Xu Cifu suddenly jumped out and reminded everyone to discuss matters as they happened, but with just this action, the people present immediately began to speculate on his intentions.
It can be said that successful politicians seem to have studied criminal psychology, because in the eyes of politicians, no matter what another political figure does or says, the first thing that needs to be considered is the other party's motives.
Xu Guo's motives are not difficult to guess. Although his alliance with Shen Li can be regarded as a force within the real school, it only relies on their two signature figures, and they have too few capable generals. It is wrong.
Both of them are in high positions, otherwise they would definitely not be able to compete with Yu Yin, who was the first assistant under Gao Pragmatic for three terms.
What's more, in addition to Yu Yin, the third chief assistant, Gao Pragmatic has already shown his versatility in civil and military affairs, and his reputation among the nine generals is unparalleled in the world. Unless the court is so comfortable that there are no dangers, his status in the eyes of the emperor is absolutely
Will not waver.
Under such circumstances, Xu Cifu, as another faction within the pragmatic school, could not hope to defeat Gao pragmatism, but could only hope to prevent Gao pragmatism's power status from continuing to expand. Therefore, it must be wrong for him to jump out and say this.
I would like to see that the power of the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasty officials is too expanded.
Wu Dui spoke immediately, coughed lightly, and said slowly and calmly: "What Cifu said is absolutely true, it is the right thing to discuss the matter based on the facts. But in my opinion, the current problem is not within the power boundary of the Meng Yuan Dynasty's office.
It's about whether there should be limits on Shang Fangjian's power... If you think there should be limits, why?"
Xu Guo frowned a little when he heard this, and he was somewhat suspicious of Wu Dui's intentions: Could it be that you want to say that the imperial power is unlimited?
But after thinking about it carefully, I feel that Wu Dui would not ignore the "principle" like this - you are also a civil servant. Do you want to limit the imperial power? Can you limit it? Don't you know? The imperial power of the Ming Dynasty has been what we civil servants have been doing for the past two hundred years.
Are you trying to limit it? It's just that you can't say this clearly. After all, the emperor himself is the embodiment of "heaven", which is inviolable and supreme in principle.
But even so, it is highly debatable whether the Shang Fang Sword, which represents the emperor, also means that he enjoys full imperial power. After all, it is just a sword given by the emperor. Not only does its effectiveness have a limited time limit, but the scope of the exercise of power also has a prescribed scope. So
The imperial power it represents is naturally incomplete.
Everyone present is a well-educated person, and they all know the origin of "Shang Fang". The so-called "Shang Fang" used to be the official "Shaofu" in the palace in charge of the clothing, food, housing, transportation and utensils of the emperor and the royal nobles.
"A department under its jurisdiction, the official in charge is called "Shang Fang Ling" (not Shangshu Ling), which is specifically in charge of the emperor's swords and other utensils.
This institution began in the Warring States Period and continued after the Qin and Han dynasties. There is a record in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty that "Shang Fang Ling is one person and has six hundred stones." It can be seen that the so-called Shang Fang Sword and Shang Fang Sword are high-quality swords forged from the imperial palace. This kind of
The sword was usually hidden in Shangfang. It was made of carefully selected materials and exquisite workmanship. It was painted with dragon and phoenix patterns and was extremely sharp. Once the sword was unsheathed, it could kill a mule or horse instantly. Therefore, it was called "Shangfang Horse-killing Sword" in the Han Dynasty.
According to the "Book of Han·Zhu Yun Biography", Zhu Yun once wrote to the emperor: "I would like to give Shang Fang a horse-killing sword, and kill the sycophant alone to punish the rest." This historical data talks about the corruption and perversion of the law by Zhang Yu, the teacher of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, the prime minister, and the Marquis of Anchang.
, occupying fertile land and oppressing the people, Zhu Yun asked the emperor to give Shang Fang the horse-killing sword to kill Zhang Yu in order to serve as a warning to others.
However, this failed. Emperor Cheng thought that he was one of the following offenders, and ordered his guards to drag Zhu Yun out and behead him in anger. Zhu Yun clung to the palace railings, but the guards used too much force and actually tore him and the railings apart. Fortunately, he was nearby at the time.
An upright official spoke well of Zhu Yun and was able to avoid being killed. "Zhu Yun folds the fence" became an idiom for loyal ministers who dared to remonstrate.
It can be seen that Shang Fangjian would not be easily used during the Han Dynasty. "Book of the Later Han·Cai Lun Biography" also records that in the imperial order, Cai Lun (the one who improved papermaking) was promoted to Shangfang Ling and supervised the production of Shangfang Sword.
Cai Lun later said, "Imperial weapons cannot be used privately by ministers and common people."
As for the power represented by Shang Fangjian, until the Tang Dynasty, most of the officials who were awarded Shang Fangjian by the emperor could not make independent decisions to kill without asking the emperor for instructions.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin wore a yellow robe and seized the power of the Later Zhou Dynasty. After seizing the power of the Later Zhou Dynasty, he began to implement the privilege of Shang Fangjian, giving a few senior generals the power to "kill illegally if I come in person." According to the Song Dynasty's "Wu Jing Bei Yao": "The system of this dynasty,
Every time a general goes out to fight, he is given a sword to accompany him, and anyone who violates the order is left to be killed."
Not only the Song, Liao, and Jin dynasties also had examples of using swords to kill, but mostly in the military and political fields, it was mainly to solve the problem that when generals went out to fight, they were far away from the capital and the imperial court.
The actual problem of fighter planes is also the origin of "the general will be outside, and the emperor's orders will not be accepted".
However, the emperors before the Song and Yuan Dynasties adhered to the principle of cautious use and military use of the Shangfang Sword, and the generals' exclusive killing power was also subject to certain restrictions. For example, "History of the Song Dynasty: Chen Zhizhong Biography" said that when Zhao Kuangyin gave the Shangfang Sword to General Cao Bin, he ordered:
"Anyone below the rank of deputy general who disobeys orders can be killed."
In later TV dramas, the first person to be famous was probably Qingtian Grand Master Bao Zheng, but in fact, the Song Dynasty did not use the "Shang Fang Sword" in the judicial field, or it was dedicated to punishing privileges.
Bao Zheng, the governor of Kaifeng, used dragon-head guillotine, tiger-head guillotine, and dog-head guillotine to deal with criminals, corrupt officials, and local bullies respectively. In the TV series, it is also said that Kaifeng governor Bao Gong had one.
The sword of Shang Fang, which "cuts down the faint king at the top and the sycophant ministers at the bottom", is obviously the result of excessive artistic processing.
The root cause is probably due to the fact that there was a Shangfang sword in history, coupled with the people's incomparable respect for upright officials and the expectation that Bao Qingtian would punish evil and promote good. In fact, the use of Shangfang sword was not common in the Song Dynasty.
This chapter is not over, please click on the next page to continue reading! There was also Shangfang Sword in the Yuan Dynasty, but it was more of a symbol of imperial power and a reward, and there was a grand sword awarding ceremony. For example, when Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, was on the throne, Taoist priests
Zhang Liusun cured the queen's disease with his miraculous medical skills. The emperor and the empress were overjoyed and respected him as a heavenly master. Zhang Liusun refused to accept the post, so he was named Shangqing. He ordered Shang Fang to forge a sword and give it to him. He built the Chongzhen Palace in Xijing and took charge of the temple. It can be seen that
This fashionable square sword has not been widely used in national government affairs and military expeditions.
In the seventh year of the Yuan Dynasty (1270), armed rebellions against the Mongols broke out in Sichuan and Shaanxi. Zhongshu and the ministers were extremely worried and said, "Please kill the special ones to stop the theft, and the court will follow suit." In other words, Zhongshu said.
The prime minister, a high-ranking official, suggested granting the expedition general Shang Fang Baojian the power of "exclusive killing" to suppress the bandits, and the court was prepared to adopt it.
However, at this time, Shi Gaoming, a Hanlin scholar and imperial censor, raised objections. He believed that the Yuan Dynasty ordered the world to report prisoners on death row, and they must be approved before execution. This is a prudent use of punishment and care for people's livelihood. Now if you listen to the request of Zhongshu Sheng, "
This opens the world to killing without mercy, which is very harmful to benevolent government." Kublai Khan adopted Gao Ming's suggestion that he should not kill indiscriminately to suppress the people, and did not grant the "exclusive killing" privilege to the generals of the expedition.
The Shangfang Sword of the previous dynasties had more symbolic meaning than practical significance, so what about the Ming Dynasty? Looking back, you will find that Shangfang Sword really began to "show its power" in the Ming Dynasty.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the main symbol of power for generals to go to war was the imperial flag given by the emperor. However, the imperial flag could only act expediently and did not have the right to kill exclusively.
This is actually quite normal. After all, China has had a basic idea in all dynasties called "human life matters." You may ask where this idea is manifested? In the Ming Dynasty, if criminals were to be executed, the emperor's imperial pen and approval were usually required -
-Giving Shang Fangjian gives officials the power to directly kill people. This is of course a very large authority.
However, there is a problem here. Although it was not as rare as the previous dynasties to give Shang Fangjian to Shang Fangjian in the Ming Dynasty, it was from the Wanli Dynasty that Shangfangjian was frequently given to Shangfangjian and given the right to kill. Looking more carefully, it can be said that it was from the "Wanli Dynasty"
The "Three Major Marches of Wanli" began.
For example, the most clearly recorded grant of Shang Fangjian in the original history was given to Wei Xuezeng Shangfangjian during the Bubai Rebellion. The original text of "Shenzong Shilu" is as follows: "...and gave Wei Xuezeng Shangfangjian to kill those who refused to die in battle as a way to suppress the army.
.Shangqie blamed Xue Zeng for fighting against the thieves for several months, causing the captors to help the rebels, and not giving orders. The generals were playing around in the meantime, and they had no desire to succeed and were afraid to wait and see. He used the troops in the right way, and updated them, and gave him the sword to Zeng.
With one mouthful, the general who refuses to kill him will be beheaded in front of the army."
I have said many times before that Emperor Wanli has a special characteristic, which is that once he decides to appoint someone, he will never be ambiguous in giving power, and he will not be swayed by early failures. Unless the person holds great power and fails to do things for a long time, then the emperor will be angry, and then
Kill whatever needs to be done, kill whatever needs to be killed.
In the past, Gao Pragmatic was awarded the Shang Fang Sword when he went on expeditions, but his authority was also limited to generals, so the civil servants in the DPRK did not express any dissatisfaction, just like Wei Xuezeng who was born in 1960.
Later, the number of Shang Fang Swords began to increase. Almost all the civilian commanders during the three major conquests were given Shang Fang Swords. For example, Li Hualong, the governor during the reign of Yang Yinglong, and Xing Jie, the Korean manager, were among them. Of course, Shang Fang Swords were awarded to them at the end of Wanli.
The most famous among the ministers was probably Yang Hao. Since this matter is so famous, there is no need to go into details.
However, the Wanli Dynasty's gift of Shang Fangjian was indeed a big deal. To fight a big battle, many troops need to be mobilized under one man, so it is understandable to give Shangfangjian. However, something went wrong by the end of the Ming Dynasty, especially when things developed in the late Ming Dynasty.
It was Emperor Chongzhen, the Holy Emperor, who gave the sword as if it were cabbage, which finally led to a matter that has been debated until later generations, that is, Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao Wenlong.
In fact, Yuan Chonghuan's killing of Mao Wenlong is essentially a matter of defining the "authority of Shang Fang Sword". In other words, whether the Shang Fang Sword in Yuan Chonghuan's hand can kill Mao Wenlong - the question is not whether the killing is right, but whether it can.
.
Precisely because the privileges of Shang Fang Sword are not clearly defined, in fact, the power of each Shang Fang Sword granted may not be the same. The details will depend on what the emperor's imperial decree says.
Before Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao Wenlong, we can see that the recorded privileges of Shang Fang Sword were roughly the same. At the end of Wanli, Yang Hao's Shang Fang Sword was first applied for by someone to grant the sword to Yang Hao. At that time, the official record was "Those below the rank of general soldier who do not need to be ordered to serve"
can engage in military law." However, although the emperor approved this application, the authorization statement when he later gave Shang Fang the sword was changed to "Anyone below the general who does not want to be killed will be killed first and then reported."
Although the premise is always "those who are killed or not", the scope has been changed from "below the general soldier" to "below the general", and the rights have been changed from "engage in military law" to "behead first and then report". Yang Hao's Shangfang sword, in
When granting the right to "behead first and report later" and pointing out the premise of "those who do not want to die", he also used a long paragraph to explain what "those who do not want to die" are based on the background at the time and the back-and-forth statements of the monarch and his ministers - in fact, it mainly targets the people who do not want to die.
There are two categories: being greedy for life and fearing death and being a deserter.
In the early years of the Apocalypse, Xiong Tingbi's Shangfang Sword was officially recorded as "... Jiachen's Edict: The cabinet minister asked Xiong Tingbi, the Minister of Economic Affairs, to be ordered to carry out a special expedition. It is appropriate to emphasize the power of affairs and the number of etiquette. In addition to the special edict, there is also an imperial edict, Shangfang.
If a soldier refuses to die with just one sword, the deputy commander will kill him first and then kill him."
However, the emperor's authorization statement when granting Shang Fang the sword after the application was approved was changed to "Xiong Tingbi still gives the sword, and those below the general who do not want to be killed will be killed first and then reported." Although the premise is still "those who do not want to be killed" has not changed, the scope of authorization has not changed.
When applying, the "deputy commander-in-chief and below" was changed to "general and below".
Yuan Yingtai's sword has an additional premise that it can be killed first and then played. Because he first told the emperor about his bitterness, saying that it was difficult to lead the team when people's hearts were scattered. So the emperor gave some comfort and gave Shang Fang a sword, saying: "The generals below have violated temperance.
"Those who do not need to die will be killed first and then punished" still includes the premise of "doing not need to die", but with the addition of "violating moderation".
So the first question here is, what is the scope of "below general"? In fact, it is below the rank of general - I have never seen any generals called commanders, right?
Of course Mao Wenlong is the commander-in-chief, and not just the commander-in-chief. The commander-in-chief is just a civil servant, and more importantly, Mao Wenlong's economic officer has already reached the end - he is the governor of the left, a top military general. In addition, what is even more paradoxical is that
, Mao Wenlong himself also has a Shangfang sword!
Shang Fangjian vs. Shang Fangjian, isn't that the same thing? But it's really not the case. Civil servant Yuan Chonghuan invited Shang Fangjian to kill their commander in front of a large number of proud soldiers under Mao Wenlong's command.
No one in the audience dared to jump out and object, not even Mao Wenlong himself. He just let Yuan Chonghuan behead him!
Are you feeling a little cold down your spine? But this is a civil official, a civil official before the laws were abolished.
The princes of the court would not have any objections to the killing of military generals by civilian officials like killing pigs and dogs. However, inexplicably, after Yuan Chonghuan reported the matter to the court and expressed guilt, Chongzhen actually approved of such behavior: "...
If you are able to carefully consider unexpected situations and punish crimes, it is related to the safety of the border area. If you are not in control of the foreign affairs, there is no need to incite crimes. All handling matters should be carried out in accordance with the edict and still listen to the camera."
Whether the killing was right or not, later generations have their own opinions, but Emperor Chongzhen believed that Yuan Chonghuan had the power to kill, which is considered an official determination. As for whether the determination was accurate and what serious consequences it led to, it is actually beside the point. Anyway, Yang Sichang later came
When he went to suppress the thieves, he simply made his own rules, saying that he would not kill the general "without his life", but only took the commander's seal and replaced him with a general - which shows how big a trap Yuan Chonghuan created by killing Mao Wenlong and how serious the consequences were.
The influence was such that another top civil servant wanted to limit his own power.
The veterans of the cabinet are well versed in history and familiar with various systems. They can find reasons from the standpoint they need.
Xu Cifu said: "There were no such abuses of power in the previous dynasties, so why should we be the only one in our dynasty?"
Mr. Wu Ge said: "The strategy of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was the hope of our ancestors, and the world was rejuvenated in one fell swoop. May I ask if there are any stories from the previous dynasty to describe it?"
After the dispute, Shen Shixing finally reconciled the situation and said to Xini as always: "Everyone has his own reasons, why not agree on one or two? I want those who do not need to be supervising, immediately remove their military officers, and replace them with a supervisor. If there is no need for a deputy,
I am ordered to pick off the black gauze immediately and replace it with the officials. The rest will be engaged with Shang Fang Jian, how about it?"
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