Chapter 161 The Troubles in Nancha (87) Ideal and Reality
"Dividing one person into another? I remember learning it when I was in middle school." Liu Xin thought for a while, with a thoughtful look on her face: "But I only remember that the general meaning is that everyone has to pay taxes...right?"
Gao Pragmatic was very rude this time and rolled his eyes directly: "Either your teacher deserves the punishment, or you deserve the punishment. I don't know what you learned in history class."
Liu Xin said angrily: "Well...it took too long, and I learned it and didn't use it, so I naturally forgot it." Then she pursed her lips and said: "Okay, okay, I know you are an expert, so don't show off and tell me directly.
What on earth does the whipping method have to do with the idea of working as a farmer?"
Gao pragmatically said: "It's a whipping method. To make it easier for you to understand, to put it crudely, it can be regarded as the early preparation stage of spreading the land from one person to another."
"Why? There is an inheritance or development relationship between the two of them?" Liu Xin obviously did not understand.
Gao pragmatic touched his chin and said thoughtfully: "Let me think about how to explain it to you."
Liu Xin didn't rush him, and just waited for him to think for a while before hearing him say: "Let's put it this way, the whip method is mainly to solve the problem of 'labor' collection. Our current saying in Ming Dynasty is 'to sum up a county'
Taxes were calculated based on the amount of land, and silver was levied on all. Officials were divided and paid by hired servants.'
There are four main points here: First, all taxes are levied in silver, and land tax and labor service are all levied at a discount of silver. In this way, labor service is abolished, and the court or yamen hires people to fill the service.
Second, part of the labor service is allocated to the land tax. But you have to note that now not all the labor service is allocated to the land tax, but only part of it.
Third, the collection items should be consolidated and simplified and allocated in a unified manner. At present, all kinds of taxes are converted into silver taels, part of which is apportioned according to Ding, and part which is apportioned according to land tax.
The fourth is the collection and distribution of taxes and levies, which was changed from the people's collection and the people's liberation to the officials' collection and official's relief. This is to avoid the gentry from interfering too much and having their hands in the process of collection. I know that it is inevitable for the government to do this.
There are cases of fraud, but the government and officials are at least supervised by the Metropolitan Procuratorate and other agencies, and the local gentry is even more lawless than the government."
Liu Xin said "Oh", as if to regain her position, she added: "Just like your Gao family is in Xinzheng?"
Gao pragmatic hesitated for a moment and said angrily: "Our Gao family has a good reputation among Xinzheng townships, at least so far. There may be some relatives who are a little more powerful on weekdays, but at least they will not bully good people.
Well, this family tradition is enough to boast of at present."
Liu Xin covered her mouth and smiled, nodding her head again and again: "Yes, yes, I know, I know. Because of you, your family doesn't look down on the local oil and gas in Xinzheng. Not only does it not bully the good, but it is even helpful and generous.
.
Your own reputation will be even better. The local coal mines and kilns in Xinzheng even pay the highest wages in the Jinghua Department. They also spend money on construction at every turn, such as the embankment of Shuangjie River, what about Xinzheng?
Go to Kaifeng's official website, and so on, and so on. It's like the God of Wealth descending to earth, and everyone praises it."
Gao pragmatic glared at her, too lazy to say anything more.
Liu Xin giggled again, then coughed lightly, pretending to be serious and said: "Okay, okay, you continue to talk, I just talked about one whipping method, what's the situation with the stall owner entering the mother's house?"
Gao Pragmatic said helplessly: "The main purpose of apportioning people into acres is to solve the problem of uneven taxes and servitudes. It is to spread the entire amount of land tax into acres and collect it together with the land tax. From then on, the capitation tax was completely abolished and the tax was reduced.
It also eliminates the burden on landless peasants and prevents wealthy people who own large amounts of land from evading taxes and servitude, which helps stabilize the ruling order and stabilize taxation."
Liu Xin suddenly said: "Oh, you put it like this... Although I still don't know the details, but since you said that sharing a small share of land, it has reduced the burden on farmers with little land, and also made it easier for rich people who own a large amount of land to
If there is no way to avoid taxes and servitude, then I know that this matter will definitely not be easy to handle."
Gao pragmatically nodded and said: "Of course it is difficult to handle, so although I dislike the Taqing, I have always admitted that the Taqing also produced a 'great emperor'."
"Oh, who is it? Kangxi?"
"No, whether Kangxi is considered an emperor or not depends on several aspects individually. If evaluated comprehensively, it depends on which aspects the evaluator personally prefers, that is, what things he weighs more heavily...
Anyway, it’s controversial.”
Liu Xin was surprised and said: "Kangxi doesn't count? Then...Qianlong?"
Gao Pingshi snorted and said disdainfully: "In my opinion, the distance between Qianlong and the 'Great Emperor' is not only the distance between heaven and earth, but also at least one Pacific Ocean."
"Really?" Liu Xin said unexpectedly: "Aren't they all talking about the prosperous age of Kangxi and Qianlong? They don't count, so who counts?"
"What a coincidence, it's the one between the two of them: Emperor Yongzheng." Gao Pingshi said seriously: "The concept of sharing the land with others came into being in the early years of Yongzheng's reign. Based on this measure alone, I am willing to admit that he is the emperor."
Emperor'."
Liu Xin was quite stunned. After a while, she curiously said: "This reform is so powerful? Is it more amazing than a whip method?"
"Is the one-whip method great? I think this needs to be discussed separately." Anyway, there were no outsiders. Gao pragmatically crossed his legs again and changed to a comfortable sitting position, saying: "The one-whip method was proposed in the early Jiajing period, almost
It was during the period of my third uncle that it really received attention and began to be implemented on a trial basis. In the original history, it was Zhang Juzheng who forcibly promoted it nationwide at the end of his reign.
Before the One Whip Law was implemented, taxes could be paid in many ways, including silver, rice, and in some places silk, brocade, and other physical objects. Of course, the most important one was that food could be tax deducted.
After the whipping method, the court stipulated that only silver could be paid. The effect of this was to greatly increase the silver income of the national treasury, but there was a problem. For ordinary people, money was very scarce, but food
Taxes can no longer be deducted, so they need to find someone to sell the grain in exchange for money to pay the tax. This gives those who have the money to collect grain - such as landlords, gentry and even grain tycoons - the opportunity to exploit, which in turn worsens the situation.
relieved the burden on the people.
This chapter is not finished yet, please click on the next page to continue reading the exciting content! At the same time, you also know that the land annexation situation among big landowners is extremely serious now. Many ordinary people do not have much land, but they have to pay taxes.
This was tantamount to the second exploitation. So by the time of the Apocalypse and the Chongzhen Dynasty, the whip method had no positive effect. Instead, it forced the people to be more desperate and aggravated the demise of the Ming Dynasty.
Therefore, there are advantages and disadvantages to the whipping method. It is good for the government's finances, but it is harmful to ordinary people, especially those in economically underdeveloped areas. However, it has no adverse effects on the landlords and rich people, and it is even good news.
My third uncle and I have been trying our best to promote the whipping method in Jiangnan and other places, but we have never been willing to promote it in the north. This is not because we are from the north, but because the south has a developed commodity economy, has made a lot of profits, and has the ability to implement it.
The conditions of the one-whip method.
The north is dominated by farming, has a relatively simple economic structure, and the people's burden is extremely heavy, so it is not suitable for promotion. In the original history, the reason why the peasant uprisings in the late Ming Dynasty mostly occurred in the north and were extremely large-scale, Zhang Juzheng forcibly promoted it.
A whip actually carries a lot of responsibility."
"Oh, it turns out this is a double-edged sword..." Liu Xin nodded and said thoughtfully: "The reason why you want to inflate the Ming Dynasty is because you want the people in the north to have money in their hands, at least.
If you can afford to pay taxes, you won’t be forced into desperation because of taxes, right?”
Gao Pragmatic nodded and said: "If we want to improve administrative efficiency, increase fiscal revenue, and ensure civil stability, then quietly increasing the amount of money circulating in the market is the most critical, simplest, and most inconspicuous way.
I dare say that by then, although most people will be able to feel something, for example, I am obviously more 'rich', but why I can still buy so many things - they will not understand the reason.
But by then, I had avoided a huge disaster."
"What you said reminds me of 'A good fighter has no great achievements.'" Liu Xin said with a smile: "Then even if you succeed, I'm afraid you will just be an unknown hero for once, and no one will know your merits."
"It doesn't matter, I don't lack credit." Gao Pragmatic shrugged, spread his hands, and said: "It's actually quite easy to get credit in this era, just hit this and that. As long as the country is strong, it won't be difficult.
On the contrary, it is very boring and has no sense of accomplishment for me.”
Liu Xin smiled bitterly and said: "Well, your ideal is a bit... mysterious. I am still more accustomed to taking the expansion of territory as a major achievement." Then he paused and asked again: "There are advantages and disadvantages to a whipping method. Could it be that
Is it completely good to have just one person sharing the same acres?"
Gao pragmatically said: "Before the Yongzheng period, the Qing Dynasty adopted the Ming Dynasty system, and the court collected taxes on a per-capita basis like the Ming Dynasty. The rough meaning is that the number of households in your home is multiplied by the amount of money for each household.
Ding numbers are used to pay taxes.
The disadvantages of this are obvious. For example, if a rich person and a poor person have the same number of children in their families, then they will pay the same tax. Therefore, the poor people will bear a heavy burden, while the rich people will bear a light burden.
Yongzheng's reforms abolished the head tax. The method of apportioning people into acres was to change the method of collecting taxes on a per capita basis and to collect taxes on a land basis. They paid as much tax as they had as much land as they had. The poor had less land, so they paid less, and the rich had more land, so they paid less.
The more you pay, the more you pay. This greatly increases the revenue of the treasury and also reduces the burden on the poor to a certain extent.
In this way, the number of people in the family will no longer increase the tax burden, and the pressure on people with little or no land will be greatly reduced. This will also relax the household registration management, thus promoting the mobility of the population, and to a certain extent, promoting
Large-scale population explosion and the development of commodity economy.
However, if you want to say that there are no disadvantages in sharing land, it depends on which class standpoint you look at this matter. After all, it is still a product of the feudal era, which greatly strengthened the feudal land ownership system - do you think
Is this good or bad? I don't know how to evaluate it.
If I look at it from the standpoint of a former party member and cadre, then the diversion of land into mu is an objective hindrance to social change; if I look at it from the standpoint of the Minister of Household Affairs in the Ming Dynasty, the diversion of land into mu is something that can be considered at present.
The perfect tax system.”
Liu Xin couldn't help but smile and said: "I think we probably won't be able to go back. You'd better do your best as the Minister of the Ministry of Finance."
Gao pragmatic smiled and said nothing.
Liu Xin added: "By the way, I would like to ask, if this 'perfect tax system' can really be implemented, how much improvement can it make to the Ming Dynasty's current dilemma of being short of money?"
"I haven't calculated this carefully." Having said that, Gao Pragmatic emphasized: "But from the early years of Yongzheng to the end of Yongzheng, the Qing government's land revenue increased nearly ten times. This is well-documented.
"
"Ten times?" Liu Xin was really surprised this time, her beautiful eyes widened: "Are there so many? Does that mean that if it can be implemented, the current burden on the people can be reduced ten times? But... the tax burden on the rich
Wouldn’t it increase a lot, and these people can agree?”
"Destroying people's wealth is like killing their parents, how can it be so easy to agree to it?" Gao Pragmatic sighed and said with a wry smile: "If it weren't for the outstanding curative effect, but the resistance must be huge, why would I bother so much and divide the reform into so many steps?
, is being carried out cautiously? Oh, you think I’m full of food and working hard here, and don’t know the benefits of getting it right in one step?”
It took Liu Xin a while to recover, but she looked at Gao Pragmatic carefully, making him feel a little uncomfortable. Liu Xin then said slowly: "Now I feel that you are really an ideal person -
—This sentence is not meant as a joke."
Gao Pragmatic smiled bitterly and handed over his hands: "I am so grateful for the favor, but I don't deserve it."
"It's really not a compliment, and you don't have to be ashamed of it." Liu Xin said sternly: "Yongzheng was able to work as a co-owner, and I don't know if he did it smoothly or not, but he must not have faced any resistance.
The resistance you face is huge - after all, he is not a Han emperor, and his rule ultimately relies on military coercion, so the Han minister's rhetoric of not competing for the interests of the people is all nonsense to him."
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! Gao pragmatically raised his eyebrows. Although he did not speak, judging from his expression, he acquiesced.
Liu Xin also fell silent. After thinking for a while, she picked up the conversation again and said, "So you don't want Huang Dutong to break up with the Portuguese now because you are worried about affecting the Spanish-Portuguese Empire's attitude towards the Ming Dynasty.
Are you particularly worried that the inflow of American silver—whether it comes directly from the Americas or from Europe—will be affected, which will in turn affect your reform of the Ming Dynasty?"
Gao pragmatically replied simply: "Yes."
Liu Xin pondered: "What if there is silver in other places? I mean a large amount of silver, such as a large silver mine."
Gao pragmatically smiled: "If you want me to go to Japan and win the Iwami Silver Mine, I can only say that the time has not come yet."
"Oh?" Liu Xin frowned and said, "Since you know about the Shijian Silver Mine, you must also know how big its output is. I estimate that if you dig there for ten or eight years, it will probably be enough for you to use a whip.
It’s needed for nationwide promotion.”
"I know this, but Japan is about to be unified. There are a large number of samurai and ronin who are worried about having nothing to do. Toyotomi Hideyoshi is also worried about not knowing how to arrange them. If I go to fight Japan at this time, I will simply be giving trouble to Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
Give me a pillow."
Gao Pragmatic shook his head: "Not to mention that Southern Xinjiang has been decided, and Jinghua is now short of money. What can I do to fight against at least hundreds of thousands of samurai ronin in Japan who are worried about their livelihood? Moreover, for what reason should I fight against Japan? Or even retreat.
Ten Thousand Steps said, even if I defeat it, how should I explain this move to the court and the emperor at that time?"
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