Facts have proved that the US state of emergency is of no use.
When the disaster strikes, everyone is confused. There is no way, the United States has already ruined this thing. It is like the cry of wolf. If it is shouted too much, no one will believe it.
Thinking intuitively, when we talk about a state of emergency, we think of the United States being attacked.
But in actual operation, there is no such definition in regulations. Yes, in fact, what is a 'state of emergency' is not clearly defined in U.S. law. Some people in the legal profession believe that the declaration of a state of emergency is shocking, because everything is
It's just that the president is actively trying to seize the budget. Just like a certain Golden Retriever in Return of the King. The Constitution hands over the power of budget control to Congress, but Congress refuses to pay for a certain wall. The Golden Retriever declares a national emergency, which is obviously an attempt to usurp Congress's power to appropriate funds.
This kind of thing has happened many times in the history of the United States. After all, the Emergency Act was only established in 1979. As a result, it was enacted dozens of times in just a few years, an average of two or three times a year!
Everyone is used to it.
So this time, the White House issued a very serious press conference announcing a state of emergency.
But in reality, everyone from state governments to the people below is doing whatever they want.
There is no way, the power struggle between the state government and the federal government has continued from the United States to the present. As the head of state of the United States, the President of the United States is a very influential figure in the world and can express political stances on behalf of the country. So it seems that as long as he becomes the president
, he can dominate the situation. In fact, this is not the case. In the United States, the president does not even have the power to convene governors for meetings. Sometimes
They may even be "pointed at and scolded" by the governor. The United States is not a centralized country. It implements a federal system. Each state is a political entity and enjoys relatively independent sovereignty. There is only a cooperative relationship between the president and the governor, and there is no hierarchy between superiors and subordinates.
The laws are even different from one state to another. What is legal in one state may be illegal in another state.
States in a federal country and provinces in a unitary country are both first-level administrative units, so some people equate states with provinces in the United States. However, in a unitary country, provinces are under the jurisdiction of the central government and obey the instructions of the central government.
, and the states and the federal government in the United States have a separation of powers and checks and balances. The states have relative sovereignty and have no subordinate relationship with the federal government. Therefore, in the national structure of the United States, the states have great power and influence, which is different from the colonies before the founding of the United States.
History and the tradition of states' rights are inseparable.
The United States was once a British colony in North America. In the 17th century, the British King approved colonial charter companies to go to the North American continent to develop colonial undertakings. After they arrived in North America, they established immigration settlements there. Immediately afterwards, groups of Puritans who escaped religious persecution fled
The royalists in the political struggle, as well as the aristocratic ministers who were awarded land by the British King, all poured into this virgin land one after another. It was these early immigrants.
, opened up the North American continent into 13 North American colonies. Britain did not continue to expand westward because the location west of the Appalachian Mountains was close to French territory. In order to avoid disputes with France, Britain prohibited colonists from crossing the mountains to open up territory.
The 13 colonies in North America are different from other British overseas colonies. They all have their own territories and territories, as well as their relatively independent economies, cultural lives and religions.
The local residents, except for the indigenous Indians, basically immigrated from the British mainland. Relatively speaking, the British royal family has looser control over them because they were chartered by the British king and are more similar to the British.
It is a double contractual relationship. Although they have a high degree of autonomy, the colonial lords still have to report local affairs to the governor appointed by the British King. In addition to being allowed to self-govern by the British King, North American autonomy habits
It is also inseparable from the British tradition of autonomy. The British Empire is composed of multiple kingdoms, and its main kingdom is England. Since the Normans conquered England, England has been given the power of urban autonomy and can autonomously
Building its own institutions, minting its own currency, and declaring war and making peace with foreign countries, etc. Therefore, the history of British self-government is relatively long, starting with urban self-government in the Middle Ages.
At that time, England had a very obvious decentralization feature. The power of the royal power and the feudal nobles were in a balanced state. Local affairs were controlled by the nobles, and kingdom affairs and foreign affairs were controlled by the royal family. Although local areas enjoyed sovereignty, they were still subject to the supervision of the royal power. This was their
The key to the formation of local self-government. The original group of colonists who immigrated to North America were the English. They brought England's local self-government tradition, political culture, and people's sentiments to the New World. Therefore, the self-government habits of North America were actually "copied" from the United Kingdom.
Came here
.Although most of the North American colonies are descendants of England, under the influence of time and distance, their relationship with the mother country has gradually become alienated. After a long period of development, the colonies have also formed their own national consciousness and have a unified market.
, so they began to have more demands for political economy. The British were originally laissez-faire. After discovering that the North American economy became prosperous, the British royal family began to strengthen control, increase their taxes, and squeeze it. Finally, North America
Unbearable, he chose to break out the War of Independence.
In 1775, the War of Independence broke out. In order to unite against the British, the North American colonies planned to establish a permanent alliance with a common government to coordinate political and military affairs. The "Confederation" was born. The Confederation is actually a federation of countries, consisting of two or
Formed by two or more sovereign states, it is equivalent to an alliance relationship, similar to
Today's European Union. After the Declaration of Independence was issued, North America not only established the United States of America, but also turned its colonies into 13 free and independent states of the United States. Each state has the power to declare war, form alliances, and do business, and can make its own laws.
Self-built armed forces and self-operated trade, etc., so the states in the United States were born in the early days of the establishment of the Confederacy.
At that time, the Confederacy did not have the concept of a unified country, but was more like a combat alliance composed of 13 independent countries. Therefore, after the end of the Revolutionary War, without the common enemy of Britain, the shortcomings of the American confederal system began to gradually emerge. Since the sovereignty of the confederacy was
States, states can only see their own
There is no desire for unity and cooperation, and the alliance is very loose. In addition, the federal government is controlled by the states and has no sovereign authority, so the situation faced by the United States after independence is very severe. In the international environment, there are strong enemies suppressing the country, and it is surrounded by Spanish and British colonies.
, each state has its own agenda on internal issues.
Yes, and the tariff laws between states are different, resulting in many restrictions on interstate trade and causing discord among states. In order to solve these problems, some elites reformed the confederation system and created the "U.S. Constitution". The United States
Federalism is established in the Constitution. Federalism will “state
doctrine" and "state rights doctrine" to avoid the occurrence of national autocracy or local decentralization. However, as a new country, the internal affairs of the United States are still unstable, and domestic views on federal rights and state rights are also different.
Under the competition between the two viewpoints, new problems were born.
Anti-federal states' rights advocates believe that the powers divided among the federal government in the Constitution are too great. In addition to the Senate's three major powers: legislative, executive and judicial powers, the federal Congress also has two absolute powers: the standing army and the power to tax. Even the president
It also combines military power into one body, so they worry that state sovereignty will eventually be swallowed up by federal sovereignty, and the United States will develop into a centralized country. Anti-state rights nationalism
The author believes that the popular sovereignty created in the Constitution does not explicitly stipulate whether it is the popular sovereignty of the federation or the state, and the federation is no longer a union, but a unified country. If localism is not weakened, decentralization will occur again.
phenomenon, so the focus of sovereignty should be on the federation. Under the competition for sovereignty between the federation and the states, dual federalism was born. He
It is called a layered cake by American scholars, which is to draw a line of authority between the federal government and the states without interfering with each other. In fact, this system is the product of concessions made by both parties in order to maintain superficial peace. It has not made any substantial changes.
Because the federal government has not stopped expanding its functional powers, and the states are still emphasizing that the federal government should serve the states, the conflicts between them are getting deeper and deeper.
, and finally the American Civil War broke out. After the establishment of sovereignty, the federal government began to expand the scope of its power. Especially during the administration of President Roosevelt in the 20th century, their power was more significantly enhanced. In 1929, due to the basic contradictions of capitalist society
, there was a big crash in the New York stock market, and the capitalist world took this incident as a trigger and plunged into a comprehensive economic crisis.
It was from this time that the United States moved from "dual federalism" to "cooperative federalism." The balance of power between states and the federal government also became unbalanced due to the weakening of state rights and the development of federal centralization.
In the early 1970s, in order to solve the economic problems left over by the New Deal, President Richard Nixon introduced "New Federalism" to return the state rights specified in the Constitution to the states, that is, the security, education, and health of state residents.
As well as public service management and other aspects, it realigned the positions of the federal government and states to curb the development of centralization. This reform was pushed to a climax during the Reagan administration.
Reagan believed that the United States was a federal country composed of sovereign states. The original intention of establishing federalism was to adhere to the principle of autonomy and avoid over-centralization of big government. However, the economic crisis expanded the power of the federal government and deprived the states of their rights.
power, resulting in the loss of state rights and gradually deviating from the essence of federalism, so in order to completely eliminate cooperation
Reagan once again reformed the federal system due to the shortcomings left by the federal system. On the surface, Reagan's new federalism was to restore the autonomy of states and achieve a balance with federal power. In fact, it was to reduce the economic burden of the federal government. Regardless of
Whether it was the reinvention of the subsequent Clinton administration or the neoconservatism of George W. Bush, they were both a continuation of neofederalism.
Therefore, the current state rights in the United States are more like a service tool. They have relatively independent space and the power of local autonomy. However, they can no longer compete with the federal government like traditional state rights in the past. They are still subject to the federal government.
.Although it is subject to the federal system, compared with other countries that implement federalism, the state rights of the United States are large enough.
Sometimes, when it comes to some federal resolutions, state governments respond...very slowly.
For example, this federal state of emergency, states feel that it has nothing to do with them... They are too lazy to promote it. The U.S. federal government is not the kind of big government that can grasp it. They cannot mobilize resources at the state government level, so they are obviously very serious.
The state of emergency did not cause any disturbance among the people at all.
The key is that the federal government itself is at a loss... They only know that the crisis is coming, but they don't know where it comes from... or else, the Riddler should get out.
Why can't these people be more specific?
The starting point where the disaster first broke out was Sin City—Chicago!
…
chicago
The three heroines of justice are on daily patrol.
Kelly has been very depressed recently.
Because she found... no matter how hard they tried, they couldn't change the city.
Chicago, one of the most famous crime cities in the world.
The third largest city in the United States, the Chicago Bulls where Jordan plays, the origin of International Labor Day, and the hometown of skyscrapers!
These are Chicago labels.
It's a pity that the impression given here now... is only gangsters and gunfights.
"This is a war zone now, and Chicago is going crazy." A Chicago pastor described the frequent vicious shootings. According to data from Forbes, from 2001 to 2016, 4,504 Americans died on the Iraqi battlefield.
, 2,384 Americans died in the Afghan battlefield, and shockingly, a total of 7,916 people were "dead" in Chicago, far more than the two wars combined.
Data from the Chicago Police Department shows that areas with high rates of shootings in Chicago tend to be home to more low-income and minority populations, and their gathering is “blamed” on a period of history. As an important trade center and transportation center in the Great Lakes region, Chicago
It once accepted two groups of immigrants. The first group was Italians. In the early days of the United States,
During the period of economic development, the Chicago government began to build public housing for them to solve the housing problem. The second group was black people from the American South. In the 1950s, white Americans implemented extremely strict racial laws in the South.
, under oppression, black people had to go to Chicago to find opportunities.
The original old-fashioned public housing could not accommodate a large number of black immigrants, and white people did not want to share the community with black people. Therefore, the government built a batch of new public housing in the south part of Chicago for black people to live in. The area and facilities of the public housing were far less than those of white people. Many communities accommodated
The number of people has exceeded the original design number.
For a long time, such independent communities have formed "local separatism."
Chicago's economy is booming, the unemployment rate is only 3.8%, and one-third of urban workers earn at least US$100,000 a year. It can be said that this is a landmark achievement, leading the country. However, the rich are too rich, and the poor are too rich.
Too poor, Chicago's wealth is unevenly distributed in such completely segregated neighborhoods. According to Chicagoans
According to census data, 34% of local African Americans live below the poverty line. The median income of residents in African American communities is $20,000 less than the median income of residents in other areas of the city. Poor and weak residents cannot find a living.
As a way out, young people in the community gradually turn to violence and carry out criminal activities wantonly, and these communities naturally become "gang bases."