Mr. Einstein, the third-level provisional patent officer, was carefully comparing Planck's 1900 paper with Li Yu's current paper. After reading for a long time, he felt that he was more accepting of Planck's "energy quanta" statement.
As for Li Yu, directly using "quantum" to describe it is too advanced.
Einstein found the formulas of Wien and Rayleigh and studied them carefully. At this time, he seemed to see something:
Wien's starting point is based on classical thermodynamics, and he obviously used Boltzmann's molecular and atomic hypotheses to obtain Wien's formula that is well adapted to high frequencies.
——To put it simply, Wien starts from the perspective of particles.
As for Rayleigh, although it is also deduced based on classical theory, the foundation of Rayleigh's theory is Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, thus obtaining the Rayleigh formula (strictly speaking, it should be called the Rayleigh-Jeans formula) that is well adapted to low frequencies.
——To put it simply, Rayleigh starts from the perspective of waves.
One is a particle and the other is a wave?
They are only partially consistent.
However, the theories of Li Yu and Planck can be perfectly consistent with black body radiation.
Rubens said: "That's why I say it's unbelievable! And look at the article he recently published to refute Professor Ostwald. It's also wonderful. The logic of the writing is as natural as the spring wind. It seems that he could have guessed it a long time ago.
What others said."
Werner von Siemens, the founder of Siemens, has passed away, and the current leaders are his younger brother and two sons, who of course still bear the surname Siemens.
Rubens said: "These are very incredible results, but they are all astronomical discoveries."
This diplomatic method is really very clever, and it makes many people feel that the United States has done a great good thing and praise it.
As for the United States, it is still in the catching-up stage. However, after World War II, the science center quickly moved to the United States. One of the reasons is that many German scientists fled to the United States.
Li Yu received Liang Cheng's telegram and quickly returned to Washington from New York.
Planck's constant later became one of the three basic physical constants that make up the universe (the other two are the speed of light and the gravitational constant), and its status is so transcendent.
Wien was still struggling with many theories and formulas, and he felt a little discouraged when he heard it: If Mach and Ostwald didn't have the strength to fight back, he didn't know whether he should continue to search for the theory of Planck and Li Yu.
loopholes.
Kohlrausch explained: "Having said that, the opposition is too loud. Now I can't find many Planck supporters in China. His theory is too subversive. It's just a man named Li Yu."
The derivation given is so perfect that no problem can be found."
Li Yu said: "Of course we have to fight for this matter. In addition, the ambassador can also propose that the United States stop asking for Boxer reparations."
Li Yu said: "This is not an inversion. Now that the Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States has hindered the dumping of its products, they also want to make up for it through other ways. Besides, do you think the United States is short of money?"
Although the returned Gengzi compensation has indeed done practical things and built famous schools including Tsinghua University, the money is actually ours.
Germany, Imperial Institute of Physics and Technology.
In the following ten years, he himself often warned others to use his theory and Planck's constant with caution.
Hai Yi added: "At the beginning, Mr. Li Hongzhang was very impressed by our skyscrapers and hoped to build them in your country."
"In other words, they are all correct?" Carl Siemens asked.
The name "Li Yu" was very familiar to Wayne. He raised his head and asked, "Why did he go to the United States again? What new discoveries did he make?"
The two have never met, but they are already connected through quantum theory.
Liang Cheng naturally knew the great strength of the United States, and the United States did not seem to have any colonies. Compared with the European powers, it seemed to be more "harmless to humans and animals".
But as we all know, diplomacy actually looks at comprehensive national strength. "A weak country has no diplomacy" and "it will be beaten if it falls behind" are probably the two most profound and painful lessons in the modern history of the Chinese nation.
According to the actual situation, when the United States decided to return the Boxer Indemnity, the Qing government had already compensated more than half.
Liang Cheng is a smart man, so of course this kind of matter must be handled diplomatically diplomatically.
However, Wien obviously did not want to continue to study Baron Rayleigh or even Li Yu's thesis. He still wanted to continue to improve his own theory.
This is the core of the study of blackbody radiation at the end of the 19th century. Many data, images, and experiments were made here.
Liang Cheng said excitedly: "Little friend Li Yu said that very well! Your suggestion is exactly what I want!"
Liang Cheng said: "Mr. Lao Hai."
They had already received huge benefits, which far outweighed their losses. Then they borrowed flowers to send to the Buddha, waived the remaining compensation, and sold them to a good person.
Li Yu could only reply: "Dear Professor Planck, I am honored that you like this science fiction work. I will write a sequel as soon as possible, so stay tuned."
Liang Cheng smiled bitterly and said: "The Qing Dynasty is too poor now, how can it afford any servants?"
When he was young, Planck was very interested in literature and music, and was especially good at playing the piano, but eventually his interest turned to physics.
Well, Li Yu didn't know whether to laugh or cry when he received this telegram.
Kohlrausch said: "The British Royal Society has awarded Li Yu a foreign academician. I think the British people are not bad at it."
Since the founder Werner von Siemens was very passionate about physics and was a physicist himself, his investment in the Imperial Institute of Physics and Technology was quite substantial. The initial investment was US$125,000. Of course, the German Parliament later funded a lot more
.
Anyway, with the current status of the Qing Dynasty, Liang Cheng could only wait for others' free time.
Just do it, Planck took up the pen and drafted a message to Li Yu:
"Mysterious and great Eastern Science Star, the paper you wrote surprised me! But what I want to know more now is the evil Galactic Empire and the powerful Darth Vader in the book "Star Wars: A New Hope"
What happens next, does Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia end up together?"
As for the reason, everyone should make their own judgment.
He was already in his forties when he proposed the quantum hypothesis. He was not an enthusiastic young man, and even if he did not have a high reputation, he was still a university professor and an academician of the Academy of Sciences, so he tried to be prudent in everything he did and could not make mistakes.
Planck, like Siemens and others, believed that Germany was the center of world science, and he was deeply conceited about this.
At the end of the message, Planck finally remembered "business" and added: "If you can come to Germany, you must discuss the most profound mysteries of physics with your husband face to face."
"Tch!" Carl Siemens said disdainfully, "Now the center of science should be in Germany. I will write to Li Yu now. I can also build a new research institute for him in Germany."
Li Yu had previously received an invitation from Hilbert from the University of Göttingen, and he would definitely go to Germany, so he replied: "I will definitely go to Germany to seek advice from the professor in person."
Many European companies now like to sponsor scientific research projects. Later, the famous Copenhagen School represented by Bohr was sponsored by the brewer Carlsberg.
Wien was stunned: "Astronomy! How can he still have time to engage in astronomy while studying such a difficult problem of black body radiation?"
——
So Xiao Ming said: I will not refund the 6,000 yuan that has been compensated to me. I can waive the remaining 4,000 yuan, but only in name! You have to transfer this money to a bank account called "Education Subsidy"
's account.
Hay received a rigorous university education and studied law, which is very useful for politics. He followed Lincoln in his youth and was his personal secretary. During the Civil War, he was awarded the rank of colonel. Since then, he has been active in politics. He is a very mature man.
A politician and diplomat, he also helped the United States obtain the right to dig the Panama Canal. In short, he is the best among the secretaries of state in American history.
Liang Cheng thought: "I'm just afraid of offending Americans."
The Secretary of State has always been an extremely important position in American politics, ranking at least the fifth or sixth most powerful position.
Planck, as the first person to open the door to quantum theory, was indeed a bit conservative in his thinking. After all, he had previously studied classical thermodynamics and electromagnetism.
Historically, Liang Cheng would not officially mention this matter until almost the next year, but the sooner the better.
Kohlrausch said: "Mr. Planck seems not yet ready to advocate for his shocking theory."
He was really excited at this time. Anyone would be extremely happy when they see their research results accepted. He is also much luckier than Boltzmann's fate. At least he will be able to see quantum mechanics sweeping the world in his lifetime.
Thousands of miles to open up frontiers.
Li Yu said: "The reason the United States proposed for the Boxer Reparations was to compensate for its losses in the Boxer Rebellion, but obviously the more than 30 million taels of silver the United States requested far exceeded their actual losses."
Of course, German science was indeed very strong at this time and there were too many great people. Even Einstein was originally a German national.
Kurban also said: "That's right! I heard that even Mr. Mach went to learn new theories."
After closing the book, Planck was still thinking about the plot in the book, "It's kind of interesting. I don't know how the story will go next."
When they arrived at the White House, they first met with the then US Secretary of State John Hay.
However, German science is still advancing by leaps and bounds, and great progress has been made in many fields.
In short, Li Yu still believes that the only thing he can thank is the wisdom and efforts of diplomats like Liang Cheng.
He was drinking coffee while reading it with relish, and he read it in one go.
But Xiao Ming relied on force to make an agreement with you, asking you to compensate you 10,000 yuan.
He would never have imagined that Dang Planck’s first telegram to him would be a reminder for a manuscript! It turns out that he also likes science fiction novels!
Later, when you paid 6,000 yuan in compensation, you went to Xiao Ming to ask for it.
Kohlrausch said: "At this point, there are no problems."
However, the great powers were unwilling to lag behind other countries and competed for extortion, and finally jointly concocted a huge amount of Boxer Indemnity.
They are all experts in experimentation. If you say so, there must be no problem.
When the Eight-Power Allied Forces discussed the amount of compensation in a dirty manner, the United States felt that the amount was a bit high, because the United States' current policy is not military expansion, but it still hopes to engage in trade. Therefore, out of its own long-term interests, it is recommended that the amount of compensation be set within a reasonable range.
This can also prevent China's economic collapse, otherwise everyone will not be well off.
Li Yu said: "Compared with other countries, the United States is the best to strive for. If this matter is accomplished, it will definitely be a major event that will contribute to the country."
You may have never heard of this advocate, but you must be familiar with the policy of "open door, all interests shared" that he strongly advocated.
Could it be that?
Director Kohlrausch said: "Mr. Siemens, the sponsor of the institute, said that this problem that has plagued the institute for many years has been solved. He is very happy and wants to fund this outstanding emerging scientist, but he needs enough correct evidence. Since
The test is in perfect agreement, so I can tell him the truth."
It can only be said that the world has lost an excellent musician, but gained a pioneering scientific master.
Carl Siemens said: "Fortunately, Planck is also a German. I heard that he is a professor at the University of Berlin, so why not give them a fund to continue this research."
It was here that Wien originally developed his own Wien formula and won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Liang Cheng was originally a young boy studying in the United States, and he understood the importance of education very well. If so much money could be spent on education, it would definitely be a good thing for the country and the people.
University of Berlin.
Kurban said: "I read the article about extragalactic galaxies first. Just like how rigorous he was when he discovered Pluto, the paper was so wonderful that I even wanted to go to the observatory to see it."
Li Yu nodded: "We can suggest that they use the returned compensation for education."
——
After staying in the United States for so long, Liang Cheng, the Qing ambassador to the United States, finally got the opportunity to meet with U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.
The United States has asked for a total of more than 32 million taels in compensation, and China has already compensated more than half. The so-called refund means that the remaining money that has not been compensated is discarded, but China still has to actually take out the money and use it according to their requirements, such as education
.
You can't blame him for this, after all, who could have imagined that the future development of quantum mechanics would be so broad.
Xiao Ming rushed into your house, smashed and looted, and you soiled Xiao Ming's clothes because of your struggle. Xiao Ming's clothes lost 100 yuan.
Carl Siemens said: "In this case, it means it is still correct. Science is like starting a company. There is always a process for accepting new theories, as long as you don't make mistakes."
Liang Cheng was surprised: "Stop the Gengzi indemnity?! How is that possible?"
"Very good." Kohlrausch nodded.
"Have you seen it?" Rubens said, "This Chinese named Li Yu is really indescribable. He just explained the black body radiation formula, and he actually made so many great astronomical moves in the United States."
Even after World War I, Germany suffered extremely heavy losses and was almost beaten to the end. The amount of reparations was almost unlimited. It was also ostracized by the international scientific community. Among the 275 scientific conferences held from 1919 to 1925, 165
No Germans were invited.
Carl Siemens did not understand physics as well as his brother, and asked again: "Why? I have heard that black body radiation is one of the most popular theories in physics today."
Although Li Yu knew that Liang Cheng would definitely be able to do it in the future, as a party involved, Liang Cheng was still unsure.
Planck had already become famous at that time. In 1918, he said in a speech at the Prussian Academy of Sciences: "Even if the enemy deprives us of our defense power, even if the crisis is happening before our eyes, there is even a more serious crisis coming. One thing is
What enemies, whether domestic or foreign, cannot take away from us: that is the position of German science in the world! The first task of the Academy is to safeguard this position, if necessary, to defend it at all costs!"
Liang Cheng said: "I take it to heart and will definitely bring it up when I have the opportunity."
Before he could think of what to say, the director of the institute, Kohlrausch, came and said after entering the door: "Have you understood Li Yu's article?"
So you still have to transfer the remaining 4,000 yuan to the account, and then Xiao Ming also hired a lawyer to supervise it. The money can only be used to pay your tuition and cannot be used for other purposes.
Wayne wanted to refute, but couldn't find a good starting point for the moment, so he had to remain silent.
While Gu was meditating, two researchers from the institute, Rubens and Kurban, came back. They were the two who originally discovered the low-frequency failure phenomenon of Wien's formula through experiments.
He was holding a book in his hand, and it was "Star Wars: A New Hope."
After meeting Li Yu, Liang Cheng said to him: "This meeting is very important. Westerners always value the first impression. We must put our best foot forward and try to get the United States to agree to re-enroll our international students."
Carl Siemens obviously thought of the mistakes made by Levien at the institute at that time.
Einstein felt a sudden inspiration and quickly read Li Yu's paper again. He felt more and more enlightened in his heart. That's it!
——
Hai Yi seemed to be in a good mood and chatted: "When Mr. Li Hongzhang from your country came to our United States, I remember that he was surrounded by people and had many servants. Why is it different, sir?"
Liang Cheng originally wanted to open up educational channels between the two countries. After hearing what Li Yu said, he felt that it was indeed feasible.
This is what the United States calls the return of the Boxer Indemnity.
Even though Liang Cheng had just taken office, he understood that this was an extremely difficult diplomatic incident.
Liang Cheng sighed: "I understand, but..."
However, Planck did not continue to do research at this moment. As a somewhat simple or old-school scientist, he did not get involved in the debate with other opponents. Li Yu was basically "fighting with the Confucian scholars".
How to say this kind of thing, let’s use an analogy:
Two researchers, Kurban and Rubens, said: "Director, we have seen it a long time ago, and it is indeed in perfect agreement with the test results."
Planck replied: "As soon as possible! I haven't read such an interesting science fiction work for a long time, and my imagination really amazes me! The grand scene is as fascinating as Beethoven's piano music."
Rubens was holding a magazine in his hand. Although it was written in English, in today's academic circles, people generally understand several languages, no matter what their major.
Carl Siemens asked: "Why not?"
Hai Yi was chatting with several senior officials at this time. After seeing Liang Cheng, he said: "Ambassador Liang, please wait a moment. Mr. President will be free soon."
The more Planck thought about it, the more troubled he became. He suddenly thought: "Isn't it too much for me to send a telegram to Li Yu?"
Kohlrausch said: "I'm afraid Mr. Planck won't agree."
If it were in later generations, the status of an ambassador to the United States would be very high.
Liang Cheng continued his misery: "All the money from the national finance has been used to pay compensation, how can there be money for construction? The people are miserable and their spending power has almost been lost."
Hay opened his mouth. The United States did not want to see this. After all, it still wanted to sell goods to China. He sighed: "The compensation paid by the Qing Dynasty to the United States did far exceed the actual losses suffered by the United States in the Boxer Rebellion Incident.
"
The speaker has no intention, the listener has intention.
Li Yu had already vaccinated Liang Cheng before, but when these words came from the mouth of the US Secretary of State, Liang Cheng became even more convinced of Li Yu's judgment. What a joke.