Chapter 287 The Crux of Prime Minister (Seventeen) (Part 2)
Generally speaking, military honors and general groups are actually the same thing in the early days of the Ming Dynasty, but one focuses on showing the top of the group, and the other expresses it more comprehensively. In short, it actually refers to the rise of Zhu Yuanzhang
It was an officer group that grew up during the Ding Ding Tian Xia period. But as time went by, it was later generally called the Xungui Group.
In the early Ming Dynasty, taxes could be collected not only because of the large number of "middle class" who shouldered the taxes, but also because of the long-term existence of a hereditary privileged class that not only legally exempted themselves from taxes, but also forced the wealthy classes such as officials and gentry to pay more.
——Xungui Group.
People of later generations always regard the eunuchs in the middle and late Ming Dynasty as very powerful - obviously this is wrong, it is not the eunuchs who are powerful, but the imperial power behind the eunuchs - but they ignore the existence of nobles. However, in fact, the nobles
He has always been an important part of the power game of the Ming Dynasty. The reason why Gao Pragmatic first attracted the Xungui Group as early as his boyhood was precisely because he understood this in his "previous life". Let's talk about him in detail below.
How to reach this conclusion.
From the God's perspective of future generations, Zhu Yuanzhang's ideal is actually "the Ming Dynasty and the nobles share the world." Mainly composed of the children of the Ming Dynasty nobles, the powerful Jin Yiwei is not only the Ming Dynasty royal family "sharing the world with the nobles"
One of the manifestations was that he was also an important assistant to the emperor of the Ming Dynasty in collecting taxes.
However, the Xungui Group gradually lost power and was gradually unable to continue to force the wealthy classes such as officials and gentry to pay more taxes. So the question arises, why did the Xungui Group lose power? The first reaction of many people must be: the Tumubao Incident.
This answer is correct, but it is not simply because of the Tumubao Incident that "the nobles were exterminated" - how did the nobles become extinct? How many nobles lost their heirs because of the Tumubao Incident? Which one
Don’t all the Dukes, Marquises and Uncles of the Piao Kingdom have successors?
In fact, it was because with the Tumu Fortress as the starting point, the Ming Dynasty underwent a major change in the military aristocratic group. In the early stage, the old nobles who were able to fight and train soldiers suffered serious losses, and the noble family had a shortage of internal military skills, which led to the subsequent attack.
The younger generation of nobles of Jue do not have the inheritance of military skills, and they do not know what the Fifth Army Governor's Mansion should do - even if they know, they will not be able to do it well.
As a result, the guards at all levels, which had always been managed by the Fifth Army Governor's Mansion, completely lost control. In a short period of time, they were rapidly corrupted and their strength declined sharply. Especially the inland guards, it did not take long to completely lose their combat effectiveness. The border guards were slightly
It's better, because they face the war head-on. Even if the inheritance is not small, the war itself can teach them what to do, but it will cause a lot of losses.
Having said that, what else can we do at this point? We can only use tax-recruited battalion soldiers to replace the large number of fleeing and under-fed guardsmen and become the main force to maintain the rule of the Ming Dynasty.
At the same time, due to the outstanding performance of military civilian officials represented by Yu Qian in the crisis that followed the Tumubao Incident, military civilian officials with imperial examination background gradually replaced the nobles and mastered most of the actual combat-effective military forces of the Ming Dynasty.
Since the Tumubao Incident was the starting point of the Ming Dynasty's "emphasis on literature over military affairs" and the rise of civilian power, some modern opinions have a conspiracy theory when mentioning the Tumubao Incident, believing that the Xungui Group was "secretly plotted" by the civil servant group.
In fact, there are not so many conspiracies. At most, the Tumubao Incident only wiped out a generation of old nobles in the north. The children of the nobles in the north and the nobles in the south are all still alive!
Even though the power of the Jingnan faction has declined severely due to the consumption of the Tumu Fort battle, the power of the nobles in the northern and southern capitals of the Ming Dynasty still cannot be ignored. Because the Beijing camp and Jinyiwei guarding the northern and southern capitals have always been and always have been.
It's all under the control of the honorable nobles!
In other words, the emperor himself has always been under the protection of the Xungui Group! The ultimate reason why the "Holy King" of Chongzhen could easily get rid of Wei Zhongxian was that Wei Zhongxian had no way to take the Beijing Camp and Jinyiwei away from the Xungui Group.
Think about it, the British prince at that time, Wei Zhongxian, who was known as "nine thousand years old", didn't have to be polite or even behaved when he met others?
So the fact is that after the Tumubao Incident at the latest, the Xungui Group in the Ming Dynasty (at least the Jingnan Xungui Group in the north) was like the Eight Banners disciples in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, and they no longer knew how to fight.
The civil servant group represented by Yu Qian used the military victory in the defense of Beijing to prove that they were better able to fight than the decadent hereditary military aristocracy of the Ming Dynasty.
After Yu Qian, the Ming Dynasty also saw the emergence of a large number of military strategists with civil service backgrounds such as Wang Shouren, Tan Lun, Zhu Wan, Xiong Tingbi, Sun Chengzong, Sun Chuanting, and Lu Xiangsheng. Compared with the old hereditary military aristocrats, these military civil servants with imperial examination backgrounds appeared to be more motivated.
The soldiers they hired also had more combat effectiveness, and soon became the "mainstay" of the Ming Dynasty's military.
Of course, in addition to military and civil servants, the military generals group was not in ruins. In the late Ming Dynasty, there were a group of "new nobles" who came from the bottom and rose to power in the war, such as Ma Fang, Liu Xian, Li Chengliang, Wu Xiang, Zheng Zhilong, and Zuo Liang
Yu, the four towns in Jiangbei, etc. This group of people was divided into the last years of Wanli. The group behind the boundary gradually became warlords. The Ming court gradually could not control them, let alone expect them to pay taxes or assist in tax collection. They could ask for less from the court.
Military spending will have to be expensive.
In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, there were many generals who came from the old military aristocracy. For example, the main generals in the court at this stage, such as Ma Gui, had been in the army for at least several generations (the so-called "several generations" only refers to the time of their rise. In fact, their ancestors may also be military households.
, but his status is not high), but if he wants to be called a military strategist, Gao Pragmatic believes that so far there is only one Qi Jiguang.
Although Qi Jiguang came from an old military aristocracy, his rise was no different from that of those military and civilian officials - he did not rely on the guards to fight the war, nor did he rely on the "house servants" carefully selected by the guards as the backbone, but he was completely "made from scratch."
, recruit your own battalions to build a new army.
This chapter is not over, please click on the next page to continue reading! In fact, if his father had not died early, causing Qi Jiguang to interrupt his studies and return home to inherit his father's hereditary military attache position, he would have been like Zhang Juzheng, who was born in the same military family.
, like Shi Kefa and Ma Shiying, they took the imperial examination and became civil servants, and finally became military civil servants like Xiong Tingbi, Sun Chengzong, Lu Xiangsheng, and Sun Chuanting. History records that Qi Jiguang was good at writing, and "Zhizhitang Collection" was circulated in the world. This may be the reason
.
In short, the so-called "emphasis on civil service over military power" in the Ming Dynasty is not necessarily the natural discrimination of civil servants against military men, but "political power comes out of the barrel of a gun" - as the military force controlled by the civil service group became increasingly powerful, it became the de facto defender of the Ming Dynasty.
, so they can not only look down on the declining Xungui Group, but also try to win various privileges that were originally only available to the Xungui Group, including "tax exemption".
Although the civil service group was not able to legally tax exemption until the end, it was no longer possible for the Ming Dynasty to rely on the force of the nobility group to force the gentry class who were closely related to the civil service group to pay taxes.
There is an interesting point here that is worth explaining: Gao Pragmatic is also a member of the civil service group. From the perspective of "people cannot betray their own class", is his current behavior very problematic? After all, he wants to take over the power now
Essentially, the military general group takes the power of military households. After taking over, the military general group must be reformed to reinvigorate them and train an elite army capable of fighting again.
In this way, the military general group has elite soldiers in its hands and can fight again. Doesn't it in turn have the power to check and balance the civil servant group? Doesn't it seem that Gao Pragmatic is going against his own interests by doing this?
The answer is no. The reason is actually very simple: Gaowu Reality now has special characteristics.
Gao Pragmatic is a civil servant, but he is also a nobleman. Although his title of Marquis of Nanning was obtained in name from a "civilian title", in fact everyone knows that the real and direct reason is the defeat of Chahar.
However, since "civilian officials" are now valuable, the emperor insisted on giving him the title of "civilian official title".
Coupled with the fact that Gao Pragmatic has commanded several very large-scale operations over the years, almost all the military leaders in the towns in Jiubian took orders under him. The various military reforms he carried out with the support of the emperor also made all the military leaders more capable.
The military leaders had no choice but to bow to him. As a result, he established some kind of superior-subordinate relationship with most of the first-line military giants, forming some kind of strange community of interests.
Gao Wuchen is unique now. He is not only the leader of the Pragmatic School with the most power within the civil service group, but also the leader of the interests of the Xungui Group, and the recognized leader of the Military Generals Group. We can even add that he is approved by the emperor.
The minister of the arms, thighs and humerus.
The interests of all parties are tied together!
No one can be aloof from everything in the court at this moment, and then carry out reforms in this state of being aloof from everything. In this case, Gao pragmatism simply does the opposite, connects the interests of all parties to himself, and then
In this capacity, we can mediate the conflicts of interests of all parties and eventually form a certain balance.
This is bound to be difficult, but it is also the only way that has a chance of success. Why is Gao Pragmatic so sure that this is the only correct way? Because there is another "transcendent" way that someone actually tried in the original history: Saint Lord Chongzhen
.
Although the old noble group has declined, and new warlords like Li Chengliang and Zheng Zhilong have no intention of offending the gentry class on behalf of the court for a while, the civil service group has never been monolithic, and the factional struggles between them are fierce, and there are also some who want to
A civil servant who solved financial problems for the Ming Dynasty.
For example, Gao Gong and Zhang Juzheng in original history actually had such thoughts, and to some extent, they temporarily alleviated the financial problems of the Ming Dynasty.
When Ye Xianggao was the chief minister, another group of civil servants who were later labeled as the "Donglin Party" tried to carry out thorough reforms through the equalization of land and service. Unfortunately, former prime minister Qian Longxi and other high-ranking opposition officials rose up in opposition;
A part of the "eunuch party" also rose up in opposition. Except for a little promotion in a small area of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, it was completely declared bankrupt.
Most of the so-called "Eunuch Party" are actually civil servants, and the struggle between the "Eunuch Party" and the "Donglin Party" is actually a struggle between two major civil servant groups.
Let's not worry about how to divide the "Donglin Party" ("Dianjianglu of Donglin" is essentially just a "blacklist of eunuchs"). There is no unified and powerful "Ming Dynasty Civil Service Group" in some people's minds. There is only
Various interest groups that dislike each other.
Is the Practical School headed by Gao Pragmatism now considered an interest group? The same is true. To put it in a higher level, it is simply that this interest group is more in line with the progress of the times because Gao Pragmatism, a time traveler, controls the rudder.
Just the characteristics.
In any case, the factional struggle among the civil servant groups at the end of the Ming Dynasty, in turn, to a certain extent, extended the financial life of the Ming Dynasty. When the "middle class" went bankrupt in large numbers and the Xungui Group was unable to do its job, there would always be a faction of civil servants.
In addition to fighting against hostile civil servant factions, they consciously or unconsciously replaced the functions of nobles and helped the emperor collect taxes from the officials, gentry, and wealthy people of hostile factions.
However, this political state in which civil servants fought against each other and the court profited came to an end in the Chongzhen Dynasty. Because of his political naivety and mean character, the Chongzhen Saint offended all the interest groups in the Ming Dynasty.
First, after Chongzhen came to power, he killed Wei Zhongxian and attacked the "Eunuch Party", which offended the official and gentry forces behind the "Eunuch Party"; then, Chongzhen reduced the power of Jin Yiwei at the request of the "Donglin Party", indirectly offending Xun Xun.
your group.
According to past rules, Chongzhen should form a political alliance with the interest group known as the "Donglin Party" at that time to "share the world." But at this time, Chongzhen fell out with the "Donglin Party" - later
A certain faction of officials and gentry in the south of the Yangtze River, defined as the "Donglin Party", has only had a few decorations since the fourth year of Chongzhen's reign except for the "people's uprightness and prosperity" in the first year of Chongzhen. It has always been nothing more than an "opposition party".
This chapter is not finished yet, please click on the next page to continue reading the exciting content! The most terrible thing is that after that, Chongzhen no longer trusted any political faction, or in other words, he refused to cooperate with any political faction anymore, and truly achieved "transcendence from everything"
.Starting from supporting the "non-party person" Wen Tiren, he gradually embarked on the dead end of being a "lonely man".
From then on, he not only no longer relied on any "party" forces, but also dismissed and executed many "ministers of national subjugation" in his eyes. In the seventeen years of Chongzhen's reign, he replaced fifty bachelors and fourteen bachelors.
According to the Minister of War, eleven governors or governors were killed or forced to commit suicide. Eleven governors were killed and one was forced to death. The most noteworthy thing is that Chongzhen even killed Chen Xinjia, who negotiated with the Manchus on his behalf.
.
It can be said that none of the civil servants who were re-employed by Chongzhen had a good ending. If you compare yourself with others, how could such a boss have employees who really work hard for him? With a sage like Chongzhen in office, which civil servant has a broken mind?
Are you willing to collect taxes seriously for the imperial court?
It is worth mentioning that when Li Zicheng came to the city and the Yanjing court was about to end, Chongzhen called on the ministers to donate money to support the military. The officials suggested that the royal family contribute money first. What do you think Chongzhen did? He cut the proposal first
The person who made this suggestion then continued to ask the officials to pay!
Oh, now the company is going bankrupt. You, the boss, think that major shareholders should not contribute money and let employees and small shareholders contribute money. In the end, when the company goes bankrupt and liquidated, you still want to blame it, saying that the company's problems are all caused by employees.
, I, the largest shareholder and boss, have no problems at all!
Do you want to be ashamed? Is it okay to have a little face?
Therefore, it is absolutely impossible to be aloof from everything. You must bundle your interests and then balance the interests of all parties. Don't be afraid of trouble or difficulties. Sometimes it is difficult to balance the interests within a family. In such a big country,
Is it not difficult to balance the interests within the country? But does it mean that we don’t have to do it? If we don’t do it, we can only destroy the country.
It is precisely because of the difficulty that Gao Pragmatic divided the reform into so many steps, taking it step by step, and spending decades to slowly realize it. If he has the same personality as Chongzhen, he thinks I am the best in the world, and I know the development of the times.
Direction, you listen to me now, first do this, then do that... Then let alone reform, he will not survive more than three chapters.
Closer to home, as mentioned earlier, in addition to corvee and taxation, the feudal regime also had "other fiscal revenue."
Except for "borrowing", which is available in European countries but almost non-existent in China, all other incomes were available in the Ming Dynasty. However, due to China's national conditions and the historical limitations of the Ming Dynasty, these incomes either could not be used for national finance, or they were used instead.
had a reaction.
Although the original government-run factories of the Ming Dynasty declined due to the development of the commodity economy, and were simply abandoned after the Gao pragmatic reform, and even military industry began to take the path of private ownership, the land owned by the royal family and the land owned by the Wei Dynasty is still huge (
The emperor's own palace is almost sold out).
In other words, even if there is not a penny of tax revenue, the Ming Dynasty can theoretically support about one million elite troops just by relying on the income from royal land and guard fields. However, the reality is that with so many fields, only
Some members of the royal family and the military households of the guard station, which nominally amount to one million, are all starved to death.
The reason is easy to find: uneven distribution. In layman's terms, the rich will die rich and the poor will die poor. Even though Gao Pragmatic has opened the vassal ban and saved huge expenses for the court, the vassal king and the Xungui Group are still very rich.
.Theoretically speaking, if the wealth of these two factions can be used effectively, even if they are unable to fight the war themselves, they can still spend money to recruit soldiers or subsidize military salaries.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the case of Zhou Wang Zhu Gong's failure to defend Kaifeng proved that even if only one Ming Dynasty feudal prince was willing to pay, the peasant uprising would encounter a great setback. If all the Ming Dynasty feudal princes were willing to pay, the Ming Dynasty might not
It cannot continue.
However, more interesting things happened in the late Ming Dynasty. For example, in 1636, Tang Wang Zhu Yujian did not want the imperial court's financial allocation, and raised his own military expenses to organize an army to go north to "King Qin". Then he ended up being imprisoned in Fengyang Prison by Chongzhen - and was subjected to "Jing"
Due to the historical impact of the "Difficult Battle", the Ming Dynasty was very wary of vassal kings in charge of troops.
Perhaps stimulated by the "Battle of Jingnan" and the imprisonment of the Tang Dynasty king, as well as some other reasons, no one in the Ming Dynasty vassal kings funded the military anymore. It was not until 1641 that the old Fu King Zhu Changxun was stewed by the peasant army and became "
"Fulu Banquet", Zhou Wang Zhu Gongqi, who was deeply stimulated again, finally took the political risk of being sent to prison by Chongzhen and paid for the Ming army to defend the city...
According to the rules of "family world" in feudal society, the private property income of the royal family should have been the main source of financial revenue for the feudal court, and the men of the clan should be senior officers of the feudal army. As a result, in the Ming Dynasty, the clan and the vassal kings were in charge of the army.
Guilty, not many vassal kings dared to fund military expenses or were willing to fund military expenses. Only the emperor's personal internal funds could fund the finance. When Chongzhen spent all the internal funds left by his grandfather, the Ming Dynasty also perished.
In addition to the vassal kings, the Ming Dynasty also had many nobles, gentry, and local powerful factions. Theoretically, they all had the ability to raise their own military expenditures and build their own armies to save the Ming Dynasty. Didn’t you see that many time travel novels about the end of the Ming Dynasty were based on
The theme of "local tyrants saving the Ming Dynasty"? People like Gao Pragmatic built their own armed forces but did not participate in the Ming army. Instead, they went "abroad" and mixed up. In fact, the local tyrants can only save the Ming Dynasty in the "late period", because then
At that time, the Ming Dynasty would probably not be able to destroy you...
The funny thing in real history is that no matter how rich and powerful the "tycoons" who wanted to save the Ming Dynasty were, they all ended badly!
Lu Xiangsheng established farming in Xuanfu and Datong in Datong, and solved the military expenditure problem of his Ming army without the need for financial allocations. He advocated resisting the Qing Dynasty, guarded the capital, and won every battle. However, he was framed by the eunuch Gao Qiqian and was exempted.
In the twelfth year of Chongzhen (1639), he led his troops to be surrounded by the Qing army in Julujiazhuang. As a result, he stood up and hid with troops but failed to save him. In the end, he died on the battlefield because all the artillery and arrows were exhausted.
Sun Chuanting relied on the intellectuals cultivated by his family to rebuild the military garrison system in Shaanxi. Without the need for financial allocations from the Ming Dynasty, he developed more than 10,000 Qin troops by relying on the garrison. Later, the imperial court became wary of Sun Chuanting, which caused Sun Chuanting to almost become a prisoner.
Mao Wenlong was second. Although Sun Chuanting was not unjustly killed like Mao Wenlong, Chongzhen's "blind command" still tricked Sun Chuanting to death in the end.
Xu Du, a die-hard loyalist and patriotic fan, "scattered money to recruit warriors", organized a militia at his own expense, and forged weapons to prepare for rebellion. As a result, the county magistrate Yao Sundi failed to ask for bribes and sued him to the supervisor Wang Xiong.
It is said that Xu Du plans to gather people to rebel...
In fact, Xu Du's social relations are already very tough. 99% of the protagonists in Ming Chuan's novels who take the route of "rich people saving Ming" are definitely not as good as him in terms of background. However, for such a character, he was forced to rebel and then booby-trapped in the end.
tragedy.
You see, this is the fate of a "local tycoon" who saves Daming. You want to save Daming's life, but Daming wants your life!
Look at Gao Pragmatic! He rarely brought his own armed servants with him when he went on expeditions. Even if he did, he would only bring some accompanying guards. This is the reason. It is true that you are a civil servant, but you can only bring soldiers from the court, and
You cannot lead an army of your own to conquer the world and shock all the barbarians, because only in this way will the court not suspect you of plotting to rebel.
It's not impossible for you to have a very capable servant, but you have to be like Gao Pragmatic, who usually only puts no more than 3,000 people in the courtyard on the outskirts of Beijing. At the same time, you have to personally select the site and give more than 60,000 people, who are known as "the best in the world"
The Imperial Guards of the "Army" selected the camp in the north of Beijing - this camp is located more than ten miles away from where your three thousand servants are stationed. Only in this way can the emperor say: "I love you and you are loyal. I know it very well."
”.
Other ways to make money include issuing currency, including precious metal coins and banknotes. As mentioned earlier, the Ming Dynasty’s official main source of income was Ming Dynasty banknotes. They used force to enforce banknotes, issued excessive banknotes, and banned gold and silver transactions.
This method had been done long ago in the early Ming Dynasty, and the anti-counterfeiting of banknotes was also considered. Banknotes were used for salary payments and banknotes for tax collection. However, the excessive issuance of banknotes in the Ming Dynasty quickly caused the Ming Dynasty's banknotes to lose their credibility and they were actually withdrawn from circulation.
field.
In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, as wages and bonuses were given to officials, the noble banknotes could not buy goods but could pay part of the tax. There were also "money households" who specialized in reselling Ming Dynasty banknotes. But it was the banknotes that benefited.
Both the powerful and the "money households", the national finance and the common people at the bottom suffer.
When Chongzhen came to power, even if he wanted to "issue banknotes indiscriminately", it would not work - not to mention that the credibility of Ming Dynasty's banknotes had long been lost. At that time, Ming Dynasty could not even collect the "banknote paper" needed to print new banknotes.
This problem was solved pragmatically in advance, and the banknotes of the Ming Federal Reserve now actually replaced the imperial banknotes.
As for precious metal currency, this income is high and pragmatically obtained from trade by controlling Japan and signing a trade agreement with the Spanish Empire. However, there is currently a "small problem" in Japan and we need to wait for subsequent development. But in any case, this income is high
If pragmatically did not hand it over to the imperial court, he might as well have kept it himself.
Then there is another kind of income that is obtained through war and plunder. There are many small countries in Europe, coupled with overseas colonial activities, the main targets of war and plunder are the wealth of other European countries and the indigenous people of colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Even if there is no war.
By controlling and plundering the finances of dependent countries, colonies, and semi-colonial countries, many European countries can also solve their fiscal revenue problems without taxing their native citizens or taxing them less.
During the Han Dynasty, China had basically brought all the best land in East Asia into its territory and established a unified dynasty. It basically suffered losses from wars with neighboring countries. On the contrary, it could only obtain sufficient fiscal revenue by fighting civil wars and robbing its own people.
.
By the end of the Ming Dynasty, if we talk about the peasant army and the Qing Qing anti-imperial armed forces, they could temporarily solve the financial problem through military plunder and obtain military expenditures for the future seizure of power. Then for the Ming Dynasty, "the military is like a grate, and the official is like a shave."
Military plunder can only accelerate destruction.
However, at this point, Gao Pragmatic opened a new skill tree for Ming Dynasty through the Battle of Yunnan and Burma: Who said that if Burma is poor, I can’t squeeze out oil and water? It doesn’t matter if you have no land or fields, what do you have for me in this land?
No matter what, I can always recoup the cost of the war in ten to twenty years, and even make a small profit.
The last one is the income obtained through "selling official positions", "selling land" and other ways. Unlike the previous incomes, income from "selling official positions" cannot become the main revenue of the government regardless of ancient or modern times. However, Gao Pragmatic excuses that there will be many disasters this year.
, a three-level MG system has been developed, and how much it can be sold depends on the statistics at the end of the year.
In terms of "selling land", the most appropriate method in ancient times was the land military service system in which you gave me a "fief" and I served as a soldier to fight for you. However, in the era of the unified dynasty with an expanding population, this method could not last long. Usually, one hundred
It will be replaced by the recruitment system in about 20 years. As mentioned above, Gao pragmatism is also about to reform the system.
There are all kinds of things like this. Looking at it all, the first thing to do is to settle the group of military commanders and generals who have a lot of land at hand, but their strength is far less than in the past, and regain control of the land that has been divided up in the military camp.
Although later data on military garrisoned land in the late Ming Dynasty often conflict, it is often recorded that there were 93 million acres of military garrison land in the early Ming Dynasty, and only 28 million acres were left in the late Ming Dynasty. Not to mention that even in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, land was often opened.
In the new military settlement, the difference here alone is already as high as 65 million acres...
It would be great to be able to get back these 65 million acres! Doesn’t the planned fourth-class military structure of A, B, C and D solve more than half of the expenses?
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