The word "Hanlin" first appeared in the Han Dynasty. Yang Ziyun in the Han Dynasty said in "Chang Yang Fu": "Liao became an article because of his pen and ink, so he came from the Hanlin and regarded himself as his master." The original meaning is the forest of literature, that is, the place where writers and Han gathered. In the Tang Dynasty
In the dynasty, "Hanlin" officially became the official signature. Since the Tang Dynasty, all dynasties have established Hanlin Academy. The early Hanlin Academy was "the place where those who issued orders for the world's arts and technology" gathered all kinds of talents from all over the world to meet the needs of the emperor.
, and later gradually became a key institution for participating in politics and compiling history.
In the Ming Dynasty, Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang established the Hanlin Academy very early, and its function was positioned as a think tank to assist the government. However, due to the existence of the Prime Minister at that time, the Hanlin Academy was actually just an empty shelf. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang improved the Hanlin Academy after abolishing the Zhongshu Province and the Prime Minister.
Since then, the functional positioning of the Hanlin Academy has undergone some changes: first, it took over the administrative work of the prime minister and shared the emperor's work pressure; second, as an independent political force for the emperor to drive, strengthening the imperial power; third,
As an official history compilation and revision organization, it has an important voice in national public opinion.
From the aspects of selecting and setting up officials, the Hanlin Academy system of the Ming Dynasty was more complete than that of the Tang, Song, Yuan and other dynasties. It can be said to be the integration of previous dynasties. The selection of Hanlin officials in the Ming Dynasty is extremely closely related to the imperial examination, especially the Shuji system.
The establishment of the scholar system ensured the quality of Hanlin officials. In the early Ming Dynasty, because Hanlin officials were mainly selected through recommendation and recruitment, their quality varied, and even mixed. In the eighteenth year of Hongwu, the Shujishi system was formally established, which made Hanlin officials
The academic system and the imperial examination system formed a close connection, eventually forming the situation of "non-Jinshi cannot enter the Hanlin".
The Shujishi system is also called the Guanxuan system. Simply put, the imperial court selects outstanding talents to become Shujishi through the imperial examination and specially trains them. In other words, being selected as a Shujishi means that they have obtained the qualifications to become a Hanlin scholar.
After three years of studying and cultivating "with courtiers as teachers and classics and epic poems as lessons", one can take the "Sanguan" examination, and those with excellent results will be awarded the position of Hanlin official.
In the Ming Dynasty, people first passed the imperial examination to become a scholar, and then passed the study and examination to become a Hanlin official. This was the only way for talents to enter the Hanlin Academy, and it was also an important way to join the cabinet as an assistant minister to a large extent.
However, this system that the Hanlin officials are proud of seems to have encountered a small challenge - a person who is only eight years old, a child with a yellow mouth, no fame, and falsely claiming to be a scholar, has become an official of the Hanlin University.
.
When the news came yesterday, the Hanlin Academy was quite shocked, and there were a lot of discussions. As a result, several Hanlin lecturers returned to the academy and were almost scolded to death as traitors.
Except for Shen Shixing, who also knows the banquet, and is the right minister of the Ministry of Rites, and Gu Yangqian, the lecturer, who is the doctor of the Ministry of Industry, the remaining five people, Chen Jingbang, Shen Li, Xu Guo, Zhang Wei, and Chen Yubi, because they are
The official was in the Hanlin Academy, and there was no way to avoid it. A group of Hanlin officials blocked the door to "visit" him.
Several lecturers with Hanlin backgrounds repeatedly explained that Gao Jingshi was only a nominal official in the Hanlin Academy, but was actually a non-official official with no rank. They advised everyone not to be too excited. They also took Gao Jingshi's "Long Wen Whip Shadow" one after another.
Let's talk about things and prove that they are not uncharacteristically supporting the emperor. It is indeed because they are highly pragmatic and "even though they are young, they are qualified for the job." At any rate, they finally saved their wealth and lives.
Why did a mere prince accompanying him to study and pretending to be a bachelor actually made these noble officials so angry? In fact, in the final analysis, the root cause is the positioning of Hanlin officials: noble!
In the early Ming Dynasty, following the Yuan system, the Hanlin Academy was called the Hanlin Academy of National History, with a rank of three grades. Although major changes occurred later through restructuring, the basic structure was roughly similar. Its official officials included one bachelor, a rank of five;
There are two bachelors each, and they are from the fifth rank. They are officials, including two ministers, and they are the sixth rank. Historians, including editors, are from the sixth rank; editors are from the seventh rank; reviewers are from the sixth rank.
Seventh grade. The other is Shujishi, who have no grade and no quota.
The Hanlin Academy of the Ming Dynasty is indeed not of high grade, lower than the previous Hanlin Academy or similar institutions. However, because it is close to the center of power, it is an important central secretarial agency dedicated to the emperor and directly provides services to the emperor, so it is highly valued by the emperor.
There is a very close connection with the cabinet.
The above can be said to be "expensive". What about "qing"?
The Hanlin Academy was directly ordered by the emperor and was responsible for preparing the emperor's consultations, compiling books and histories, drafting edicts, serving as readers for the royal family members, serving as imperial examination examiners and other responsibilities. The bachelor's degree was responsible for writing, correcting documents, examining the discussion system, etc., and at the same time preparing the emperor's advisors;
Reading and serving as lecturers are responsible for reading classics and history for the royal family members; editing, compilation, review, etc. are responsible for compiling actual records, jade certificates, historical records, etc.
In addition, the responsibilities of the Hanlin Academy also include taking charge of imperial examination affairs, teaching common people, organizing major ceremonies, inspecting the archives of the vassal academy, etc. All of these are theoretically great things but very little money.
Errands are therefore "clear".
As we all know, the official salary of the Ming Dynasty was the last among all dynasties. Originally, this "top spot" should have been in the Qing Dynasty, but since Yongzheng, the double salary system for Beijing officials and the honest silver system for foreign officials were implemented, and the treatment of officials has been greatly improved.
Great promotion. And the officials in the capital of the Ming Dynasty were notoriously poor. If it weren't for the local Bing Jing, Tan Jing and other filial piety, the officials in the capital would not even be able to support their families with their own salaries alone, and among them the Hanlin officials were even more
A fighter among poor officials.
The fundamental reason why the Hanlin Academy is the poorest is that it is not actually an administrative agency. It has no power and can only live on a small salary. The Hanlin Academy in the Ming Dynasty cannot be regarded as a formal yamen in the strict sense.
A training institution seems to be more accurate. The Hanlins are actually the reserve talents of the Ming Empire - high-level reserve talents.
But poverty is temporary, and the Hanlin identity contains endless potential. This is because the Hanlin Academy was the place where elites from the imperial examinations gathered in the Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, all Hanlin officials were specially recommended by the emperor. During the Hongwu period, there were still many Hanlin officials.
Most of them were selected from other sources. By the Jingtai period, only forty-five out of ten people in the Hanlin Academy had non-Jinshi origins. Since then, they have been gradually monopolized by Jinshi.
This chapter is not finished yet, please click on the next page to continue reading the exciting content! After that, there are only two situations for entering the Hanlin Academy: first, the top three in the imperial examination, that is, the top three, the top pick, the second top pick, and the top three will directly
Granted to the Hanlin Academy as editors, editors and other officials; the second is library selection, that is, those who are excellent in literature and good at calligraphy are selected from the second- and third-grade Jinshi scholars as Shujishi. Of course, the prerequisite is that they must pass the examination, that is, the "chao kao".
Those who are admitted to the examination will enter the Hanlin Academy to study for three years, and those who are outstanding will stay in the Hanlin Academy.
Although Hanlin officials usually have a "clean" job, once they are promoted, they will have advantages that ordinary people do not have. For example, there are regulations in the official system of the Ming Dynasty. The Minister of Rites, the Minister of the Ministry of Rites, and the Right Minister of the Ministry of Personnel in the northern and southern capitals are not appointed to those who are not Hanlin officials.
. Those who were born in the Hanlin in the six books of ministers were also bachelors of the Hanlin, and the ministers were concurrently readers and lecturers.
In addition, the officials of Zhan Shifu (left and right Chunfang) and Economic Bureau who tutored the prince must have Hanlin official titles regardless of their rank: Zhan Shi, Shao Zhanshi had the title of bachelor, Chunfang bachelor was not permanent, concubine, edict
If you are virtuous, Zhongyun, praise good, and wash horses, you will be a lecturer and get the title of bachelor. In other words, these officials who assist the prince will become important members of the new dynasty when the new king comes to the throne.
In addition, the Imperial College, which is in charge of national education, also has a close relationship with the Hanlin. Although the Imperial College is also a Qingshui yamen, it is responsible for the national education plan. Therefore, the official system of the Ming Dynasty stipulates that the highest officials of the Imperial College, Jijiu and Siye, are not from Hanlin.
Cannot be transferred.
According to Gao's pragmatic understanding, the Hanlin officials of the Ming Dynasty not only influenced all aspects as a subordinate organization, but also shouldered the task of transporting talents to important national departments. If the Imperial College is a place for cultivating and storing talents, then the Hanlin Academy is a place for cultivating and storing talents.
Official land.
At this point, readers must have understood that during the three years that Hanlin students studied in the Hanlin Academy, they were truly poor, but why did the Jinshi people want to squeeze into the Hanlin Academy even if they broke their heads? The reason is simple, because after graduation
After that, their employment prospects are much higher than those of ordinary Jinshi.
If a Jinshi is released as a seventh-grade county magistrate, it means that he has to be promoted slowly one level at a time. Once a Shujishi graduates, he may move several times a year, and he will have a great chance of joining the cabinet in the future.
, and became an auxiliary minister of the country.
Finally, there is another, perhaps more important reason, which is that officials with Hanlin background are given a great honor after their death: they can use "Wen" as their posthumous title. For example, the highest posthumous title for civil servants is "Wen Zheng" - you are not a Hanlin official.
Don't even think about it if you have a good background. This is also one of the purposes of many Jinshi trying their best to become Hanlin.
It is precisely because they are accustomed to this kind of "nobility" that Hanlin officials have a strong sense of psychological superiority even if they are too poor to drink and smoke. Of course, they will be particularly dissatisfied with an "unqualified" "colleague".