In the eighth year of Wanli, Gao Jingshi entered the Hanlin Academy as the top scholar in the new subject. Under the name of a group of big shots, he actually presided over the compilation of the "Daming Huidian". The Enyin system was mentioned in the Huidian, and according to Jiajing,
During the Long and Qing dynasties, the cabinet's draft and the emperor's approval (check the archives) provided a prescriptive explanation on the issue of "civilian officials shadowing military officials" that was not clear in the past:
"Anyone who is hereditary, civil and military ministers and the general of the army will join the following generals to suppress thieves. If they encounter a powerful enemy and are able to plan ambushes, charge into battle, and achieve extraordinary feats, they will be inspected and verified by the sub-inspector, and the Ministry of War will inscribe and honor them.
According to the promotion policy, anyone with the word "hereditary" is allowed to succeed."
This article clarified for the first time the principle of military merit for civil servants and military officials, and set out the review procedures for reports. This decree is not found in the Zhengde version of the "Da Ming Huidian". It was a gradual example after the Jiajing Dynasty and was confirmed in the Wanli Dynasty (this is a
historical facts).
After saying this, we come to the two most critical questions:
Why can the momentum of civil servants and military officials unstoppable?
Why didn't the emperor doubt the civil servants who held Yin official and military positions?
The simple answer to the first question is: the problem is that the reward is difficult and insufficient to reward merit.
In the Ming Dynasty, there were only three military titles with different surnames: duke, marquis, and uncle. Compared with the traditional "five-level titles" in China, there was no system. Since the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the vast majority of nobles were awarded by military generals, and only a handful of civil servants were awarded titles.
countable.
After the Jiajing period, although border affairs arose one after another, and civil servants, governors, and Fuduo personally participated in the battlefield, the canonization of lords tended to stagnate.
In fact, it is good for the court to regard knighthood as an important ceremony, but excessive begrudging of knighthood rewards will cause ministers to lose their ambition to serve the country.
In this regard, many people have expressed their opinions and suggestions. For example, Chen Zilong proposed to restore the "Fifth Rank" to boost military morale:
"Today, the world is struggling with wisdom and death, pursuing fame and fame, and doing evil to the emperor, so there is no way to lightly confer a title... The trouble in the world today is that people underestimate the position and have no intention of making progress. The holy king set up a place of admiration to tie his heart.
The thing is different but the name is important. A husband and a title have power and property. If they are indiscriminate, they should be important to show respect;
Don't worry about everything, wait for danger clearly, and eliminate redundancy."
However, in the Ming Dynasty, most of the state affairs were constructed by Zhu Yuanzhang in the name of "ancestral system", which was rigid and unchangeable. In this case, the institutionalized civil servants and military officials, due to their military merits and the hereditary nature of their descendants, in a certain sense
Instead of the political efficacy and significance of the title of civil servants, it became an important form for the court to reward meritorious civil servants.
Although the relevance of this system is not listed in the classics, it is a tacit consensus among people at the time.
As mentioned above, in the Hongzhi Dynasty, Yu Mian, the son of Yu Qian, asked Yu Qian to hold military positions for his descendants. In fact, he cited the former Minister of War Wang Ji Fengbo and the Ministers of War Ma Ang, Bai Gui, Cheng Xin, and Yu Zi in parallel.
The example of Jun and other Yinzi Jinyi is used as a reason for begging.
A similar view of attaching Yinzi's military position to a "secondary" nobility or "quasi-nobility" system was widely popular in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. For example, when Shen Defu compiled "Wanli Yehuobian", he listed the relevant civil servants as
The articles "Shiguan" and "Buyin Yin" of Yinzi's military position were included in the volume of "Xunqi".
In the official and private records of the Ming Dynasty, the civil servant Yinzi's military position was called "the reward of Yanshi" and "Jinwu of Yanshi", which was also derived from the title of "Shijie" by the Duke and Hou Bo.
For example, in the early years of Jiajing, when the court was discussing Wang Shouren’s ennoblement, the ministers reported:
"The ceremony of ennobling me has six merits: it is the founding of the country, it is Jingnan, it is the control of the Hu, it is the pacification, it is the conquering of the barbarians, it is the capture of the rebels; when the defender died in Sui, the military commander Xuan You, the governor suppressed the bandits.
, Xian can't give it. The six merits are related to the importance of the country and the safety of the four directions. Since it is not a seal of the earth, it is not enough to repay it. As for the death of Sui, Xuan You, and the suppression of the bandits, they are all matters of one body and one moment.
It's OK to use the shade of brocade clothes on tin, but if you want to cut the talisman, it's not possible."
What is this passage talking about? To put it simply, those with great military merit are awarded the title of nobility, and those with lesser military merit are given the title of Yinzi Jinyi. This can be said to point out the institutional correlation and complementarity between "Yinwu" and "nobility".
In the early years of Jiajing, Xia Yan and others, who were in charge of military affairs at that time, were ordered to investigate the abuse of military positions in the previous dynasty and submit a report. The report first discussed the "founding of the country" by Hongwu and the canonization of dukes, marquises and uncles in "Jingnan" in Yongle.
, which means that the previous dynasty was "cautious about famous utensils". It is followed by the description of the official titles of the Jinyiwei officials, and it is also painfully stated that "since the orthodoxy, noble concubines, lords, princes, and children of middle and high nobles have sent more money."
"Weizhong, progressive use of affairs", and the bad government of "During the period of Zhengde, the eunuchs were good at power, and many of their descendants used memorials and belts to pretend to be royal titles".
Yinzi Jinyi means to be ennobled, which shows the status and role of Yinzi Jinyi in the political reward mechanism of the Ming Dynasty.
When Wang Chonggu paid tribute to me, he was the first border minister (he was the governor of Xuanda at the time), so it was natural for his family to have several Yin officials.
Not to mention Gao Gong, because of his various contributions, the quota of Yin officials obtained by the Gao family has not been used up yet - there are not enough juniors.
Therefore, this trend of "civil servants shadowing the military" cannot be stopped, and it cannot be stopped - virtues are rewarded, officials are rewarded, and merit is rewarded. The credit of those ministers is there, but their officials cannot be promoted, and their titles cannot be increased.
, how can you do it if you don’t have the descendants of officials?
Speaking of the fact that the emperor did not doubt that most of these Yinguan civil servants would later be put into the Jinyi Guards, there were several reasons for this.
First of all, the most fundamental thing is that there is no precedent for the civil servants of the Ming Dynasty to rebel - if you insist on talking about Hu Weiyong, it will be boring.
On this basis, we can discuss other aspects, including a trend issue.
The officialdom of the Ming Dynasty "divided itself into two branches: the gentry and the gentry." The selection of civil servants was based on the imperial examination, while the selection of military officers was based on hereditary inheritance. It is said that "the state controls civil and military personnel only through promotion and inheritance."
The military attache group is mainly composed of the descendants of military generals in the early Ming Dynasty. It is a relatively closed hereditary community. Qi Jiguang also came from this kind of background. However, Liu Xian, who relied on swords and guns to fight, is really rare.
This chapter is not over, please click on the next page to continue reading! Once the descendants of civil servants enter the Jinyi Guard hereditary lineage, it means that these descendants will occupy the right column for generations. This phenomenon breaks the internal isolation of the military attachés of the Ming Dynasty to a certain extent.
,well...it can be regarded as improving the personnel structure of Jinyiwei.
Many children of civil servants who entered the ranks of military officials continued to maintain the style and social network of the original Jin gentry families. At the same time, through marriage, job relationships, etc., they gradually became warriors and became the link between the two political and social groups of Jin gentry and military officials.
In fact, the social media role of the descendants of civil servants Yinwu had already become prominent in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. For example, during the Hongzhi period, Yao Jifu, the son of Yao Kui, the Minister of Civil Affairs, and a member of Zhongshushe, advocated that his father's generation should be admitted as Jinshi in the same rankings and "pass through the imperial family". "Those who live in the capital" held social activities, which attracted the officials, officials and the gentry's children in the capital to sing and socialize. There was a grand occasion of "the friendship between the whole family for forty years is as good as yesterday".
At that time, most of the people who participated in the rally were civil servants and gentry. Bai Guizi, the Minister of the Ministry of War, who entered the military service because of his father's influence, Bai Bin, the governor of Jinyiwei Qianhu, and Li Jing, the governor of Jinyiwei Qianhu, also participated happily.
Another example is the veteran minister of the seven dynasties of the Ming Dynasty. Wang Aoyin, the Minister of Personnel, had a son named Wang Li who was appointed to the military post of Jinyi. Wang Li’s eldest daughter was “suited to command Huang Pu, the left guard of Tianjin”, his second daughter was “suited to be a student of the country, Yang Bor”, and among the five granddaughters, he was the “eldest”. The next one is Ma Pu, the next one is Wei Gang, who commands thousands of households in Jin Yi, the next one is the son of Zhang Yu who is in command of Jin Yi, the next one is the son of Zhao Shi, who is in command of one thousand households in Jin Yi, the next one is the son of Xia Ming, who is in command of Teng Xiang Wei, etc." This is the functional expression of marriage.
After Wanli, the children of civil servants who joined the Jinyiwei relied on their special political and cultural background and resources spanning "civilization" and "military", and on the basis of social interaction, they also built a set of political patronage relationships to protect themselves and their family's interests. of eternal existence.
The main manifestation of this aspect is that Wenyin's children gradually took control of the power of Jin Yiwei by leveraging their own unique advantages.
In the original history, after the current Jinyi Guards Commander Liu Shouyou, his grandson Liu Chengxi and his great-grandson Liu Qiao continued to inherit the Jinyi Guards for two generations, and both of them were promoted to the level of governor and took charge of the guards.
In addition to the Liu family, Wu Mengming, the grandson of Wu Dui, Guo Chenghao, the grandson of Guo Zizhang, the Minister of War, and Tian Ergeng, the son of Tian Le, the Minister of War, were all prominent commanders of the Imperial Guard during the Tianqi and Chongzhen periods.
Based on the particularity of the judicial function of Jinyiwei and the advantages of Wenyin's disciples, some people in the Ming Dynasty even pointed out that "Jinyi's legal and political employment is not similar to Simamen's recommendation of qualified officials. Through it, he relies on His Majesty Lidan, which is different from the law enforcement pen." Therefore, the theory of "only Confucians can take up this post" as the governor of Jinyiwei.
In other words, if you were not a civil servant after Liu Shouyou, you would not be suitable to be the Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Guard!
Did the emperor say anything? No, the emperor not only acquiesced, but even seemed to support it - since civil servants are also loyal and good, why don't I use it?
Moreover, Jinyiwei originally had such a bad reputation, but now after changing several governors, he is actually praised as a virtuous person for a while, why wouldn't I do it!
As for, do you think Jin Yiwei will lose control?
Just kidding, Jin Yiwei has returned to the East Factory to supervise the factory a long time ago! The position of Imperial Envoy Admiral to the East Factory can only be done by an eunuch. There cannot be any civil servant who is so awesome as to cut up his children and grandchildren and send them in to be the factory supervisor, right?
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