfast. After eating a bowl of seafood noodles with pickles, he felt that the dryness of the night had been healed and he felt much more comfortable. But when he saw the note on the bill
I couldn't help but gnash my teeth at the stack of account books and papers that I hadn't read yesterday. You must know that few modern people can get used to the writing format of the ancients.
After looking at it for a while, he felt dizzy, and then he found a ruler to compare it with, and then he reluctantly continued to look at it.
No matter how reluctant he was, Kong Shaoan knew that he had to read these things patiently. You must know that taking over an already-larged county-level area is different from building a county from scratch. The latter is a blank sheet of paper that is easy to draw on.
What is lacking must be supplemented; and the former must first understand the composition of local social grassroots organizations, understand the local tax system, and have a clear understanding of population, fields, money, food, products, and even culture and education before embarking on reforms.
This time Beihai Town wants to dig in like nails in Jiaodong, rather than simply attract people. Zhao Xin’s goal for this Shandong plan is to accumulate experience and set a benchmark for the future by taking over and managing the four counties in Jiaodong.
, establish a model.
Kong Shaoan got up and walked around the yard for a while, smoked a cigarette, then went back to the house and sat down. He opened the household registration book with a ruler and just read two lines when a feeling of irritability arose spontaneously. He was thinking about whether to let the work team
The people who helped me read it over first, and when they had finished sorting it out, they saw the guards outside the door come in and report: "Commander-in-Chief, Liu Mengren from the household room and Yu Heli from the torture room have arrived."
Kong Shao An thought that he was just dozing off on his pillow - he came at the right time. He thought for a while and said, "Let Liu Mengren come in, and Yu Heli... let him come after lunch."
"yes!"
A few minutes later, I heard someone at the door saying in a deep voice with a cigarette voice: "Young man Liu Mengren, pay your respects to the Commander-in-Chief!"
"Please come in!"
As soon as Kong Shaoan finished speaking, he saw a middle-aged man in his forties walking in from the outside. He was short in stature, with a Chinese character face, thick eyebrows and big eyes, a dark complexion, a few strands of beard, and was wearing a starched suit.
He wears a whitish gray jacket, a dark mandarin jacket, and a six-in-one hat made of six pieces of black satin.
After this person entered the house, he respectfully walked to a place three steps away from Kong Shaoan's table, knelt down and kowtowed directly, and then said without raising his head: "The villain Liu Mengren, who was once the county official's house clerk, pays my respects."
master!"
Kong Shaoan recalled the scenes in the costume dramas he had watched before, stretched out his hand and said: "No need to be polite, please get up."
"Thank you, sir!"
Kong Shaoan waited for the other person to stand up and looked him up and down. This person looked honest and honest in appearance, but according to the information of the Intelligence Bureau, he was not a good person. He then said: "Mr. Liu, there is something I need to talk to you about."
Tell me."
Liu Mengren still maintained the fifteen-degree bowing posture, cupped his hands and said: "Please give me your instructions!"
Kong Shaoan said solemnly: "In the future, don't call me Master, and don't call me Commander-in-Chief. Now that military control committees have been established in Wen, Deng, and Rongcheng, I am also the director of the Military Control Committee, so just call me Director Kong."
"I obey my orders!" Liu Mengren knew very little about Beihai Town and was very curious about what rank the "director" was. At this time, he heard Kong Shaoan continue: "Moreover, I would like to trouble you to tell that Yu Heli later.
Clearly, there is no rule in Beihai Town about kneeling before officials. In the future, just bow your hands and bow your hands when you see me, and don’t kneel down again."
No one is born cheap and likes to kneel and kowtow. After hearing this, Liu Mengren showed a respectful look on his face, leaned down a little lower, and said with cupped hands: "Yes! I will definitely tell this to the commander-in-chief... oh
, Director, you have a kind heart and are lenient towards others, which is really a blessing to the people of Wendeng."
Kong Shaoan didn't know whether to laugh or cry after hearing this, and he didn't bother to talk anymore. He pointed to an armchair in front of him and said, "Mr. Liu, please sit down. I just have something to ask you."
"I don't dare! Director, you just gave me your orders. I will do my best." Liu Mengren thought that the other party was just being polite. You must know that in the past, he had not been able to sit in front of the county magistrate, let alone the big shot of the Northern Navy in front of him.
Kong Shaoan was too lazy to be humble anymore. He picked up an account book, opened two pages, pointed at the content above and said: "Mr. Liu, I see it says that Wendeng is six capitals and fifty miles away. I would like to ask, the capital mentioned above, A
What do the four terms "li" and "she" refer to?"
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! Liu Mengren said with a smile: "My lord, you have spoken harshly! I am of low status and should not use the word 'please'. What you are talking about is actually the imperial court, oh, no, it is inheritance.
The "Dujia system" of the Northern Song Dynasty and the "Lijia system" of the former Ming Dynasty. "Du" was set up under the county, and "Jia" was set up under the capital. In our dynasty, no..."
Kong Shaoan looked at it and said: "Mr. Liu, you don't have to worry about those Manchu and Qing titles. I don't care either. After all, I have been saying this for so many years and I can't change it for a while. Just make it clear."
"Yes!" Liu Mengren has worked in the household for more than 20 years. The reason why Baba came to see Kong Shaoan was because he wanted to continue working as an errand to provide food in the "New Dynasty"!
He wiped the sweat on his forehead with his sleeve and continued: "According to the old system of the Ming Dynasty, one hundred and ten households were divided into one li, and the li was divided into ten.
A household is one card, ten cards are one armor, and ten armors are one guarantee. As for the "she" you mentioned, it actually means "li", but here in Shandong, it is customary to call it "she", usually twenty or thirty households.
, forty or fifty families live together.”
Kong Shaoan listened and wrote down notes on paper. By the time the other party finished speaking, he roughly understood that the so-called "du" actually meant "township", and "li" and "she" were the same thing, referring to the village.
In the previous summary information of the Intelligence Bureau, it was mentioned that the rule of Rongcheng was three capitals and twenty miles, Wendeng was six capitals and fifty miles, Ninghai Prefecture was eight townships and seventy-seven communes, and Haiyang County was four townships and forty-five communes.
, people who don’t understand the situation will definitely be confused at first glance.
Kong Shaoan drew a simple form on his notepad and filled in the information of the four counties one by one. It was immediately clear to him: there were 21 townships and 192 administrative villages in total.
He picked up the information from the Intelligence Bureau, glanced at it twice, and asked: "Now that the 'Shunzhuang Law' has been implemented in many places in Shandong, how is the situation here in Wendeng?"
Liu Mengren was shocked. He didn't expect that the other party even knew this, so he sent another flattery: "Director, you are really knowledgeable and I admire you. Wendeng has been promoting this method since the 25th year of Qianlong's reign. It's just among the people."
It is still customary to use the name 'Lishe'."
Kong Shaoan smiled lightly and said: "When it comes to households, regardless of place, community, or corner, the cadastral is unclear."
Liu Mengren's heart suddenly trembled, and he realized that the other party was not a "stick", so he couldn't help but be very careful. In fact, what this guy explained before was really good, and many of the contents were based on the system before Kangxi fifty-one years ago.
, even though we still say that now, in fact, things have already changed inside.
It is said that in the early days, in order to control the grassroots society, the Huangce Lijia system was established. Lijia was responsible for money, food, taxes, and servitude, and Lishe guided folk beliefs and sacrifices, in order to achieve "establishing religion, clear ethics, and respecting the body."
The "li" in the Ming Dynasty was not a "she", but a grassroots organization higher than the "she".
Due to the difficulty in fixing the households and regions of the editors, in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Li Jia was gradually replaced by Tu Jia.
The "picture" of Tujia is related to the fish scale album, which is a relatively fixed geographical space. From then on, Lijia was no longer a household composed of 110 households, but transformed into a regional organization that governed several physical villages.
The upper level of "map" is "du", which is a legacy of the township capital system in the Song Dynasty and is divided according to region. There are two structures below the capital. One is the capital map, which is based on households and belongs to the yellow list system;
It is a metropolitan protection system that focuses on regions and belongs to the fish scale atlas system.
In order to stabilize the situation in the early Qing Dynasty, the household registration management system of Huangzhu Lijia and the cadastral management system of Yulinzhu were still implemented. In the fifth year of Shunzhi, the Qing government began to compile and examine the population and restored Lijia. However, the Lijia system could not show the actual situation of personnel movement. , the loss of household A was serious, leading to uneven taxes and servitude.
Until the fifty-first year of Kangxi, the Qing court's approach was the same as that of the Ming Dynasty, adopting a strict household registration system and rolling bill collection every year to maintain the operation of the Lijia system. Until the contradiction between the household registration system and Dingyin collection became increasingly serious, Kangxi then launched the policy of "nurturing people and never adding wealth".
Since then, the tax amount in various states and counties has been basically fixed. Although the ancient census calculation is meaningless, the fixed amount still has the phenomenon of uneven taxation; the powerful families of the officials, gentry and powerful families conceal the number of people, and poor farmers are reported in full. , As a result, the burden on farmers increased day by day, and taxes could not be collected in full. So when Yongzheng came to the throne, allotment of people into acres was officially put on the agenda. The head tax that had existed for thousands of years was gone, and the population explosion during the Yongzheng-Qianlong period naturally began. .
To allocate land, you must first find out the relationship between the property and the owner. The Qing government took the lead in implementing the "Shunzhuang method" in Zhejiang in the sixth year of Yongzheng, and then began to implement it in various parts of Shandong in the middle of Qianlong. The focus of Shunzhuang is " "Household regardless of location", abandoning land inventory, the focus is to clarify "who pays taxes", so that the tax amount falls on more household names; that is, the household names of the people are no longer based on the household registration of Lijia, but included in other household registrations. The actual village where one lives is collected according to the real household name in the village. The word "village" that is known to everyone in later generations appeared with the "Shunzhuang Law".
Since Shunzhuang is conducting an inventory of grain households and land properties, and straightening out the relationship between land properties and owners, then compiling the books of land properties and households according to the villages where they currently live will inevitably break the original Lijia pattern, so the grassroots organizational structure will be changed from Lijia to Lijia. Transformed with A to use natural villages as units.
The reform of the tax and servitude system, coupled with the abolition of the census system and the implementation of the "Shunzhuang Law", led the Qing government to strengthen the Baojia system to monitor the flow of people and rural crimes; its core was to emphasize the arrangement of households and require each household to A card was issued with a seal, and Ding's name was written on it. When going out, he would indicate where he was going, and when he came in, he would be traced where he came from. Anyone found with unknown origins would be arrested and punished. This established a militarized grassroots security system. , in the history of another time and space, it lasted until 1949 before being abolished.
Having said that, the reason why the "Shunzhuang Law" was vigorously promoted in Shandong during the Qianlong period was mainly to solve the problem of community division. The core was how to collect the annual tax in full.
She, Yu split, means to establish a new village from the original village. However, the village is not large, so it is called "Yu" by the government. Of course, the government is happy to have a new tax paying unit; the problem is that the people The wisdom of the masses is infinite. Although the establishment of a new place is due to the expansion of population, its purpose is mainly to evade taxes.
Moving out of the old village and establishing a new one on your own can, first of all, avoid the taxes and servitude of the old village. Secondly, due to the lag in registration with the government (or bribe the official to delay registration for a few years), you will pay a lot less tax!
In Shandong in the middle of Qianlong's reign, a village could actually be divided into dozens or hundreds of corners. This was no longer a real village, but a false name for tax evasion. As a result, the local grassroots organizations used to collect taxes were in chaos.
The burden of taxes and services on the people who stayed in the old villages would become heavier and heavier, resulting in the inability to collect taxes in full.
At this time, Kong Shaoan asked something casually, which immediately made Liu Mengren sweat on the back of his neck.
"Now that I'm talking about this, I suddenly remembered that there should be two copies of the Shunzhuang register. I found the county government's copy in the cabinet library. As for the township copy, please bring it to me, Mr. Liu."